MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES: A CRITIQUE OF THE CURRENT CLASSIFICATION AND A PROPOSAL FOR A WORKING NOMENCLATURE

1986; Wiley; Volume: 6; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1474-8673.1986.tb00661.x

ISSN

1365-2680

Autores

Richard M. Eglen, R.L. Whiting,

Tópico(s)

Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals

Resumo

Journal of Autonomic PharmacologyVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 323-346 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES: A CRITIQUE OF THE CURRENT CLASSIFICATION AND A PROPOSAL FOR A WORKING NOMENCLATURE R. M. EGLEN, R. M. EGLEN Institute of Pharmacology, Syntex Research, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this authorR. L. WHITING, R. L. WHITING Institute of Pharmacology, Syntex Research, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this author R. M. EGLEN, R. M. EGLEN Institute of Pharmacology, Syntex Research, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this authorR. L. WHITING, R. L. WHITING Institute of Pharmacology, Syntex Research, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.ASearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.1986.tb00661.xCitations: 160AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Adami, M., Bertaccini, G., Coruzzi, G. & Poli, E. (1985). Characterization of cholinoreceptors in the rat urinary bladder by the use of agonists and antagonists in the cholinergic system. J. Auton. Pharmac., 5, 197–205. Akah, P. A. & Oriowo, M. A. (1985). Muscarinic-receptor agonist-antagonist interaction in the rat rectum: are there ways of activating the same receptors? J. Pharm. Pharmac., 37, 589–592. Akiyama, K., Vickroy, T. W., Watson, M., Roeske, W. R., Reisine, T. D., Smith, T. L. & Yamamura, M. I. (1986). Muscarinic cholinergic ligand binding to intact mouse pituitary tumor cells(AtT-20/D16-16) coupling with two biochemical effectors: adenylate cyclase and phosphatidylinositol turnover. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 236, 653–661. Albinus, M. & Winnie, D. (1983). Subclasses of muscarinic receptors in isolated gastric musosal cells: receptor characterization and parietal cell function. Eur. J. Pharmac., 94, 281–295. Allen, G. S., Rand, M. J. & Story, D. F. (1972). Effects of McN-A-343 and DMPP on the uptake and release of3 H-noradrenaline by guinea-pig atria. Br. J. Pharmac, 45, 480–489. Anwar-Ul, S., Gilani, H. & Cobbin, L. B. (1986). The cardio-selectivity of himbacine: a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac, 332, 16–20. Arunlakshana, O. & Schild, H. P. (1959). Some guantitative uses of drug antagonists. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 14, 48–58. Ashe, J. H. & Yarosh, C. A. (1984). Differential and selective antagonism of the slow-inhibitory post-synaptic potential and slow-excitatory potential by gallamine and pirenzepine in the superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit. Neuropharmac, 11, 1321–1329. Barlow, R. B., Franks, F. M. & Pearson, J. D. M. (1972). A comparison to the affinities of antagonists for acetylcholine receptors in the ileum bronchial muscle and iris of the guinea-pig. Br. J. Pharmac, 46, 300–314. Barlow, R. B., Berry, K. J., Glenton, P. A. M., Nikoloau, N. N. & Soh, K. S. (1976). A comparison of affinity constants for muscarinic sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial and pacemaker cells at 29°C and ileum at 29°C and 37°C. Br. J. Pharmac, 58, 141P–142P. Barlow, R. B., Burston, K. N. & Vis, A. (1980). Three types of muscarinic receptor? Br. J. Pharmac, 68, 141P–142P. Barlow, R. B. & Shepherd, M. K. (1985). A search for selective antagonists at M2 muscarinic receptors. Br. J. Pharmac, 85, 427–435. Barlow, R. B. & Weston-Smith, P. (1985). The relative potencies of some agonists at M2 receptors in guinea-pig ileum. Br. J. Pharmac, 