The Asia–Pacific partnership on clean development and climate: A complement or competitor to the Kyoto protocol?
2006; Routledge; Volume: 18; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14781150600960230
ISSN1478-1166
Autores Tópico(s)Climate Change Policy and Economics
ResumoAbstract The Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (AP6) has been marketed as an innovative new approach to international climate change policy that is complementary to the existing Kyoto regime. It is important to closely examine these claims of complementarity, given the two nations that were central to the formation of the AP6, the United States and Australia, have both expressly repudiated the Kyoto process. The difficulty involved in this exercise is in separating political rhetoric regarding complementarity from the reality of how the AP6 will likely impact upon the effectiveness of the Kyoto regime. This article discusses the AP6 and the various claims as to complementarity with Kyoto made during its formation in July 2005 and inaugural meeting in January 2006. For the purpose of analyzing these claims of complementarity five key features of the content of the AP6 are identified for comparison with Kyoto. Stokke's theory of regime interplay is used to assess how each of the five key features of the AP6 will likely impact upon the effectiveness of Kyoto. This analysis indicates that at fundamental levels of regime interaction the AP6 has significant potential to obstruct the effectiveness of Kyoto as currently framed. The conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that the claims by AP6 parties as to complementarity with Kyoto are only defensible at a shallow ideational level with significant obstruction likely at more fundamental levels of regime interaction. The reality is that the AP6 offers a competing regime in international climate change policy that at the very least has significant potential to affect the future shape of Kyoto. Notes 1 Greg Marland, Tom Bowden and Robert Andres, Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, US Department of Energy, 2005, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 1. 2 Greg Marland, Tom Bowden and Robert Andres, Ranking of the world's countries by 2002 per capita fossil-fuelCO2 emission rates, US Department of Energy, 2002, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 1. 3 UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997, UNFCCC, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 17. 5 Campbell, Climate Change Negotiations with Asia-Pacific, p. 1. 4 Ian Campbell, Climate Change Negotiations with Asia-Pacific, Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005, (accessed 1 February 2006), p. 1. 6 Campbell, Climate Change Negotiations with Asia-Pacific, p. 1. 8 Downer et al., 'Press Conference- ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', p. 6. 11 Downer et al., 'Press Conference- ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', p. 4, 7 Alexander Downer et al.,'Press Conference-ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', Office of Alexander Downer, 2005, (accessed 3 February 2006), p. 1. 9 Downer et al., 'Press Conference- ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', pp. 3–4. 10 Downer et al., 'Press Conference- ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', p. 4. 12 Downer et al., 'Press Conference- ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', p. 2. 14 Downer, 'Further Press Conference -ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', p. 2. 13 Alexander Downer, 'Further Press Conference -ITECC, Vientiane, Laos', Office of Alexander Downer, 2005, (accessed 3 February 2006), p. 2. 15 Ian Campbell, Global Action on Climate Change, 2005, Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, (accessed 1 February 2006), p. 1. 16 AP6, Vision Statement of Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America for a New Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2005, (accessed 1 February 2006), p. 2. 17 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2006, (accessed 16 January 2006), p. 1. 18 AP6, Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting - Communiqué, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2006, (accessed 16 January 2006), p. 1. 19 John Howard, 'Address to the Asia-pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting', Australian Prime Minister's Office, 2006, (accessed 1 February 2006), p. 2. 20 Hua Jianmin, 'Strengthen cooperation for clean development and protect the common homeland of human beings', People's Daily Online, 12 January 2006, (accessed on 1 February 2006), p. 1. 21 China joining the AP6 is particularly interesting given its leadership of the G77 group in earlier climate change negotiations and strong advocacy of equity issues relevant to developing countries. The position of China in the AP6 will be explored further in a future article. 22 Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), (accessed 30 March 2006), p .1. 23 Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, The Concise Oxford Dictionary, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), (accessed 30 March 2006). 24 Stephen Krasner, 'Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables', International Organization, 36, 2, (1982), p. 1. 25 Olav Stokke, 'The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work', The Fridtjoff Nansen Institute, 2001, < http://www.fni.no/pdf/01-14-oss.pdf> (accessed 1 April 2006), p. 2. 26 Sebastian Oberthur and Thomas Gehring, 'Investigating Institutional Interaction: Toward a Systematic Analysis', paper presented at International Studies Association Annual Convention, Portland, Oregon, (26 February – 1 March 2003), pp. 1–2. 