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Debating, obfuscating and disciplining the Holocaust: post-Soviet historical discourses on the OUN–UPA and other nationalist movements

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 42; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13501674.2012.730732

1743-971X

Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe,

Soviet and Russian History

Abstract After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the archives of the former republics and satellite states of this multiethnic empire were opened. This allowed historians to investigate the history of nationalist and radical right organisations and armies that, during the Second World War, had been involved in the Holocaust and other atrocities. Among them was the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists. For a long time the history of these movements was unknown or distorted by Soviet propaganda and propagandist publications written during the Cold War by veterans of these movements living in the West and cooperating with Western intelligence services. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was simultaneously accompanied by the "rebirth" of nationalism that was not free from antisemitism and racism, and which triggered different types of nationalist distortions of history and obfuscations of the Holocaust. Post-Soviet historical discourses were shaped not only by journalists or political activists, but also by radical right historians. These discourses impacted as well on historians who in general were critical of the post-Soviet rehabilitation of nationalism, war criminality or East Central European fascism. Concentrating on Ukrainian and Polish history, this article explores how the radical right historical discourses appeared in the post-Soviet space, what types of historians were involved in them and what kinds of distortions and obfuscations have predominated. Keywords: HolocaustUkraineantisemitismSecond World WardenialobfuscationEast Central Europepost-Soviet historical discoursesOUNUPANSZAKLAFkresowiacy Notes On Holocaust denial, see Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust; Shermer and Grobman, Denying History. Shafir, "Between Denial and 'Comparative Trivialization'," 2. Cf. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism. See also Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Ukrainian National Revolution'," 87. For the founding of the OUN, see Carynnyk, "Foes of Our Rebirth," 315–16. For the UVO and the OUN, see Bruder, "Den ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen", 63–6; Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 42–4. For UNDO, see Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer, 1010–11. For the UNDO and other legal political parties in the Second Republic, see Szumiło, Ukraińska Reprezentacja Parlamentarna w Sejmie i Senacie. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 66, 74–7. Finder and Prusin, "Collaboration in Eastern Galicia," 103; Dorril, MI6, 226. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 81–2. For the Ukrainian National Revolution, see Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Ukrainian National Revolution'," 83–114. For feeling to be related to the Hlinka Party and the Ustaša, and their influence, see Pan'kivs'kyi, Roky nimets'koї okupatsiї, 178; Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust," 7. Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Ukrainian National Revolution'," 89. Cf. TsDAVOV (Tsentral'nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv vyshchykh orhaniv vlady ta upravlinnia Ukrainy [Central State Archives of the Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine]), f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, 30. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 14. For the Lviv pogrom, see Himka, "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941," 209–43. For the numbers of victims, see Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944, 61; Yones, Smoke in the Sand, 81. Christoph Mick estimated 7000 victims of the Lviv pogrom: Mick, Kriegserfahrungen in einer multiethnischen Stadt: Lemberg 1914–1947, 473. Dieter Pohl estimated that in all the pogroms in western Ukraine between 13,000 and 35,000 Jews were killed: Pohl, "Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Western Ukraine," 306. For the OUN-B and the Ukrainian police, see Finder and Prusin, "Collaboration in Eastern Galicia," 105; "Instruktsiї," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 46, 1; "Selected Records of Former Soviet Archives of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 1919–1937, 1941–1962 and 1965," USHMM (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), RG 31.026M, reel 7, 37; Shumuk, Za skhidnim obriiem, 12. For Bul'ba-Borovets', UPA and the ethnic cleansing, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 112–14, 118, 120–1, 298–413; Snyder, "To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All," 93–100; Bul'ba-Borovets', Armiia bez derzhavy, 250–67. For the attitude of the UPA to the Jews, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 290–5; Statiev, The Soviet Counter Insurgency in Western Borderlands, 85; Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Academic' Article Co-authored by Alexander Gogun (University of Potsdam), Posted on the Nationalist Website 'OUN–UPA', Obfuscates the Ukrainian Holocaust, Denying OUN and UPA Anti-Jewish Violence," 15 August 2011, http://defendinghistory.com/grzegorz-rossolinski-liebe-on-academic-article-that-obfuscates-the-holocaust-and-denies-oun-opa-anti-jewish-violence/20907 (accessed 24 September 2011). For education in National Socialist Weltanschauung, see Golczewski, "Shades of Grey," 136; Melnyk, To Battle, 57. For the oath on Adolf Hitler, see "An den Reichsführer, 05.02.1945" Bundesarchiv Berlin (BAB) NS 19/544, 89. For Huta Pieniacka and related questions, see "Vytiah iz ahenturnoї spravy NKVD URSR 'Zviri' pro podiї v Huti Peniats'kii," Poliaky ta ukraïntsi mizh dvoma totalitarnymy systemamy 1942–1945, ed. Serhii Bohunov, vol. 4, 976–80 (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2005); Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 181; Margolian, Unauthorized Entry, 133–4. For the Waffen-SS Galizien, see Margolian, Unauthorized Entry, 131–2, 135, 146. For Ukrainians in the Displaced Persons (DP) camps, see Lalande, "'Building a Home Abroad'," 39–94. For the second Soviet occupation of Western Ukraine, the brutal conflict between the Soviets and the OUN–UPA, and the terror conducted by the Soviets and the OUN–UPA against the civil population, see Burds, "AGENTURA," 104–15; Bruder, "Den ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen", 231–2, 261–2; Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 503–74, 649–50; Boekh, Stalinismus in der Ukraine, 339–67. Carynnyk, "Foes of Our Rebirth," 345. Kyrychuk, Ukraїns'kyi natsional'nyi rukh 40–50 rokiv XX stolittiia, 145. Breitman and Goda, Hitler's Shadow, 74, 77–8, 86. Lebed', UPA. For Mirchuk as the head of the OUN propaganda apparatus, see Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer, 942. Some of Mirchuk's most popular publications are: Koly horiat' lisy; Akt vidnovlennia Ukraїns'koї Derzhavnosty 30 chervnia 1941 roku; Ukraїns'ka Povstans'ka Armiia 1942–1952; Za chystotu pozytsii ukraїns'koho vyzvolnoho rukhu; Stepan Bandera; In the German Mills of Death, 1941–1945; Ukraiïns'ka derzhavnist', 1917–1920; Narys istoriї OUN; Revoliutsiinyi zmah za USSD. Mirchuk, My Meetings and Discussions in Israel, 25–6. For the instrumentalisation of the detention in the Auschwitz camp by another OUN-B member, see Petelycky, Into Auschwitz, for Ukraine. For OUN-B prisoners in Auschwitz, see Bruder, "'Der Gerechtigkeit dienen'," 138–54; Cyra, "Banderowcy w KL Auschwitz," 388–402. Wolodymyr Kosyk published several monographs and a vast number of articles. The very selective edition of documents L'Allemagne national-socialiste et l'Ukraine was translated into German, English and Ukrainian. On Kosyk as a professor of the UFU, see Shafoval, Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, 128. Hryno'kh was an OUN member and chaplain of the Nachtigall and Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201. He worked at the UFU from 1974 to 1994. See, Shafoval, Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, 122. After the Second World War, Stets'ko produced a vast amount of ideological works. The most important is perhaps 30 chervnia 1941. Mykola