What you see before your eyes: documenting Raphael Lemkin's life by exploring his archival Papers, 1900–1959
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 7; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14623520500349910
ISSN1469-9494
Autores Tópico(s)Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Michael Ignatieff, lecture on Raphael Lemkin's "Moral imagination," United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, December 13, 2000, http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/events/ignatieff/ignatieff.php. 2. Charles Howard Allen, Jr to Lemkin, October 18, 1950, verso, handwritten notes by Lemkin, Raphael Lemkin Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, MC-60, Jacob Marcus Rader Center of the American Jewish Archives (AJA), Cincinnati, OH. Allen had forwarded to Lemkin a newly published pamphlet entitled "International crime and the U.S. Constitution," and wrote that the document contained an "exhaustive legal discussion to date contending that the United States does not have the power to ratify the United Nations [Genocide] Convention." Lemkin may have been bothered by this statement, as he hoped his new homeland would ratify the Convention as an example to others. He scribbled, "So what now? Now? Now? Now? Now? Now? SO WHAT? What? What? What?" and a series of three "What's" are struck out. Biographical Sketch, pp 4–5 (one of several drafts), Raphael Lemkin Papers, Reel 2, Box 1, Folder 33, New York Public Library (NYPL), New York. Lemkin had a particularly difficult time writing his autobiography, as it (1) dredged up old memories, (2) was a matter of life and death as to its publication, in terms of what funds and recognition it could bring for himself and for the cause of promoting the new concept of genocide, and (3) he was constantly ill and penniless. His publisher pushed for more emotion, while he struggled with the English vernacular and pondered what it meant to him having read Henryk Sienkiewicz' Quo Vadis as a young man, the book that started him on a tortured path of mass killing. The book's title is written several times, along with "Why? Why," "So what?" "So [not] what?" along with "Australia," "caracter assasination [sic]," "Delegate," "Russian delegate" and "I never gave one exclusive interview." Notes—Unsorted, Reel 5, Box 4, Folder 2, NYPL. A series of handwritten notes appear, written again in conjunction with his autobiography, "What? What? What? What? So What? What?" 3. Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation—Analysis of Government—Proposals for Redress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944). Jim Fussell relates that the word is used in the preface dated November 15, 1943, earlier than the publication date of 1944. Elizabeth Nowinsky, a friend of Lemkin's, wrote that she saw the word defined as such in the 1950 addenda of Webster's New International Dictionary, 2nd edn, p 6, and goes on to say that "This work is also entered and defined in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary although the definition is, of necessity, a shorter one." Elizabeth Nowinsky to Lemkin, February 15, 1950, Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 1, NYPL. The word itself is a combination of the Greek genos or race, and Latin cide. Lemkin also considered the word ethnocide, consisting of the Greek word "ethnos"—nation—and "cide." More information on the publishing of Axis Laws might possibly be found at: the Carnegie Corporation of New York Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries, Series III: Grants, Grant Files 1911–1988, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/rare/guides/Carnegie/index.html. 4. Steven L. Jacobs, "The papers of Raphael Lemkin: a first look," Journal of Genocide Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1999, pp 105–114. Jacobs mentions that the number of people who have consulted the Lemkin papers over four decades "have been very, very few" (p 112). Records had been rarely accessed at the American Jewish Historical Society, while Kevin Profitt, archivist at the American Jewish Archives, notes that in the last two years, interest in the Lemkin papers has increased. The publication of Samantha Powers' book "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide (New York: HarperColllins, 2002) may have increased awareness, while both the AJHS and the AJA have recently put their collection finding aids online. AJHS: http://www.cjh.org/academic/findingaids/AJHS/nhprc/Lemkin02-03.html; AJA: http://www.huc.edu/aja/Lemkin.htm. At the AJHS as of December 2004, the Lemkin collection has been accessed by researchers at least 11 times since the finding aid went online in March 2003. No records of access prior to March are available. The majority of the inquiries have been from researchers located outside of the United States. The NYPL has yet to put an accessible finding aid for their collection on the Internet. 