Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Lead us not into Temptation: Race, Rhetoric, and Reality in Southern Populism

2003; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 65; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00056.x

1540-6563

Irvin D. S. Winsboro, Moses Musoke,

Latin American and Latino Studies

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. C. Van Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (New York, 1938), 222, and Van Woodward , “The Populist Heritage and the Intellectual,” American Scholar 29 (195960): 55, 72. See, among the voluminous literature on the subject, Gregg Cantrell and D. Scott Barton , “Texas Populists and the Failure of Biracial Politics,” Journal of Southern History 55 (1989): 660, Gerald H. Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Revolt: Ballots and Bigotry in the “New South” (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1977), especially xi–xviii; and Robert M. Saunders, “Southern Populists and the Negro, 1893–1895,” Journal of Negro History 54 (1969): 240, 61.2. Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Movement: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (New York, 1978), 4–124; Robert C. McMath, Jr., Populist Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers’ Alliance (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1975), 110–57; Floyd J. Miller, “Black Protest and White Leadership: A Note on the Colored Farmers’ Alliance,” Phylon 33 (1972): 169, 74; Jack Abramowitz, “The Negro in the Populist Movement,”Journal of Negro History (1953): 257–64; Moses S. Musoke, “The Economic Dimension of Black Participation in the Populist Movement” (master's thesis: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1970), 7–107.3. Thomas E. Watson, “The Creed of Jefferson, the Founder of Democracy,” in The Life and Speeches of Thos. E. Watson (Nashville, Tenn., 1908), 139–44.4. Thomas E. Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,” Arena 6 (October 1892): 545, 46. 5. Watson, “Debate at Sandersville,” in The Life and Speeches of Thos. E. Watson, 111.6. Savannah Tribune, 30 April 1892.7. Woodward, Tom Watson, 99; “Watson's Welcome Home,”National Economist 7 (10 September 1892): 409–12.8. Atlanta Constitution, 25–26 October 1892; Augusta Chronicle, 26 October, 4, 8, 10 November 1892; Columbus Sun, 27 October 1892; Savanna Morning News, 2 November 1892; see Woodward, Tom Watson, 239–41.9. Atlanta Constitution, 25–26 October 1892; People's Party Paper (Atlanta), 28 October 1892; Woodward, Tom Watson, 239–40; Barton C. Shaw, The Wool‐Hat Boys: Georgia's Populist Party (Baton Rouge, La., 1984), 89 for “good” quote.10. Woodward, Tom Watson, 222; Augusta Chronicle, 24 October 1892; Macon Telegraph, 26 October 1892; Atlanta Journal, 4 August 1906, for Watson's version of the Doyle episode. See also the article, “Hold, Tom Watson!,”Atlanta Constitution, 27 October 1892.11. Francis M. Wilhoit, “An Interpretation of Populism's Impact on the Georgia Negro,”Journal of Negro History 52 (1967): 119; Woodward, Tom Watson, 237.12. Savannah Morning News, 7 December 1892; Woodward, Tom Watson, 181–84.13. Atlanta Constitution, 8 November 1894; Columbus Sun, 10, 14 November 1894; Atlanta Constitution, 12 November 1894. See comptroller‐general's report on fraud in 1894 in the Atlanta Journal, 19 September 1894; Alex Mathews Arnett, The Populist Movement in Georgia: A View of the “Agrarian Crusade” in Light of Solid‐South Politics (New York, 1967 [1922]), 183–85; Wilhoit, “An Interpretation of Populism's Impact on the Georgia Negro,” 116–27; Abramowitz, “The Negro in the Populist Movement,” 264–67; quote in “Just Campaign Lies,”Tom Watson's Magazine 4 (May 1906): 337.14. Quote, People's Party Paper, 25 May 1894; Savannah Tribune, 1 July 1893; Atlanta Journal, 23 December 1893; see C. Vann Woodward, “Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics,”Journal of Southern History 4 (1938): 19, and on Watson's southern Squirearchy belief that blacks were socially inferior, Tom Watson, 3, 221; Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Revolt, 71.15. Huntsville Gazette, 6 June 1891; Savannah Tribune, 16 April 1892.16. People's Party Paper, 3 November 1893.17. For a review of the platform, see William J. Bryan, The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign of 1896 (Chicago, Ill., 1896), especially 276; and the New York Herald, 25 July 1896.18. Clarence A. Bacote, “Negro Proscriptions, Protests, and Proposed Solutions in Georgia, 1880–1908,” in African Americans and Southern Politics from Redemption to Disfranchisement, ed. Donald G. Nieman (New York, 1994), 34; Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia, Pa., 1980), 6.19. The Topeka Daily Capitol, 14 August 1890; The Advocate (Topeka), 27 August 1890; D. Scott Barton, “Party Switching and Kansas Populism,” The Historian 52 (1990): 461, 67; William H. Chafe, “The Negro and Populism: A Kansas Case Study,” Journal of Southern History 34 (1968): 408, 10, 418; Scott G. McNall, The Road to Rebellion: Class Formation and Kansas Populism, 1865–1900 (Chicago, Ill., 1988), 273–77. Some accounts speak of Blanche Foster rather than Benjamin Foster in Kansas.20. Dallas Morning News, 17, 18 August 1891; quoted in Southern Mercury (Dallas), 30 June 1892; see Lawrence C. Goodwyn, “Populist Dreams and Negro Rights: East Texas as a Case Study,” in African Americans and Southern Politics, 127–48; Roscoe C. Martin, The People's Party in Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics (Austin, Tex., 1933), 89–112; Greg Cantrell, “ ‘Dark Tactics’: Black Politics in the 1887 Texas Prohibition Campaign,” Journal of American Studies 25 (1991): 92.21. Lucia Elizabeth Daniel, “The Louisiana People's Party,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly 26 (1943): 28; William Ivy Hair, Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877–1900 (Baton Rouge, La., 1969), 222–23; Huntsville Gazette, 2 January, 6 February 1892; Leah R. Atkins, “Populism in Alabama: Reubin F. Kolb and the Appeal to Minority Groups,”Alabama Historical Quarterly 32 (fall/winter 1970): 169–74; Sheldon Hackney, From Populism to Progressivism in Alabama (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 18, 34–40; Samuel L. Webb, Two‐Party Politics in the One‐Party South: Alabama's Hill Country, 1874–1920 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1997): 105–06, 112, 128–29, 135, 147.22. Richmond Planet, 3, 10 September, 22 October 1892; Virginia Sun, 27 April, 11 May, 8 June, and 20 July 1892; Richmond Dispatch, 28 September 1892; Richmond Dispatch, 25 August, 28 September 1892; Saunders, “Southern Populists and the Negro,” 240–41; Charles E. Wynes, Race Relations in Virginia, 1870–1902 (Totowa, N.J., 1971), 47–50; William DuBose Sheldon, Populism in the Old Dominion: Virginia Farm Politics, 1885–1900 (Princeton, N.J., 1935), 2, 89, 92. Frequently, the black press eschewed the term “Populist Party” in favor of “Third Party” or “third party.”23. News and Observer (Raleigh), 10 July 1890; The Gazette (Raleigh), 19 May 1894; Clinton, Goldsboro, and Raleigh Caucasian, 14 July, 21 July, and 25 August 1892; see Progressive Farmer (Raleigh), 3 May 1892; James L. Hunt, “Marion Butler and the Populist Ideal, 1863–1938” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin‐Madison, 1990), 1: 160–264, especially 171, 186, 215; Theron Paul Jones, “The Gubernatorial Election of 1892 in North Carolina” (master's thesis, University of North Carolina, 1949), 15, 24.24. Wilmington Messenger, 7 November 1894; see Joseph W. Creech, “Righteous Indignation: Religion and Populism in North Carolina, 1886–1906,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 2000), 515.25. Alan Bruce Bromberg, “‘Pure Democracy and White Supremacy’: The Redeemer Period in North Carolina, 1876–1894” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1977), 228–67, 504–08; Frenise A. Logan, The Negro in North Carolina, 1876–1894 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964), 68–69; Joseph H. Steelman, “Republican Party Strategists and the Issue of Fusion with Populists in North Carolina, 1893–1894,” North Carolina Historical ReviewQuarterly 47 (1970): 245, 49.26. The Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.), 17 August 1892.27. Ibid.28. R. D. W. Connor, A Manual of North Carolina Issued by the North Carolina Historical Commission for the Use of Members of the General Assembly, Session 1913 (Raleigh, N.C., 1913), 1005–06; see Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Revolt, 67–68, 87–94; Creech, “Righteous Indignation,” 413–635.29. Jack Abramowitz, “The Negro in the Agrarian Revolt,” Agricultural History 24 (1950): 89. 30. Savannah Tribune, 14 June 1894; quoted in Logan, The Negro in North Carolina, 22; see Robert Wayne Smith, “A Rhetorical Analysis of the Populist Movement in North Carolina, 1892–1896” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1957), 49–111, 134–55.31. Clinton, Goldsboro, and Raleigh, Caucasian 6 December 1894; Connor, North Carolina Manual, 1005–06; Helen G. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894–1901 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1951), 37, 38; Bromberg, “ ‘Pure Democracy and White Supremacy,’ ” 236–67; see James Matthew Beeby, “Revolt of Tar Heelers: A Socio‐Political History of the North Carolina Populist Party, 1892–1901” (Ph.D. diss., Bowling Green State University, 1999); Creech, “Righteous Indignation,” 578–635.32. Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,” 546.33. “The Conference,”National Economist 6 (5 March 1892): 385–99.34. Martin, The People's Party in Texas, 96; Hackney, From Populism to Progressivism in Alabama, 36–38; Arnett, The Populist Movement in Georgia, 154, 183; Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Revolt, 106.35. Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,” 547.36. “Farms and Homes,” Eleventh Census of the United States, 286; Robert Preston Brooks, The Agrarian Revolution in Georgia, 1865–1912 (Westport, Conn., 1970), 18–36, 74, 76, 87, 122.37. Woodward, Tom Watson, 217, 218.38. Watson, “The Negro Question,” 548.39. Cited in Sheldon, Populism in the Old Dominion, 81.40. Hackney, From Populism to Progressivism in Alabama, 32–47.41. Watson, “The South Supreme,” in Life and Speeches, 197.42. Watson, “Debate at Sandersville,” 107; People's Party Paper, 24 August 1894.43. Chafe, “The Negro and Populism,” 402–19.44. Savannah Tribune, 24 September 1892.45. Quoted in Laurence D. Rice, “The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900” (Ph.D. diss., Texas Technical College, 1967), 135.46. Birmingham News, 14, 16, and 18 June 1892; Montgomery Advertiser, 9 June 1892; Union Springs (Ala.) Herald, 13 July 1892; William Warren Rogers, et al., Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1994), 310; Webb, Two‐Party Politics in the One‐Party South, 104–12, 147.47. Huntsville Gazette, 2 January 1892.48. Huntsville Gazette, 13, 27 August, 26 November 1892; Montgomery Advertiser, 18 November 1892; William Warren Rogers, “Reuben F. Kolb: Agricultural Leader of the New South,” Agricultural History 32 (1958): 109, 19; Joe B. Taylor, “Populism and Disfranchisement in Alabama,” Journal of Negro History 34 (1949): 416; Hackney, From Populism to Progressivism in Alabama, 22, 23; Webb, Two‐Party Politics in the One‐Party South, 104–12. There is no consensus on the candidate‐specific vote and the total number of votes cast in the Alabama election of 1892; thus, the figures here represent the authors’ efforts at reflecting the votes as accurately as possible.49. Huntsville Gazette, 31 March, 21 July 1894; Montgomery Advertiser, 8 February, 4 March, 7, 19 April, 2, 24 May, 8, 19 August, 18, 25 October 1894; Age‐Herald (Birmingham), 12 August 1894; People's Party Paper, 17 August 1894; Rogers, “Reuben F. Kolb,” 109–19; Taylor, “Populism and Disfranchisement in Alabama,” 417, note 16.50. Saunders, “Southern Populists and the Negro,” 55–56; Webb, Two‐Party Politics in the One‐Party South, 104–13, 131–36; Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Revolt, 104–09.51. Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, 1894–95 (Montgomery, Ala., 1895), 7–8, 944–45, 976–77, 1098–92; Senate Journal, 1894; Hackney, Populism to Progressivism in Alabama, 71, n. 69; Webb, Two‐Party Politics in the One‐Party South, 139–40.52. Savanna Tribune, 19, 26 September 1896.53. A.M.E. Star of Zion (Charlotte, N.C.), 4 November 1897; Edmund L. Drago, “The Black Press and Populism, 1890–1896,” San Jose Studies 1 (1975): 1, 102; The Gazette (Raleigh), 3 October 1896; Robert H. Wooley, “Race and Politics: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Campaign of 1898 in North Carolina” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1977), v–x, 4–68, 148–258, 346–52; Bromberg, “Pure Democracy and White Supremacy,” 506–13.54. New York Times, 23, 26 July 1896; Washington Post, 23, 25 July 1896; Richmond Planet, 1 August 1896; see Savannah Tribune, 5, 12 September 1896; Abramowitz, “The Negro in the Populist Movement,” 288; Robert F. Durden, The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896 (Lexington, Ky., 1965), 23–44; quote, Richmond Planet, 15 August 1896.55. Washington Bee, 31 March 1894.Additional informationNotes on contributorsIrvin D. S. WinsboroIrvin D. S. Winsboro is a professor of history at Florida Gulf Coast University. Moses S. Musoke is a faculty chair and mentor-associate professor at Empire State College, State University of New York, Hudson Center. The authors are grateful to the following for their advice on and support for this long-term project: Ronald L. Lewis, Joe Knetch, Wayne Flynt, Gordon Patterson, Harvey H. Jackson, III, Samuel L. Webb, Jay Clavett Clarke, Lewis N. Wynne, Betsy L. Winsboro, Don Routh, Abel Bartley, David B. Mock, and Hal Rothman. Even though the authors’ interpretations of state and county data sometimes differed from these scholars, the authors remain most grateful for their input.