Klymyshyn published two volumes of historical memoirs: V pokhodi do voli. Stepan Lenkavs'yki published a joint hagiography of Symon Petliura, Ievhen Konovalets' and Stepan Bandera: Petlura, Konowalez, Bandera von Moskau ermordet. During a meeting of Stets'ko's government in July 1941, Lenkavs'kyi claimed, "regarding the Jews we will adopt any methods that lead to their destruction": copy of the minutes of the meeting of the Ukrainian State Administration, TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 9, 1–4. Bandera mainly published articles in newspapers. After his death the articles were republished in Bandera, Perspektyvy ukraїns'koї revoliutsiї. Shafoval, Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, 80–94. Ilnytskyi published two volumes on Germany and Ukraine during the Second World War: Deutschland und die Ukraine 1934–1945. On Taras Hunczak and his brother, sister and father being in the OUN, see Hunczak, Moi spohady, 16, 22, 30. Rudling wrote in "Theory and Practice" that Hunczak was an OUN member. Hunczak denied this fact and demanded that Rudling correct this statement. Rudling published an erratum in which he stated that Hunczak had never been a member of the OUN. However, in his own memoir published in 2005 Hunczak states that he had belonged to the OUN. See Rudling, "Erratum," East European Jewish Affairs 37, no. 1 (2007), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13501670701307404 (accessed 8 May 2012); Hunczak, Moi spohady, 30. Potichnyj came in 1947 in a UPA unit from Ukraine to Munich; see Potichnyj, My Journey, 83–93. For Veryha in the Waffen-SS Galizien, see Veryha, Pid krylamyvy zvol'nykh dum. Veryha's works were published by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies and by the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Canada. Cf. Veryha, The Correspondence of the Ukrainian Central Committee in Cracow and Lviv with the German authorities, 1939–1944; Veryha, Dorohamy druhoi svitovoї viiny. On Horbatsch in the Waffen-SS Galizien, see Melnyk, To Battle, 335–6. On Drazhn'ovs'kyi in the Waffen-SS Galizien, see Bolianovs'kyi, Dyviziia "Halychyna", 386. On Drazhn'ovs'kyi as the rector of the UFU, see Shafoval, Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, 101–3. On Petro Savaryn's memoirs, in which he discusses and expresses pride in his SS past, see Savaryn, Z soboiu vzialy Ukraїnu, 252–3, 275, 336. See also Rossoliński-Liebe, "Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton," 7–8. Compare OUN v svitli postanov Velykykh Zboriv, 44–5, with the original publication of 1941, "Postanovy II. Velykoho Zboru Orhanizatsïi Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv," TsDAHO (Tsentral'nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv hromads'kykh obiednan' Ukrainy [Central State Archives of Public Organisations of Ukraine]), f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, 199. For the original text, see "Akt proholoshennia ukraїns'koї derzhavy, 30.06.1941," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 5, 3. For the falsified reprint of the text, see for example "Text of Sovereignty Proclamation," Ukrainian Echo, 25 June 1980, 3. Himka, "The Opposition in Ukraine," 36–7. On Himka rethinking the nationalist approach to the OUN, Holocaust and Second World War, see Himka, "Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian History," 217. Marples, "Ukraine during World War II," 7, 13. After publishing my article "Celebrating Fascism," in which I analysed David Marples' article from 1985, Marples informed me privately that he does not "recall having strong feelings about UPA one way or another at that time [of writing the article]," and that he wrote the article for Radio Liberty, where he worked as a research analyst on Ukraine. He advised me to "keep in mind [that] there was practically nothing available at that time in terms of archival material." For John-Paul Himka smuggling and distributing OUN-z leaflets in Ukraine, see Ivan-Pavlo Khymka, "Istoria odnoї druzhby: Spohady pro Iaroslava Romanovycha Dashkevycha," 7 January 2012, Ukraїna Moderna, http://uamoderna.com/md/100-dashkevych (accessed 22 January 2012). In the 1980s Himka specialised in the nineteenth century. He published books and articles on