5. Powers, p 79. 6. Currently, several biographies are in the works, including one by Jim Fussell, of the Prevent Genocide organization. Mr Fussell is an expert on Lemkin, as well as historical and contemporary instances of genocide. His website, www.preventgenocide.org, is a repository of articles and laws on genocide, and contains several Lemkin publications, including Chapter 9 on genocide in the hard-to-find book Lemkin wrote, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The only full-length book regarding Lemkin was published by a Holocaust revisionist, Dr James Joseph Martin, The Man Who Invented Genocide: The Public Career and Consequence of Raphael Lemkin (Torrance, CA: Institute for Historical Review, 1984). Samantha Powers did much to bring Lemkin back into the light, as the first several chapters of her book recount Lemkin's life and work. 7. Testimonial Luncheon Statement, January 18, 1951, Reel 2, Box 1, Folder 34, NYPL. In a statement given by Lemkin at a luncheon in his honour hosted by the New York Region of the American Jewish Congress at the Hotel Pierre in NY, Lemkin said that during WWII he heard a radio broadcast given by Churchill in which he stated that the Nazis "commit[ed] a crime without a name." This, according to the testimonial, led him on the search for the word genocide. Lemkin often referred to this story. Powers notes that Churchill did not directly "refer to the extermination of Europe's Jewry (which Churchill did not mention) but to the Germans' 'methodical, merciless butchery' of the Russians" (p 523). 8. Steven Schnur, "Unofficial man: the rise and fall of Raphael Lemkin," Reform Judaism, Vol 11, No 1, 1982, pp 9–11, 45; Steven L. Jacobs, "The papers of Raphael Lemkin: a first look," Journal of Genocide Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1999, pp 105–114. Jacobs called Lemkin the premier genocide studies scholar and says that "his research, his writing, and his thinking may very well open doors to our own work and energize and stimulate us even more, not only in our own scholarly pursuits, but in our moral commitment to eliminate the very acts which are our concern" (p 111). Lemkin often referred to himself in correspondence and campaign letters as the "Founder of the Genocide Convention." 9. There are differences of opinion concerning his birthdate. See endnote number 22. 10. Information was derived from the following: (E) Offices Held, Book Proposal, undated, pp 6–7; Raphael Lemkin Papers, Reel 1, Box 2, Folder 1, NYPL; Collection Guides to the AJA and AJHS Lemkin Papers; Jacobs, p 106; Powers, Chapters 2–4. 11. Schur's article "Unofficial man: the rise and fall of Raphael Lemkin," from Reform Judaism, chronicles the Robert Lemkin donation and somewhat, the Saperstein donation. There is conflicting information between Schnur's accounts of how a portion of the documents came to the NYPL, and there are two versions of the story. Samantha Powers, as reported by William Korey (Powers, p 157), says that Robert Lemkin approached Korey after reading an article on his cousin written by Korey; Schnur says that Korey suggested to Robert that he donate the documents to the AJA; see endnote number 14 for an additional account. Schnur may have confused the three collections. 12. Access and Provenance Note, An Inventory to the Raphael Lemkin Papers, Manuscript Collection No 60, AJA, p 1. Anecdotal information relayed from Greg Naranjo of the USHMM regarding documents destroyed in a fire. Information was also provided or confirmed by Jim Fussell in an interview regarding the provenance of the collections conducted on Tuesday, November 9, 2004. According to Schnur, Maxwell Cohen recalled that the one room that Lemkin lived in contained "several international awards and a number of honorary degrees in odd places and memoranda prepared for foreign ministries and ambassadors with respect to the Genocide Convention … There were five hundred books, each which had been read, underlined, and interlineated … at the insistence of the Landlord, Cohen and several of Lemkin's students hastily emptied the one-room apartment, carting the papers to Robert Lemkin's basement." Schnur, p 45, notes that Maxwell Cohen, a friend of Lemkin's, and Robert Lemkin were present, but does not mention that Elias and Saul Lemkin were present. Possibly Elias and Saul came after the apartment had been initially cleared of items. 