85, 437–440. Batink, H. D., Davidesko, D., De Jonge, A., Doods, H. N., Mathy, M-J. & van Zwieten, P. A. (1986). Effect of N-ethylmaleimide and pertussis toxin on the muscarinic-agonist response in rat atrium. Br. J. Pharmac, 89, 554P. Bebbington, A. & Brimblecombe, R. W. (1965). Muscarinic receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Advances in Drug Research. Vol 2 (Eds. N. J. Harper and A. B. Simmonds) Academic Press, London. De Belleroche, J. & Gardiner, I. M. (1985). Muscarinic receptors discriminated by pirenzepine are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in rat nucleus accumbens. Br. J. Pharmac, 86, 505–508. Benfey, G. B., Yang, M. S., Belleau, B. & Melchiorre, C. (1979). Cardiac muscarinic blocking and atropine blocking effects of a tetramine disulphide with α-adrenoceptor blocking activity. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac, 57, 41–47. Berrie, C. P., Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Hulme, E. C. (1983). The binding properties of muscarinic receptors in the rat lacrimal gland comparison with the cerebral cortex and myocardium. Br. J. Pharmac, 78, 67P. Berrie, C. P., Birdsall, N. J. M., Hulme, E. C., Keen, M. & Stockton, J. M. (1985). Solubilization and characterization of high and low affinity pirenzepine binding sites from rat cerebral cortex. Br. J. Pharmac., 85, 697–703. Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Hulme, E. C. (1978). The binding of agonists to brain muscarinic receptors. Mol. Pharmac, 14, 723–736. Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V., Hulme, E. C. & Stockton, J. M. (1981). Gallamine regulates muscarinic receptors in the heart and cerebral cortex. Br. J. Pharmac, 74, 789P. Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V., Hulme, E. C., Stockton, J. M. & Zigmond, M. J. (1983). The effect of McN-A-343 on muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex and heart. Br. J. Pharmac, 78, 257–259. Birdsall, N. J. M. & Hulme, E. C. (1983). Muscarinic receptor subclasses. Trends in Pharmac, Sci. 4, 459–463. Birdsall, N. J. M. & Hulme, E. C. (1985). Multiple muscarinic receptors: further problems in receptor classification. In: Trends in Autonomic Pharmacology, Vol. 3. Ed: S. Kalsner, 17–34. Taylor and Francis, London. Birdsall, N. J. M., Hulme, E. C. & Keen, M. (1986). THE binding of pirenzepine to digitonin-soiubilized muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from rat myocardium. Br. J. Pharmac, 87, 307–316. Birdsall, N. J. M., Hulme, E. C. & Stockton, T. M. (1984b). Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity. Trends in Pharmac, Sci. 5, suppl. 4–8. Birdsall, N. J. M., Hulme, E. C., Stockton, J., Burgen, A. S. V., Berrie, C. P., Hammer, R., Wong, E. H. F. & Zigmond, M. J. (1983). Muscarinic receptor subclasses: evidence from binding studies. In: CNS receptors — from molecular pharmacology to behaviour. Ed. P. Mandel and F. V. Feudis Raven Press, 323–329. Birdsall, N. J. M., Hulme, E. C., Stockton, J. M. & Wong, E. H. F. (1984a). The occurrence of allosteric interaction between binding sites on muscarinic receptors. In: Highlights in Receptor Chemistry. Ed: C. Melchiorre and M. Gianellen Elsevier, Amsterdam. Black, J. W. & Shankley, N. P. (1985a). Pharmacological analysis of the muscarinic receptors involved when McN-A-343 stimulates acid secretion in the mouse isolated stomach. Br. J. Pharmac, 70, 609–617. Black, J. W. & Shankley, N. P. (1985b). Pharmacological analysis of muscarinic receptors coupled to oxyntic cell secretion in the mouse stomach. Br. J. Pharmac, 86, 609–617. Black, J. W. & Shankley, N. P. (1986). Pharmacological analysis of the inhibition by pirenzepine and atropine of vagal-stimulated acid secretion in the isolated stomach of the mouse. Br. J. Pharmac, 88, 291–297. Boyer, J. L., Martinez-Carcamo, M., Monroy-Sanchez, A., Juarez-Ayala, J., Pastelin, G., Posadas, C. & Garcia-Sainz, J. A. (1986). Effect of pertussis toxin on the heart muscarinic-cholinergic receptors, and their function. Life Sci., 39, 603–610. Brown, B. R. & Crout, J. R. (1970). The sympathomimetic effect of gallamine on the heart. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 172, 266–273. Brown, D. A., Forward, A. & Marsh, S. (1980a). Antagonist discrimination between ganglionic and ileal muscarinic receptors. Br. J. Pharmac., 71, 362–364. Brown, D. A., Fatherazi, S., Garthwaite, J. & White, R. D. (1980b). Muscarinic receptors in rat sympathetic ganglia. Br. J. Pharmac., 70, 577–592. Brown, J. H., Goldstein, D. & Masters, S. B. (1985). The putative M1 receptor does not regulate phosphoinoside hydrolysis: Studies with pirenzepine and McN-A-343 in chick heart and astrocytoma cells. Mol. Pharmac., 27, 525–534. Brunner, F., Waelbrock, M. & Christophe, J. (1986). Secoverine is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist on rat heart and brain receptors. Eur. J. Pharmac., 127, 17–25. Casamenti, F., Cosi, C. & Pepeu, G. (1986). Effect of BM-5, a presynaptic antagonist-postsynaptic agonist, on cortical acetylcholine release. Eur. J. Pharmac., 122, 288–290. Caulfield, M. P. & Stubley, J. K. (1982). Pilocarpine selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors in rat sympathetic ganglia. Br. J. Pharmac., 76, 216P. Caulfield, M. P. & Straughan, D. (1983). Muscarinic receptors revisited. Trends in Neurosci., 6, 73–75. Chaissing, C., Dureng, G., Baissat, J. S. & Duchene-Marullaz (1984). Pharmacological evidence for cardiac receptor subtypes. Life Sci., 35, 1739–1745. Choo, L. K. & Mitchelson, F. (1984). Muscarinic receptor antagonists in binding studies and in isolated tissue experiments. Abstracts IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology. MacMillan, 490. Choo, L. K. & Mitchelson, F. (1985a). Comparison of the affinity constant of some muscarinic receptor antagonists with their displacement of [3]quinuclidinyl benzylate binding in atrial, and ileal longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 37, 656–658. Choo, L. K. & Mitchelson, F. (1985b). Comparison of the affinity of secoverine for some muscarinic receptors. Clin. Exp. Pharmac. Physiol, 12, 95–98. Choo, L. K., Mitchelson, F. & Vong, Y. M. (1985). The interaction of McN-A-343 with pirenzepine and other selective muscarinic receptor antagonists at a prejunctional muscarinic receptor. Nauny-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac., 328, 430–438. Choo, L. K., Mitchelson, F. & Vong, Y. M. (1986). Interaction of some muscarinic agonists and antagonists at the prejunctional muscarinic receptor in the rabbit ear artery preparation. Br. J. Pharmac., 87, 733–740. Clague, R. U., Eglen, R. M., Strachan, A. C. & Whiting, R. L. (1985). Action of agonists and antagonists at muscarinic receptor present on ileum atria in vitro. Br. J. Pharmac., 87, 163–170. Clark, A. L. & Mitchelson, F. (1976). The inhibitory effect of gallamine on muscarinic receptors. Br. J. Pharmac., 58, 323–331. Constanti, A. & Williams, B. (1985). Pharmacological determination of the pA2 for pirenzepine using a mammalian in vitro brain slice preparation. Br. J. Pharmac., 86, 394P. Cort'Es, R. & Palacios, J. M. (1986). Muscarinic cholinergic subtypes in the rat brain. I. Quantitative autoradiographic studies. Brain Res., 362, 227–238. Cort'Es, R., Probst, A., Tobler, H. J. & Palacios, J. M. (1986). Muscarinic cholinergic subtypes in the human brain. II Quantitative autoradiographic studies. Brain Res., 362, 239–253. Dalton, D. W. & Tyers, M. B. (1982). A comparison of the muscarinic antagonist actions of pancuronium and alcuronium. J. Autcm. Pharmac., 2, 261–266. Dale, H. H. (1914). The action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine. J. Pharm. exp. Ther., 6, 147–190. van