socialism in Galicia and the Greek Catholic Church. The OUN and UPA were not the main subject of his investigation. For Prolog, see Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust," 19; Kuzio, "U.S. Support for Ukraine's Liberation during the Cold War," 1–14. Honcharuk, Z istoriї kolektyvizatsiї sil's'koho hospodarstva zakhidnykh oblastei Ukraїns'koї RSR. This publication can be found in several libraries in Ukraine and other countries. From OUN member Andrii Kutsan I know that the publication was printed in the ZCh OUN's publishing house Cicero at Zeppelinstraße 67 in Munich. Interview with Andrii Kutsan, 14 February 2008, Munich. Lypovets'kyi, Orhanizatsiia, 84. Cf. http://cdvr.org.ua/ (accessed 27 January 2012); Taras Kurylo and John-Paul Himka, "Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreiv? Rozdumy nad knyzhkoiu Volodymyra V"iatrovycha," Ukraїna Moderna 13, no. 2 (2008): 252. The majority of V'iatrovych's publications were not peer reviewed and were published by the TsDVR or other OUN-related nationalist publishers. See, V'iatrovych, Reidy UPA terenamy Chekhoslovachchyny; V'iatrovych, Armiia bezsmertnykh; V'iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN; V'iatrovych, Ukrains'ka Povstans'ka Armiia; V'iatrovych, Druha pol's'ko-ukraїns'ka viina. "Ihor Yukhnovs'kyi, Academician, head of the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory," in V'iatrovych, Ukrains'ka Povstans'ka Armiia, back cover. The translation of the endorsement is from Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust," 28. Kurylo and Himka, "Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreїv," 265. The article was Berkhoff and Carynnyk, "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists," 149–84; V'iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 9. Later he introduced Motyka's book but dismissed it in a similar fashion; ibid., 76. V'iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 11, 43. Ibid., 16–17, 62. Ibid., 59–61. Ibid., 69, 71. For the order, see Weiner, Making Sense of War, 264; Statiev, The Soviet Counter Insurgency in Western Borderlands, 85. Cf. Krentsbakh, "Zhyvu shche za vdiaky UPA," 342–9. In 2009 Krentsbakh's biography was translated into English and published on Moisei Fishbein's blog: http://mosesfishbein.blogspot.com/2009/10/memoirs-of-stella-krenzbach-i-am-alive.html (accessed 27 July 2011). V'iatrovych, Stavlennia OUN, 76–80. Autobiographies of well-known OUN members, TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 57, 17; Bruder, "Den Ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen", 150. This soldier was Viktor Khar'kiv "Khmara;" see Patryliak, Viiskova diial'nist' OUN(b) u 1940–1942 rokakh, 361–2. For killing Jews by the UPA, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 290–5; Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Academic' Article;" Himka, "The Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Holocaust." V'iatrovych, "Tsentr doslidzhen' vyzvol'noho rukhu," 7. See for example Gogun, Stalinskie kommandos. Gogun and Vovk, "Evrei v bor'be za nezavisimuiu Ukrainu," 133–41. For the publication by Mirchuk, V'iatrovych and other radical right historians, see http://lib.OUN–UPA.org.ua/gogun/pub07.html (accessed 25 January 2012). The authors do not to specify when exactly in 1942, at which conference, under which circumstances and for which reasons the OUN-B passed that resolution; cf. Gogun and Vovk,"Evrei v bor'be za nezavisimuiu Ukrainu." "Mii zhyttiepys," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 3, spr. 7, 6. Gogun, Mezhdu Gitlerom i Stalinym; Gogun, Stalinskie kommandos. Gogun and Vovk,"Evrei v bor'be za nezavisimuiu Ukrainu." The publication on the Jewish physicians, see Yones, Die Straße nach Lemberg, 111–12. Cf. Gogun and Vovk,"Evrei v bor'be za nezavisimuiu Ukrainu." Ibid. Gogun, "Evrei v russkom osvoboditel'nom dvizhenii;" Aleksandov, Ofitserskii korpus armii general-leitenanta A. A. Vlasova 1944–1945 gg. Gogun writes, "There are [among the ROA officers] also representatives of other nationalities: Poles, Greeks, Croatians. And what surprised the author of this paper – Jews. Three men of 120." Aleksandrov, "Bandera, " 75, 77, 84–5, 88. Alexander Gogun, "Stepan Bandera – ein Freiheitskämpfer?" 