13. Guide to the Raphael Lemkin Collection, P-154, AJHS, p 7. The AJHS collection remained largely unprocessed, until 2003. The author of this paper, an archivist, reprocessed and created a new finding aid (guide) to the collection. The author had never heard of Raphael Lemkin, nor had any knowledge of the creation of the word genocide. Jim Fussell provided anecdotal information to the author regarding Mr Ladin and Mr Spector. The added article is William Korey's "Raphael Lemkin: 'The unofficial man'," Midstream, June–July 1989. Korey's hard-to-find An Epitaph for Raphael Lemkin (New York: Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, 2001), donated by the American Jewish Committee, will be added to the collection. 14. Email from NYPL Manuscripts and Archives Division, November 2004 led to the Steven Schnur article regarding the AJA and NYPL acquisitions. Schnur, p 45, writes that: "Alexander Gabriel then offered … to transfer the essential records to the Dag Hammerskjold Library … [but] the library had refused the papers because of their disorganized condition …" After the Hammerskjold refused the documents, Gabriel may have then transferred them to his office, though the NYPL says the documents were given to Gabriel by former secretaries of Lemkin's; Fussell interview, November 9, 2004. 15. For access to the four collections, please contact the archives or the compiled collection custodian. 16. Any artefacts prior to 1941 that Lemkin may have retained were more than likely destroyed in the fire that Saul Lemkin recalled to Jim Fussell or lost when Lemkin was unable to retrieve trunks stored at a Washington, DC storage unit. Though the records were saved, there is no indication that Lemkin personally retrieved them. 17. There are living members of Lemkin's family located in Canada and the US, but none were contacted for this article. There may be some photographic evidence still housed with them, but it is doubtful, as related by Fussell and Saul Lemkin. Family photographs taken in the 1950s of Elias Lemkin and his two sons can be found at the AJHS, Box 1, Folder 15. 18. Jim Fussell related that in 1951, when Lemkin was writing his autobiography, the film version of Quo Vadis, starring Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr and Peter Ustinov, was released, and Lemkin may have been attempting to link his past passion with a present icon of the era. 19. Powers, p 21. 20. Powers, p 20. 21. Powers, p 522. Powers notes that William Korey in Epitaph for Raphael Lemkin (pp 11–12) states that Lemkin did not attend the conference and Lemkin wrote in his autobiography that he did not attend the Madrid conference; Korey corrected the record by way of Stephen Jacobs. See Chapter 2 of autobiography. In addition, there are numerous newspaper articles that claim that Lemkin was injured in the leg either during the resistance or while travelling from Poland to Sweden. Lemkin did not write about this incident in his autobiography. 22. The AJHS collection contains two documents that point to 1900 as Mr Lemkin's year of birth. One is his War Department identification and a Who's Who entry sent to Lemkin for his approval. Identity Cards, Raphael Lemkin Collection, Box 1, Folders 2 and 12, AJHS. Library of Congress authority files also point to 1900, and the Prevent Genocide website (www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/birthdate) says a 1952 Social Security card application records 1900. Lemkin's gravestone also bears the year of birth as 1900. Even William Korey contradicts himself between 1989's Midstream article and An Epitaph for Raphael Lemkin. 23. James Joseph Martin, The Man Who Invented "Genocide": The Public Career and Consequences of Raphael Lemkin (Torrance, CA: Institute of Historical Review, 1984). 