Dalen, D., Hunt, G. A. & Lobbezoo, M. (1986). Action of secoverine on M1 and M2 receptor mediated effects. Br. J. Pharmac., 89, 654P. Daniel, E. E., Jury, J. & Robotham, K. H. (1986). Receptors for neurotransmitters in oppossum oesophagus muscularis mucosa. Br. J. Pharmac., 88, 707–714. Davison, J. S., Greenwood, B., Naiaji-Farashah, A. & Read, N. W. (1983). The effects of atropine and secoverine on gastric secretion and motility in the mouse isolated stomach. Br. J. Pharmac., 79, 525–529. Doods, H. N., Davidesko, D., De Jonge, A. & van Zwieten, P. A. (1985). AF-FX116 discriminates between subtypes of the muscarinic receptors. Proceedings British Pharmacological Society, London. Docherty, J. R. & McGrath, J. C. (1978). Sympathomimetic effects of pancuronium bromide on the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat: A comparison with the effects of drugs blocking neuronal uptake of noradrenaline. Br. J. Pharmac., 64, 589–599. Docherty, J. R. & McGrath, J. C. (1980). A comparison of the effects of pancuronium bromide and its monoquaternary analogue, ORG NC 45, on autonomic and somatic neurotransmission in the rat. Br. J. Pharmac., 71, 225–233. Downie, J. W., Twiddy, D. A. S. & Awad, S. A. (1977). Antimuscarinic and noncompetitive antagonist properties of dicyclomine hydrochloride in isolated human and rabbit bladder muscle. J. Pharm. exp. Ther., 201, 662–668. Dunlap, J. & Brown, J. H. (1983). Heterogeneity of binding sites on cardiac muscarinic receptors induced by the neuromusclar blocking agents gallamine and pancuronium. Mol. Pharmac., 24, 15–220. Eg An, T. M. & North, R. A. (1985). Acetylcholine acts on M2-muscarinic receptors to excite rat locus Coeruleus neurones. Br. J. Pharmac., 85, 733–735. Egan, T. M. & North, R. A. (1986). Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes central neurones by acting on an M2muscarinic receptor. Nature (Lond.), 319, 405–407. Eglen, R. M., Strachan, A. C. & Whiting, R. L. (1985a). Action of physostigmine on inotropic and chronotropic selectivity of muscarinic agonists. Br. J.Pharmac., 85, 213P. Eglen, R. M., Park, K. C. & Whiting, R. L. (1985b). Analysis of the muscarinic agonist action of arecaidine proparagyl ester. Br. J. Pharmac., 85, 397P. Eglen, R. M. & Whiting, R. L. (1985a). Is the muscarinic receptor present on the vascular endothelium atypical? Br. J. Pharmac., 84, 13P. Eglen, R. M. & Whiting, R. L. (1985b). Determination of the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating vasodilation. Br. J. Pharmac., 84, 3–5. Eglen, R. M. & Whiting R. L. (1985c). Muscarinic receptor subtypes: problems of classification. Trends Pharm. Sci., 6, 357–358. Eglen, R. M., Michel, A. D. & Whiting, R. L. (1985c). M, muscarinic receptor selectivity of McN-A-343 may not be due to receptor heterogeneity. Br. J. Pharmac., 86, 610P. Eglen, R. M. & Whiting, R. L. (1986). Differential affinities of muscarinic antagonists at ileal and atrial receptors. Br. J. Pharmac., 87, 33P. Eglen, R. M., Michel, A. D. & Whiting, R. L. (1986). Non-competitive antagonism exhibited by putative M1 selective antagonists. Br. J. Pharmac., 89, 655P. Ek, B. & Nahorski, S. R. (1986). Muscarinic receptor-mediated phosphoinositide metabolism in guinea-pig parotid gland, ileum and cortex. Br. J. Pharmac., 87, 32P. El-Fakahany, E., Ramkumar, V. & Lai, W. S. (1986). Multiple binding affinities of N-methylscopolamine to brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: differentiation from M1 and M2 receptor subtypes. J. Pharm. exp. Ther., 238, 554–563. Ellis, J. & Hoss, W. (1982). Competitive interaction of gallamine with multiple muscarinic receptors. Biochem. Pharmac., 31, 873–876. Endoh, M., Maruyama, M. & Iijima, T. (1986). Attenuation of muscarinic cholinergic inhibition by islet-activating protein in the heart. Am. J. Physiol., 249, H309–H320. Engelhorn, R. (1982). Evaluation