13 October 2009, http://gedenkbibliothek.de/downloads/texte/vortragstexte/Dr_Alexander_Gogun_Stepan_Bandera_ein_Freiheitskaempfer_vom_13_10_2009.pd (accessed 27 January 2011). Gogun, Mezhdu Gitlerom i Stalinym, plates between pages 192 and 193. Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Academic' Article Co-authored by Alexander Gogun (University of Potsdam), Posted on the Nationalist Website 'OUN–UPA', Obfuscates the Ukrainian Holocaust, Denying OUN and UPA Anti-Jewish Violence," 15 August 2011, http://defendinghistory.com/grzegorz-rossolinski-liebe-on-academic-article-that-obfuscates-the-holocaust-and-denies-oun-opa-anti-jewish-violence/20907 (accessed 28 January 2012). Gogun, "On Academic Integrity: In reply to Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe on the Presence of Jews in the UPA Katz, "A Scholar's Apt Warning on Ultranationalist Abuse of History and Historians," Gogun, "On Science and Evil-Doers: In Reply to Dovid Katz on the Republication of Scholarly Work. Gogun, "On Academic Integrity;" Berkhoff and Carynnyk, "The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists," 149–84 (the volume of the Harvard Ukrainian Studies with Berkhoff's and Carynnyk's article appeared after a delay of two to three years); Heer, "Einübung in den Holocaust," 409–27; Boll, "Zloczow, Juli 1941: Die Wehrmacht und der Beginn des Holocaust in Galizien," 899–917; Boll, "Złoczów, July 1941," 61–99; Pohl, National sozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944. On the radical right discourse established by the Ukrainian political émigrés, see Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust." Freidman, Zagłada żydów lwowskich; Freidman, "Ukrainian–Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation," 259–96. For example the memoirs of Stefan Szende appeared as early as 1945: Szende, Der letzte Jude aus Polen. On the shaping of the radical right discourse by the Ukrainian political émigrés, see Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust." Alexander Gogun, "Stepan Bandera – ein Freiheitskämpfer?" 13 October 2009, http://gedenkbibliothek.de/downloads/texte/vortragstexte/Dr_Alexander_Gogun_Stepan_Bandera_ein_Freiheitskaempfer_vom_13_10_2009.pdf (accessed 27 January 2011); Gogun, Mezhdu Gitlerom i Stalinym; Gogun, Partyzanci Stalina na Ukrainie; Gogun, "On Academic Integrity." Cf. Gogun, "On Academic Integrity." Gogun, "On Academic Integrity." Breitman and Goda, Hitler's Shadow; Volodymyr V'iatrovych, "How Hitler's Shadow Is Turning into the KGB's Shadow," http://eng.maidanua.org/node/1204 (accessed 27 January 2012). Gogun, "On Academic Integrity;" Katz, "A Scholar's Apt Warning;" Gogun, "On Science and Evil-Doers." On V'iatrovych, see Rudling, "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust," 37; Rudling, Warfare or War Criminality," 359, 379–80. On Gogun at the HURI, see http://www.huri.harvard.edu/fellowships-grants-internships/present-and-past-fellows/74-shklar-mihaychuk-and-jacyk-fellows-2011-2012.html (accessed 1 September 2012). On Zabily's lectures in North America, see Per Anders Rudling, "Ukrainian Ultranationalists Sponsor Lecture Tour Across North American Universities," 12 October 2012, http://defendinghistory.com/ukrainian-ultranationalists-sponsor-lecture-tour-across-north-american-universities-by-per-anders-rudling/43718 (accessed 25 October 2012); "At the Forefront of Ukrainian Issues," http://www.lucorg.com/block.php/block_id/51 (accessed 25 October 2012). Berkhoff and Carynnyk, "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists." "Mii zhyttiepys," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 3, spr. 7, 6. See also Berkhoff and Carynnyk, "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists," 162. Carynnyk, "Foes of Our Rebirth," 338. Hunczak, "Commentary," 136–8; Kosyk, "Harvard patronuie nenaukovi metody istorychnoho doslidzhennia," 186, 189. Hunczak mentions that Philip Friedman wrote about the Jews in the UPA camps, but omits that Friedman also pointed out that those Jews were murdered by the OUN and UPA: Hunczak, "Commentary," 136. For Iaroslav Hrytsak's review in Ukraina moderna, see Hrytsak. "Korotko pro knyzhku Ignatsia Khigera 'Svit u Morotsi'." For my review, see Rossolinski-Liebe, "Świat w mroku and Its Reception in Ukraine." For