24. Unnamed Simon and Schuster editor to Lemkin, Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 2, NYPL. 25. A bibliography of Lemkin's writings can be found at http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/bibliography.htm. Jim Fussell has compiled this list using the catalogs of the University of Warsaw, the Library of Congress, and Raphael Lemkin's papers. Fussell writes that the complete list of Lemkin books and articles "includes items on comparative penal codes, international offenses and jurisdiction in domestic penal codes, family law (including juvenile and divorce law), expert witnesses in the judicial process, tax and amnesty law, international private law (conflict of laws), currency and exchange control law, law of wartime occupation, and lastly international public law (focused specifically on genocide)." 26. The English version can be read at http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm, and the French version can be found at the AJHS, Box 1, Folder 11. A curator located at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conveyed that one of their researchers had travelled to Geneva to ascertain the Lemkin documents located there, though a report of their findings was not available. 27. Writings—Autobiography, Reel 2, Box 1, Folders 36, 40–43, NYPL. 28. "Recording on military government in Europe," compiled by Raphael Lemkin, School of Military Government, Raphael Lemkin Papers, MC-60, Box 6, Folder 1, AJA. 29. Lemkin autobiography, p 87, Chapter 5, Reel 2, Box 1, Folder 36, NYPL. 30. In 1937, Lemkin met law librarian John Vance, at the Congress of Comparative Law. Vance worked at the Library of Congress and introduced Lemkin to Colonel Archibald King of the Military Division of the War Department. Chapter 6, "Totally unofficial," Reel 2, Box 1, Folder 36, NYPL. 31. This note is possibly located at the AJHS, Raphael Lemkin Collection, Box 1, Folder 4. The note is dated May 25, 1941, and consists of short notes front and back, one from his father, the other from his mother. There are several accounts from articles concerning what happened to Lemkin's parents and brother, and Lemkin briefly speaks about the fate of his parents in Chapter 7 of his autobiography, though he never found out precisely how they perished. 32. For a summary on Axis Rule in Occupied Europe and the full text of Chapter 9, see: http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm. The Axis laws were signed over to the Bureau of Economic Warfare on December 7, 1942. The School of Military Government at Charlottesville, VA, printed Readings on Military Government in Europe, located in Box 6, Folder 1, AJA; "Part I: the new word and the new idea," Reel 3, Box 2, Folder 1, NYPL. 33. AJHS, Box 6, Folders 7 and 9; NYPL, Reel 5, Box 3, Folders 3–4 (Threats to the Genocide Convention) and Reel 6, Box 4, Folder 7; AJA has some correspondence on the Nuremberg Trials, Box 1, Folder 13. 34. Biffy to Lemkin, February 16, 1949, Box 1, Folder 8, AJA. 35. Deposition of witnesses at the Nuremberg Trials, 1945–1946; reprint of trial transcript (fragment), Box 5 Folders 1–2, AJA; Raphael Lemkin (Collection)—Nuremberg Tribunal Materials, AWD-CLS, Columbia University Law Library Archives, Columbia University, New York. (Fussell notes that this collection may have been left at a friend of Lemkin's apartment or with someone who worked for him); "The significance of the concept of genocide in the trial of war criminals," by Raphael Lemkin, Thomas Dodd Papers, Box/Folder 387:8580, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut. 36. Correspondence at AJHS is filed by year; AJA, by last name (though Elias's letters in Yiddish are filed in Unidentified, Box 2, Folder 19); NYPL has the least amount of correspondence of the three collections, but some personal letters (Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 31). Other NYPL correspondence is filed by year, Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 1. 37. "Nazi genocide" (Untitled Manuscript) and Hitler Case, Box 7, Folders 12 and 13, AJA; Jacobs, Steven L., ed., Raphael Lemkin's Thoughts on Nazi Genocide: Not Guilty? (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992); Jacobs, p 110. 