Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–1914
2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 40; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0026320042000265666
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Colonialism, slavery, and trade
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Research for this article was conducted at the Thomas Cook Archive (Peterborough) and at the Public Record Office (London, Kew). I would like to thank Thomas Cook Ltd for allowing me access to its materials, Indiana State University for providing me with research funding, Ms Joan Hunter for help in research, Dr Donald M. Reid for reading and commenting upon this manuscript, and Mr Paul Smith, Cook Company Archivist, for his generous assistance. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image. A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: Athenium Press, 1978), pp.84–9. Philippe Duhamel and Isabelle Sacareau, Le Tourisme dans le monde (Paris: Armand Colin Publisher, 1998), pp.35–6. Ibid., pp.12–13. Ibid., p.88; LynneWithey, Grand Tours and Cook's Tours. A History of Leisure Travel, 1750 to 1915 (New York: William Morrow, 1997), pp.135–66; see also Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook. 150 Years of Popular Tourism (London: Secker and Warburg, 1991), standard biography of Cook and Company. Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.77–80. For what immediately follows, see ibid., pp.82, 85, 95–6, 98, 100, 113, 153. Edmund Swinglehurst, The Romantic Journey. The Story of Thomas Cook and Victorian Travel (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p.76. See also Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.130. Thomas Cook, ‘Additional Notes from Syria’, Beirut, 13 March 1869 in the Excursionist, 3 May 1869, Thomas Cook Archive (TCA). Ibid. Ibid. See the comments of Dr Walker in the Excursionist, 15 June 1869. Information on the new tourist structure in this and the following paragraph is drawn from Duhamel and Sacareau, Le Tourisme, pp.13, 15–7, 81–3. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.189. The quote is from John Cook in 1882. Ibid., p.189. Moore/Eldridge, Jerusalem, 8 April 1869 in Foreign Office (FO) 226/168, Public Record Office, London (Kew). This and what follows comes from the Excursionist, 15 May 1869. Ibid. ‘Cook Official Correspondence 1882–7’ in FO 30/40/9/2. For this and what follows, ‘Egypt and Nile. Chronology. Palestine’, Guardbook 17 Egypt. Miscellany, TCA; Letter No. 8, 25 Jan. 1889, in ‘Letters 1–9 1885–1. John Mason Cook to his son Thomas (Bert)’, Blackbox 8 Egypt. J.M. Cook Correspondence 1880s–90s, TCA. For the quotation, see Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.136. There is no definite opening date for Cook's Cairo office. Brendon (p.132) gives 1873 as the year; according to Mr Paul Smith, the office is mentioned in the final Excursionist issue of 1872. It was opened during winter season, 1872–3. Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt) in ‘1869–1930 Miscellaneous Collection of articles…,’ Blackbox 8, TCA. Donald Malcolm Reid, Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p.80. Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.120, 185. Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, p.85. Ibid., p.85. ‘Egypt and the Nile; Chronology; Palestine,’ Guardbook 17. Information in this paragraph was drawn from Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.129, 132–3; ‘1872. Tours to the Nile, Palestine, and c. Private Circular to registered tourists and their friends’, in ‘1869–1930. Miscellaneous Collection of articles…,’ Blackbox 8; ‘Thomas Cook in the Holy Land’, Guardbook 14, TCA. For this and what follows, see F. Robert Hunter, ‘Egypt under the Successors of Muhammad Ali’, in M.W. Daly (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. II (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.194–7. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.228. Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, pp.91–92. Ibid., p.91. Letter No.8, 25 Jan. 1889, in ‘Letters 1–29, 1885–91. John Mason Cook to his son Thomas (Bert)’. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.228.This reference is from the period of the British occupation. Ibid., p.136. Ibid., p.137. Letter of 10 Dec. 1879 from John Cook to Mr Benicins, South Croydon, in ‘Egypt and Nile. Chronology. Palestine,’ Guardbook 17. This contract is dated 9 Aug. 1880. Blackbox 1, TCA. Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, p.92. The Excursionist, 1 Feb. 1892. Letter to Thomas Cook & Son Ltd from Director of private office of King of Egypt, 2/6/27, in ‘1869–1930 Miscellaneous Collection of articles….’, Blackbox 8. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.189. For the other information contained in this paragraph, see Ibid., pp.137, 187, 189–91; W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel. A Fifty Year's Record of Progress (London: Thomas Cook & Son, Publisher, 1891), pp.183–4; ‘Egypt and the Nile. Chronology. Palestine’, Guardbook 17. For this and what follows, see The Nile Expedition 1884–5. Visit to the Soudan. An address delivered at the Royal Normal College for the Blind, Upper Norwood, London. Printed for private circulation. Folio 151, item D in TCA. Ibid., p.9. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.197. Visit to the Soudan, p.8. Letter from Mohamed Tek, Committee of Finances to Egyptian Ministry of War, 11 June 1887, in ‘Correspondence with Egyptian War Office – Claims and indemnities,’ Guardbook Sudan Campaign 1884. On the arrangements themselves, see Letter to Lt Colonel Sir FCA Stephenson, Commander of troops in Egypt, 21 Nov. 1885, from British War Office, in ‘Cook Official Correspondence 1882–7,’ FO 30/40/9/2. See also Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.198. For this and what immediately follows, Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.191–2. The quote about Tyne colliers is found on page 192. Ibid., p.198. For what follows, see also p.199. For this and what follows, Visit to the Soudan (note 40), pp.8, 21, 24–26, 30. Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.234–5. Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt), Blackbox 8. The Excursionist, No. 12, New Series, Nov. 1902. The Excursionist, 1 Oct. 1898. John Murray, A Handbook for Travellers in Lower and Upper Egypt, Part I, 7th edn (London: John Murray Publisher, 1888), pp.385–6. For the drop in receipts, see Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.190. For this and what immediately follows, see the Excursionist, 10 May 1890 and 18 March 1893. Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, p.91. For this and what follows, see the Excursionist, 1 Oct. and 14 Dec. 1898. For this and what follows, Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.185; Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt), Blackbox 8, and ‘Letters 1–29, 1885–91’; ‘Cook's Tourist Service Post Office’, Guardbox 17. Murray, A Handbook, p.276. On Helwan, see the Excursionist, 1 Feb.1892. Murray, A Handbook, pp.421–2; Karl Baedeker, Egypt. Handbook for Travellers, 5th edn (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker Publisher, 1902), p.212. Murray, A Handbook, p.451. For what follows, see the Excursionist, 10 May 1890, and 1 Oct. 1898; Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt), Blackbox 8; Traveller's Gazette, 10 Dec. 10, 1902, TCA; Baedeker, Egypt, p.233. Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt). Murray, A Handbook, p.522. For the rest of the paragraph, see the Excursionist, 10 Dec. 1902, and Baedeker, Egypt, pp.327–8 (the quote is from p.328). Traveller's Gazette, Sept. 1902. Baedeker, Egypt, pp.381–2, 385–7, 389–90. G.W. Steevens, Egypt in 1898 (London: Blackwood, 1898), p.269, in Box 8, TCA. The reference to Gaze is from Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.185. Swinglehurst, Romantic Journey, p.128. Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt (London: Macmillan, 1908), vol. I, p.341 Bemrose was quoting Miss Beaufort. W. Bemrose, ‘Recollections of Egypt and Palestine,’ 1882. Manuscript in TCA. Travellers Gazette, 10 Dec.1902. For this and what follows, see Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.183, 202, 210, 225; the Excursionist, 2 Sept. 1899. The quote comes from Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt), Blackbox 8. For this and what follows, E.R.J. Owen, Cotton and the Egyptian Economy 1820–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp.174–5, 179, 276, 293, 295, 355. Engineering and Shipbuilding on the Nile (Boulac: Thomas Cook & Son Publisher, 1933), p.14, in TCA. For this and what follows, see Ibid., pp.10–11, 16, 23, 25. Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p.221. On Britain's control over Egypt's economy, see pp.220–6. Engineering and Shipbuilding on the Nile, p.16. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.232. Ibid., p.228. Visit to the Soudan, p.22. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.229. ‘Letter 8, 23 Jan. 1889,’ in ‘John Mason Cook Correspondence with his son Thomas (Bert), 1885–90,’ in folder ‘Letters 1–29,’ Blackbox 8. Visit to the Soudan, pp.9, 13. For this, see Luxor Hospital for Natives of Upper Egypt, 1893, in ‘Luxor Hospital,’ ‘14,’ Blackbox 3 Egypt. Palestine; and materials on Luxor Hospital in Guardbook 17 Egypt. Miscellany. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.229. Luxor Hospital for Natives of Upper Egypt. Letter from Dr Leigh Cannery to Mr Cook, 27 Dec. 1892, in ‘Luxor Hospital,’ ‘14,’ Blackbox 3. Steevens, Egypt in 1898, p.272. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.233. Steevens, Egypt in 1898, p.272. See also Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.232. Visit to the Soudan, p.14. Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.224. Fraser Rae, Thomas Cook, p.220. For what immediately follows, see Brendon, Thomas Cook, p.234; Folio 152 (Account of Cook's association with Egypt), Blackbox 8. For this and what follows, see Swinglehurst, Romantic Journey, p.128; Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.203, 205, 210–12. Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp.265–6. For this and what immediately follows, see Killearn/Adams, 12 January 1944, and Memorandum of September 1944 in FO 371/41374; Usbourne/Coverley-Price, 10 Jan. 1945, and letter from Foreign Office of 29 January 1945 in FO 371/45987; Campbell/Bevin, 21 April 1950 in FO 371/80564.
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