Hrytsak's response, see Hrytsak, "My Response." Hrytsak referred to his text "Movchannia ne po-ievropeis'kyi," 1 December 2008, http://zaxid.net/home/showSingleNews.do?movchannya_ne_poyevropeyski&objectId=1066324 (accessed 14 July 2012). This text holds a number of interesting thoughts about the Holocaust in Ukraine. The text was written in 2008. Later, in particular after Viktor Yushchenko designated Stepan Bandera as an official hero of Ukraine on 22 January 2010, Hrytsak published several problematic articles on Bandera and the Holocaust in Ukraine. For the debate in Krytyka, see Himka, "Debates in Ukraine over Nationalist Involvement in the Holocaust 2004–2008," 356–62. For Hrytsak's articles during the Bandera debate, see Iaroslav Hrytsak, "Klopoty z pam'iattiu," Zaxid.net, 8 March 2010, http://www.zaxid.net/article/60958/ (accessed 12 November 2011); Iaroslav Hrytsak, "Shche raz pro Iushchenka, shche raz pro Banderu," Zaxid.net, 27 January 2010, http://zaxid.net/blogs/showBlog.do?shhe_raz_pro_yushhenka_shhe_raz_pro_banderu&objectId=1094617 (accessed 16 July 2012). Hrytsak, "My Response," 451, 453. This argumentation becomes even more mystifying if we consider that Hrytsak reprinted in the volume Strasti za Banderoiu (Bandera passion), which appeared in 2010, articles that explicitly deny the anti-Jewish violence of the OUN and UPA without commenting them. On Strasti za Banderoiu see the discussion below. Hrytsak, "My Response," 453–4. Ibid., 452. On my lecture trip to Ukraine, see Christian Ganzer, "Viel Aufmerksamkeit für historische Vorlesung in Kiev," http://ukraine-nachrichten.de/viel-aufmerksamkeit-historische-vorlesung-kiev_3567_meinungen-analysen (accessed 31 May 2012); Kyrylo Sawin, "Öffentliche Erklärung der Landesvertretung der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung in der Ukraine über die Situation um die Vorlesung von Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe am 1. März 2012 in der Deutschen Botschaft," 14 March 2012, http://www.ua.boell.org/web/index-484.html (accessed 1 September 2012). Vasyl Rasevych, "Kulturtrehery skandalu," 29 February 2012, Zaxid.net, http://zaxid.net/blogs/showBlog.do?kulturtregeri_skandalu&objectId=1249052 (accessed 4 June 2012). Per Anders Rudling and Jared McBride criticised the ultranationalist party Svoboda and Rasevych for discrediting me and preventing my lectures. In reaction to it Tarik Cyril Amar claimed that Rudling and McBride should not "juxtapose an author such as Vasyl Rasevych – even implicitly – with right-wing nationalist nuts" because "Rasevych has challenged them [right-wing nationalists] many times and in public, while living in Ukraine." Cf. Rudling and McBride, "Ukrainian Academic Freedom and Democracy under Siege," Amar's comment under the article. For Pavlo Solod'ko's articles, see "Nimets'kyi istoryk rozkazhe pro 'fashysta' Banderu, OUN i UPA," 20 February 2012, http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2012/02/20/74045/ (accessed 15 July 2012); "Lektsiya pro 'fashysta' Banderu. Konspekt i khronogliya skandalu," Istorychna pravda, 5 March 2012, http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/03/5/75689/ (accessed 15 July 2012); "Skandal iz lektsiamy pro 'fashysta' Banderu. Tochka zoru Mohylianky," Istorychna pravda, 2 March 2012 http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2012/03/2/75242/ (accessed 15 July 2012). Hrytsak, "My Response," 453. Hrytsak was asked by the organisers of the conference "Recovering Forgotten History. The Image of East-Central Europe in Anglo-Saxon Textbooks" to review the manuscript. For Hrytsak's comment on 27 May 2012 under his article, see Hrytsak, "Kolisnychenko znovu," Hrytsak made this comment after Vadym Kolisnychenko, a politician of the populist Ukrainian Party of Regions, translated my, Per Anders Rudling's and Timothy Snyder's articles and published them in a volume without our permission. See, "Public Statement Concerning Instrumentalization of Academic Publications in Ukraine," 28 May 2012, http://defendinghistory.com/tag/per-anders-rudling (accessed 1 September 2012). After I submitted my review the editors of Ab Imperio contacted Iaroslav Hrytsak, informed him that I had written a review of Świat w mroku and its reception in Ukraine, sent the manuscript of my unpublished review to Hrytsak and published his response in the same issue. Similarly they contacted V'iatrovych, whose last publication Druha Ukraiins'ko-Pol'ska Viina was reviewed by Ihor Iliushyn, Grzegorz Motyka, Per Anders Rudling and Andrzej Ziemba, and asked him to write a response. Iaroslav Hrytsak, "Moia vidpovid Gzhegozhu Rossolins'komu-Libe," 30 June 2012, http://www.uamoderna.com/blog/172 (accessed 30 June 2012). Grachova, "Vony zhyly sered nas?" 24–5. Hrytsak, "Shcho nam robyty z nashoiu ksenofobiieiu?" 