27 Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, p. 1. 28 Oran Young, Governance in World Affairs, (New York: Cornell University Press, 1999), p. 163. 29 Young, Governance in World Affairs, pp. 163–188. 30 Thomas Gehring and Sebastian Oberthur, 'Exploring Regime Interaction', in Arild Underdal and Oran Young (eds), Regime Consequences: Methodological Challenges and Research Challlenges, (The Netherlands: Kluwer, 2004), pp. 247–279. 31 Kristin Rosendal, 'Impacts of Overlapping Regimes: The Case of Biodiversity', Global Governance, 7, (2001), pp. 95–117. 32 Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 10–23. 33 Oran Young, Mark Levy and G. Osherenko, 'The Effectiveness of International Regimes', in Oran Young (ed), The Effectiveness of International Regimes: Causal Connections and Behavioral Mechanisms, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 1–32. 34 Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 8–9. 35 Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 9–10. 36 Olav Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 12–16. 37 Olav Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 16–20. 38 Olav Stokke, The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, pp. 20–23. 39 Olav Stokke and Clare Coffey, 'Precaution, ICES and the Common Fisheries Policy: A Study of Regime Interplay', Marine Policy, 28, (2004), pp. 117–126. 40 UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, p. 4. 41 UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 3. 42 UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, p. 3. 43 AP6, Vision Statement of Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America for a New Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, pp. 1–2. 45 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 3. 44 Pew Center, Analysis of President Bush's Climate Change Plan, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, undated, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 1. 46 Pew Center, Analysis of President Bush's Climate Change Plan, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, undated, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 1. 47 The White House, Climate Change Fact Sheet– The Bush Adminisration's Action on Global Climate Change, the White House of George W. Bush, 2005, (accessed 27 March 2006), p. 1. 48 The White House, Climate Change Fact Sheet– The Bush Adminisration's Action on Global Climate Change, p. 1. 49 Detlef Van Vuuren, Michel den Elzen, Marcel Berk and Andre de Moor, 'An Evaluation of the Level of Ambition and Implications of the Bush Climate Change Initiative', Climate Policy, 2 (2002), p. 300. 50 Van Vuuren, den Elzen, Berk and de Moor, 'An Evaluation of the Level of Ambition and Implications of the Bush Climate Change Initiative', pp. 296–298. 51 Van Vuuren, den Elzen, Berk and de Moor, 'An Evaluation of the level of Ambition and Implications of the Bush Climate Change Initiative', p. 300. 52 Brian S. Fisher et al., Technological Development and Economic Growth, ABARE Research Report 06.01, Inaugural Ministerial Meeting of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, (Canberra: ABARE, 2006). 53 Fisher et al., Technological Development and Economic Growth, ABARE Research Report 06.01, Inaugural Ministerial Meeting of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 29. 54 Fisher et al., Technological Development and Economic Growth, ABARE Research Report 06.01, Inaugural Ministerial Meeting of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 34. 55 Fisher et al., Technological Development and Economic Growth, ABARE Research Report 06.01, Inaugural Ministerial Meeting of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 34. 56 Campbell, Climate Change Negotiations with Asia-Pacific, p. 1. 57 Steve Lewis, 'Canada Set to Join Climate Pact', The Australian, 22 May 2006, (accessed 28 June 2006), p. 1. 58 UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, p. 4. 60 Howard, Address to the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting, p. 1. 59 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 1. 61 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 2. 62 AP6, Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting–Communiqué, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, January 2006, (accessed on 16 January 2006), p. 1. 63 Howard, Address to the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting, p. 1. 64 Glenn Wiser, 'Kyoto Protocol packs Powerful Compliance Punch', International Environmental Reporter Current Report, 25, 2 (2002), pp. 88–90. 65 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 3. 66 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 4. 67 AP6, Charter for Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, pp. 1–7. 68 UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, p. 4. 69 AP6, Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Inaugural Ministerial Meeting–Communiqué, p. 1. 70 Samuel Bodman, Asia–Pacific Partnership Ministerial Statement-Remarks of Energy Secretary Bodman, US Department of Energy, 2006, (accessed 1 February 2006), pp. 2–3. 71 AP6, Vision Statement of Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America for a New Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, p. 1. 72 Paula Dobriansky and James Connaughton, Briefing: US Participation in the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, US Department of State, 2006, (accessed 9 January 2006), p. 5. 73 Tony Blair, 'Speech to Australian Parliament 27 March 2006', 10 Downing St London, 2006, (accessed 28 March 2006), p. 1. Additional informationNotes on contributorsJeffrey Mcgee Email: jmcgee@gse.mq.edu.au Ros Taplin Email: rtaplin@gse.mq.edu.au
Referência(s)