38. Notes and Drafts, Handwritten, Misc., Box 6, Folder 6; Sixth Committee, General Assembly Proceedings, 1946–1947, Box 4, Folder 2; "Discussion on genocide in the legal committee," November 22, 1946, 11:00 A.M. and Resolutions of 12 November 1946, Box 6, Folder 11; Draft Press Release, Box 7, Folder 1, AJHS. An undated (possibly September 23, 1947) memorandum for Mrs Pandit, addressed to Vijaya Lashmi Pandit, is located in Box 2, Folder 5, AJHS. 39. Subseries 2: United Nations, Box 2, Folder 13, Boxes 3–4, AJHS. Box 4, Folder 7 contains a photo of Lemkin amid a roomful of the Ad-Hoc Committee on Genocide delegates, April 5, 1948, AJA. 40. Notes and Drafts, Handwritten, Misc., Box 6, Folder 6, AJHS. Handwritten (and typed) material at the NYPL can be found in the Writings—Autobiography and Writings—Genocide (Reel 2, Box 1, Folders 35–43; Reel 2, Box 2, Folders 1–16.) There are also several notebooks at the NYPL: Reel 5, Box 4, Folders 1–3. One may belong to Alexander Gabriel. 41. Genocide Convention—Writings, Box 5–Box 7, Folders 1–4, AJHS; Box 3 and Box 4, AJA; Printed Material, Reel 6, Box 4 and Box 5, NYPL. 42. AJHS: Delegate Statements, 1947–1948, Box 2, Folder 13; Jacob Blaustein, "The eyes of the world are watching," Box 6, Folder 12, p 9; "Memoranda to the reservations of the U.S.S.R., Byelorussia, and Ukraine concerning Article 9 of the Genocide Convention," Box 6, Folder 12, AJHS; AJA, Box 4, Folder 4–5. Quote is from "Memoranda on Genocide Convention," Reel 5, Box 3, Folder 1, NYPL. 43. Djalel Abdoh to Lemkin, January 17, 1950, Box 1, Folder 1, AJA. 44. Argentina–Venezuela Correspondence, Reel 1, Box 1, Folders 3–30; General Correspondence, Reel 1, Box 1, Folders 1–2; NYPL. The AJHS collection is in three correspondence sections: Personal Correspondence (Box 1, Folders 4–10); Genocide Convention: Lemkin Correspondence, 1945–1951 (Box 1, Folders 18–19 and Box 2, Folders 1–5) and US Committee for a UN Genocide Convention Correspondence, 1947–1951 (Box 2, Folders 7–12). The AJA correspondence contains letters about genocide or the Convention, though all correspondence, including personal, is included in one series (Boxes 1 and 2). The Viau letter is in Spanish. See also Printed Matter, Gerard Viau Incident, undated, Folder 15, Kurt Fisher/Haitian History Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York for more information. 45. Korey, p 48. Korey mentions an initial proposal for the Committee, possibly "Emergency proposal for the creation of an international committee for the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the crime of genocide" in footnote 98, p 119. The AJHS collection has been reorganized since Korey wrote in 2001. Documents have been shifted. This document now resides in Box 2, Folder 12 of the Lemkin papers at the AJHS. 46. Korey, 48. AJHS: Buck, Pearl S., Correspondence and Proposed Manifesto, Box 1, Folder 17; Lemkin Correspondence, 1948 Box 1, Folder 19 (includes letters to Buck from Count Bernadotte of the International Red Cross and Chilean author Eduardo Bello who wrote, "Yesterday on looking at the black board with the news of the end of Gandhi, I had the impression that every one of us is a part in the whole of Human kind," February 1948). 47. US Committee for a UN Genocide Committee Correspondence, 1947–1921, Box 2, Folders 7–11; … Membership List and Minutes, undated, 1948–1949, Box 2, Folder 12, AJHS; US Committee for a US Genocide Convention, 1948–1952, Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 3, NYPL. Printed matter can be found at: AJA, Box 3, Folder 3; AJHS, Box 14, Folder 6. 48. A Petition Respectfully Submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations, September 1948, Box 3, Folder 9, AJHS; Petitions to the UN General Assembly to adopt the Genocide Convention, Box 4, Folder 1, AJA. Korey, p 52. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948. The Draft International Covenant on Human Rights resumed in Committee in May 1949. 49. Korey, p 36, quoting Lawrence J. LeBlanc, The United States and the Genocide Convention (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1991), p 19. LeBlanc wrote that "dreamer" and "fanatic" were the two words used most by diplomats in describing Lemkin. 50. Powers, p 60 as recalled from Lemkin's autobiography, Reel 2, Box 1, Folder 37, p 61 of several drafts, NYPL. 51. Korey, p 44, the Genocide Convention was adopted partially by Lemkin's "ceaseless striving and unflagging determination." 52. US Committee … Notice of Meeting, February 23, 1949, Box 2, Folder 12; Cellar to Lemkin, February 26, 1949, Box 2, Folder 1, AJHS. 53. Law Association Journals, "Documents for Study" American Bar Association, February 1949, Box 11, Folder 1, AJHS. Additional Law Association Journals may be found in Box 11, Folder 2. 