27–8. Ibid., 27. Ibid., 28. See for example Vynnyk, Dytiachi holosy. Svidchennia tykh, khto perezhyv Holocaust u Lvovi, 7 August 2012; Zaitsev, "Ukraïns'kyi natsionalizm ta italiis'kyi fashyzm (1922–1939)." Ruslan Zabilyi, "Akt vidnovlennia 30 chervnia. Iak tse bulo," 30 June 2011, http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/06/30/44396/ (accessed 15 February 2011). For the sports field, see AŻIH (Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego [Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Warsaw]), 302/26, Lejb Wieliczker, 8–12; Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung, 68–9; Heer, "Einübung in den Holocaust," 424–5. For the pogroms, see Himka, "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941." For Stets'ko's arrest, see "Komunikat," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 6, 2. "30 chervnia v Kyevi proholosiat' Akt vidnovlennia Ukraїns'koї Derzhavy," 8 June 2011, http://maidan.org.ua/static/news/2011/1307542786.html (accessed 2 February 2012). Andruchowycz, "Andruchowycz o Smoleńskim". Zabuzhko, Muzei pokynutykh sekretiv; Zabuzhko, Museum der vergessenen Geheimnisse. The English translation is supposed to appear in 2012. For Patryliak regarding David Duke as an expert on the "Jewish Question," see Patryliak, Viiskova diial'nist' OUN(b) u 1940–1942 rokakh, 326. Patryliak quotes Duke, Evreiskii vopros glazami amerikantsa: moe issledovanie sionizma, 39. For Duke, see Rudling, "Organized Antisemitism in Contemporary Ukraine," 86. Serhiichuk, Poliaky na Volyni u roky druhoї svitovoї viiny. See Rossoliński-Liebe, "Der polnisch–ukrainische Historikerdiskurs," 65–6; Serhiichuk, Nasha krov – na svoïj zemli, 64–8. "Dlia taїkh znakovykh postatei iak Bandera slid zrobyty Park Slavy natsional'nykh heroїv, – istoryk," http://cdvr.org.ua/content/для-таких-знакових-постатей-як-бандера-слід-зробити-парк-слави-національних-героїв-історик (accessed 7 February 2012). Taric Cyril Amar published also other interesting and critical articles on Lviv. See for example Amar, "Different but the Same or the Same but Different?" 373–96. Amar et al., Strasti za Banderoiu, 6. Ibid., 50–64,75–89, 140–2, 143–4, 199–210, 222–36. Bruder, "Strasti za Banderoju ('Bandera Passion'),". Paź, Prawda historyczna a prawda polityczna w badaniach. For the historians of the kresowiacy community and their interpretation of history, see Rossoliński-Liebe, "Der polnisch–ukrainische Historikerdiskurs über den polnisch-ukrainischen Konflikt 1943–1947," 61–5. "Szanowna Pani Minister!" 28 December 2010, http://www.podstawynarodowe.pl/ (accessed 15 November 2011). For Bogusław Paź and the kresowiacy community, see http://kresykedzierzynkozle.home.pl/page135.php (accessed 20 January 2012). For Bogusław Paź on the list supporting the march, see http://marszniepodleglosci.pl/komitet-poparcia/ (accessed 30 January 2012). For the murder of Jews by the NSZ, see Gutman, Enzyklopädie des Holocausts, vol. 2, 986, 1101, 1128; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 118–19; Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień, 238–9; Cichy, "Polen und Juden," 54–78. For the murder of Ukrainians by NSZ, see Motyka, "Polska reakcja na działania UPA – skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych," 85. For the NOP, Roberto Fiore and David Duke, see Jacek Harłukowicz, "Rasiści na kongresie NOP," 16 November 2011, http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,10649063,Rasisci_na_kongresie_NOP.html (accessed 30 January 2012). On Fiore, see Mammone and Peace, "Cross-National Ideology in Local Elections," 289–90. Paź, "Słowo wstępne," 9. On the politics of the Second Republic towards minorities, see Tomaszewski, Ojczyzna nie tylko Polaków, 