54. Though archivists do not favour the artificial combining of collections, it is worth noting that the Jacobs compilation contains all correspondence in one place. It is not known how this collection is organized. Pamphlets and articles: Box 3, Folders 3–5, AJA; Box 4, Folder 9, NYPL (and other materials interspersed in the Printed Material series); Box 5, Folders 3–4, 7, 9–10, Box 7, Folder 4; Box 10–Box 11, AJHS. A draft of a US Committee brief in support of the Convention can be found in Box 2, Folder 12. ABA Debate Transcript and Address, 9/49, Box 5, Folder 2, AJHS. 55. US Law and the Genocide Convention Essays, Stephen Gorove, "Mental harm," Box 7, Folder 4, AJHS. It is not clear whether Mr Gorove was a student of Lemkin's or merely sending him a summary of a monograph he had written. 56. Box 4, Folders 3–5, AJA; Box 1, Folder 34, NYPL. 57. Chinese Revisions, Box 3, Folder 5; Chinese Text Translation, Box 4, Folder 2; France, Algeria, and the Convention, Box 3, Folder 4, NYPL; Chang to Lemkin, Box 1, Folder 3; Box 3, Folder 5, AJA. 58. "The truth about the Genocide Convention," Box 3, Folder 1, NYPL. 59. Article 3 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights would later read, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person." 60. Cellar to Lemkin, ibid; "The Genocide Convention and race relations," by Richard D. Gillam, Jr, p 42, Box 4, Folder 6, AJA. 61. Johnson's archival papers can be found at the NYPL Schomberg and SUNY Stony Brook University. 62. "Background paper: United States statement on the Civil Rights Congress publication 'We Charge Genocide,'" Box 4, Folder 7, AJA. Powers, p 75. 63. Statements and Speeches, 1949–1957, Box 4, Folder 4, Box 3, Folder 1, Algeria: Box 4, Folder 4 and Box 5, Folder 5, AJA; Box 11, Folder 5, Box 12, Folders 1–3, AJHS. See also Box 3, Folder 4 for French attempts to weaken the Convention in regards to Algeria, and Reel 1, Box 1, Folder 25, "Peru," NYPL. 64. AJHS: Box 1, Folders 1–2; Box 5, Folders 3–7, 9–11; Box 6, Folders 1, 3, 8; AJA: Box 3, Folder 1–5; Box 4, Folder 2; NYPL, Box 4, Folder 4, 9. 65. "Portrait of dedication," The Eternal Light, NBC, May 1, 1949, Box 1, Folder 3; Mittler, Leo Screenplay, "Genocide," Box 6, Folder 3, AJHS. 66. UN Casebook "Genocide Convention Chapter XXI, 1949." A copy of this program is in the National Jewish Archive of Broadcasting at the Jewish Museum in New York (Archive No T316). Mr Ernest Gross—Genocide (November 1948); Mr B. Ikramullah (Pakistan)—Def. Genocide (October 7, 1948); Dr W. J. Digman (Australia)—Genocide (October 6, 1948); Mr E. Wikborg (Norway)—Genocide (October 11, 1948); Dr Alfano Ricardo—Genocide (October 6, 1948); Prof. Lange (Poland)—Genocide (October 8, 1948); Prof. Emile Giraud—Genocide (July 24, 1948 (French)); and Memo from Lake Success #7—Human Rights (November 13, 1948). 67. Starr to Lemkin, February 13, 1951, Box 8, Folder 11. Korey, p 85, cites three volumes; Powers, p 77, cites four volumes. 68. Anonymous to Lemkin, June 9, 1949, Box 2, Folder 1; Kurt Grossman to Lemkin, September 17–October 21, 1947, AJHS. 69. Yale Library to Lemkin, May 23, 1949, Box 1, Folder 7, AJHS. The Hitler Case and "Nazi genocide" (Untitled Manuscript) are included as part of the research essays at the AJA. 70. Turkey–Armenia Publications, 1915–1919, 1946–1948. Box 12, Folder 3, Turkish–Armenian Trial Transcript, Box 9, Folder 23, AJHS. 71. The New York Times Youth Forum Study Outline, Box 3, Folder 2, NYPL. 72. "Climbing a mountain again" (The Years of Trial), Autobiography, Box 1, Folder 38, NYPL. 73. Poem, verso, Hamparian to Lemkin, March 15, 1957, Box 2, Folder 1, AJA. 74. Milleren to Lemkin, June 13, 1948, Box 1, Folder 6, AJHS. 75. Medical Papers, Position Appointments, Final Grades and Drawings, Box 1, Folder 13, AJHS. 76. Merchants Storage to Lemkin, Box 1, Folder 8, AJHS. Milleren had written to Lemkin on September 13, 1948 that she had to leave Washington, DC, and did not know what to do with documents and books. They had lived in the same boarding house in DC. 77. Robert E. Baker, "Owner will regain genocide documents," Washington Post, undated, Box 5, Folder 7, AJA. 78. Milliren to Lemkin, July 8, 1957, Box 2, Folder 8, AJA. If these were given to Gabriel, the NYPL might have that record in their files, but donor records are usually confidential.
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