194–8; Mędrzecki, "Polityka narodowościowa II Rzeczypospolitej a antypolska akcja UPA w latach 1943–1944," 14–18. On the politics of the Polish government in exile, see Iliushyn, "Kwestia ukarińska w planach polskiego rządu emigracyjnego i polskiego podziemia w latach drugiej wojny światowej," 118–20. See Paź, "Omission as a Radical Form of Historical Lie," 138. For Edward Prus, see Rossoliński-Liebe, "Der polnisch–ukrainische Historikerdiskurs," 55. For the number of 70,000–100,000 victims, see Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 410–12. Another contributor to the volume, Czesław Partacz, claims 134,000–200,000 Polish victims: Partacz, "Przemilczanie w ukraińskiej historiografii przyczyny ludobójstwa popełnionego przez OUN–UPA na ludności polskiej," 148. Berkhoff distanced himself from these numbers and wrote in his article that as a result of the Volhynia massacre 15,000 or more Poles were killed: Berkhoff, "Akcja wyniszczania Polaków," 80. An exception to this general trend is John-Paul Himka's review: Ivan Hymka, "Istoria Kryvavshchyny ta liki vid 'pam'iati'," Krytyka 163–4, nos 5–6 (2011): 23–4. However, Himka's review does not seem credible. The author omits all the problematic issues in Snyder's monograph and excuses the author for the non-credible parts of the book. A striking contradiction to this review was Richard Evans, "Who Remembers the Poles?" Evans's total and harsh condemnation does not seem to be credible and justified too. For more moderate and factual reviews, which, unlike Himka's review, point out the problematic parts of Bloodlands and do not attack the author personally, see Bartov, "Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. By Timothy Snyder;" Diner, 'Topography of Interpretation;" Groth, "Review of Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands;" Katz, "Detonation of the Holocaust in 1941;" Kühne, "Great Men and Large Numbers;" Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, "Bloodlands," H-Soz-u-Kult, 30 March 2011, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2011-1-239 (accessed 6 February 2011); Per Rudling, "Can Timothy Snyder's 'Bloodlands' Be Appropriated by East European Nationalists?" DefendingHistory.com, 24 May 2011, http://defendinghistory.com/?p=16684 (accessed 6 February 2012); Stefan Troebst, "Bloodlands," H-Soz-u-Kult, 11 February 2011, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/id=16087 (accessed 6 February 2012); Zarusky, "Timothy Snyders 'Bloodlands;'" Efraim Zuroff, "The Equivalency Canard," Haaretz, May 2011, 1, 4. Snyder, "The Form," 156, n. 11. Before Bloodlands Snyder published a monograph and articles in which he comprehensively and convincingly analysed some aspects of the OUN and UPA violence: Snyder, "The Causes of Ukrainian–Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943," 197–234; Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations; "The Life and Death of Western Volhynian Jewry, 1921–1945," 77–113. See also Prusin, The Lands Between. For the Polish collaboration with Germans, see Friedrich, "Zusammenarbeit und Mittäterschaft in Polen 1939–1945," 113–50. Cf. Snyder, Bloodlands, 195–6. For the involvement of the OUN in the Lviv pogrom, see Himka, "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941." For the fascistisation of the OUN and its political plans in 1941, see Rossoliński-Liebe, "'Ukrainian National Revolution'," 85–95. Cf. Snyder, Bloodlands, 191–2. Katz, "Detonation of the Holocaust in 1941," 211–12. Cf. Snyder, Bloodlands, 38–58, 133–41, 175–86, 191–6. Groth, "Review of Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands," 124–5. Cf. Snyder, Bloodlands, 286, 290–3, 302. Cf. Snyder, Bloodlands, 302. For antisemitism in the AK and the murder of Jews by the AK and NSZ, see Gutman, Enzyklopädie des Holocausts, vol. 2, 986, 1101, 1128; Grabowski, Judenjagd, 118–19; Engelking, Jest taki piękny słoneczny dzień, 238–9; Mick, "Incompatible Experiences," 354; Golczewski, "Die Heimatarmee und die Juden," 664. For the murder of Ukrainians by the AK, see Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do Akcji, 331. For the murder of Ukrainians by NSZ, see Motyka, "Polska reakcja na działania UPA," 85; Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do Akcji, 371–3. Gross, Neighbors.