of selectivity of two different antimuscarinic substances. Scand. J. Gastroent., 17, (Supp. 72) 49–58. Evans, R. A., Watson, M., Yamamura, H. I. & Roeske, W. R. (1985). Differential ontogeny of putative M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor sites in the murine cerebral cortex and heart. J. Pharm. exp. Ther., 235, 612–618. Fozard, J. R. & Muscholl, E. (1972). Effects of several muscarinic agonists on cardiac performance and the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves of the perfused rabbit heart. Br. J. Pharmac., 45, 616–629. Franko, B. V., Ward, J. W. & Alphin, R. S. (1963). Pharmacologic studies on N-benzyl-3-pyrodidyl acetate methobromide (AHR 602), a ganglion stimulating agent. J. Pharmac exp. Ther., 139, 25–30. Fuchs, P. & Fuder, H. (1985). The determination of pre-synaptic KA values of methacholine and pilocarpine and of a pre-synaptic receptor reserve in the rat perfused heart. Br. J. Pharmac., 84, 35–46. Fuder, H. (1982). The affinity of pirenzepine and other antimuscarinic compounds for pre and post synaptic muscarinic receptors of the isolated rabbit and rat heart. Scand. J. Gastroent., 17, (Supp. 72) 79–85. Fuder, H., Kilbinger, H. & Muller, M. (1985). Organ selectivity of hexahydrosiladifenidol in blocking pre- and postjunctional muscarinic receptors studied in guinea pig ileum and rat heart. Eur. J. Pharmac., 113, 125–127. Furchgott, R. F. (1972). The classification of adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors). An evaluation from the standpoint of receptor theory. In: Handbook Experimental Pharmacology, Catecholamines 33. Ed: H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl, 283–335. Springer-Verlag, New York. Giachetti, A., Hammer, R. & Montagna, E. (1982). Muscarinic receptor subtypes and responses to McN-A-343 and pirenzepine. Br.J. Pharmac, 77, 482P. Giachetti, A.A, Giraldo, E., Ladinsky, H. & Montagna, E. (1986a). Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine. Br. J. Pharmac, 89, 83–90. Giachetti, A., Micheletti, R. & Montagna, E. (1986b). Cardioselective profile of AF-DX 116, A muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist. Life Sci., 38, 1663–1672. Gibson, R. E., Rzeszokarski, W. J., Eckelman, W. C., Jagoda, E. M., Weckstein, D. J. & Reba, R. C. (1983). Differences in affinities of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists for brain and heart receptors. Biochem. Pharmac., 32, 1851–1856. Gil D. W. & Wolfe, B. P. (1985). Pirenzepine distinguishes between muscarinic receptor mediated phosphoinositide breakdown and inhibition of adenylate cyclase J Pharmac. exp. Ther., 232, 608–616. Gilbert, R., Rattan, S. & Goyal, R. K. (1984). Pharmacologic identification, activauon and antagonism of two muscarinic sensitive receptor subtypesin the: lower oesophageal sphincter. J. Pharmac exp. Ther., 230, 284–291. Gilbert R. J. & Dodds, W. J. (1986). Effect of selective muscarinic antagonists on peristaltic contractions in opossum smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol., 250, 650–659. Giraldo, E., Monferini, E. & Hammer, R. (1985). Selective labelling of M1-receptors in autonomic ganglia with 3H-pirenzepine. Arznetm-Forsch./Drug Res., 35, 325–328. Goyal, R. K. & Rattan, S. (1978). Neurohumoral, hormonal and drug receptors for the lower oesophageal sphincter. Gastroent., 74, 598–619. Grandordy, B. M., Cuss, F. M., Sampson, A. S., Palmer, J. B. & Barnes, P. J. (1986). Phosphatidylinositol responses to cholinergic agonists in airway smooth muscle: relationship to contraction and muscarinic receptor occupancy. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 238, 273–279. Halim, S., Kilbinger, M. & Wessler, I. (1982). Pirenzepine does not discriminate between pre and post synaptic muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig small intestine. Scand. J. Gastroent., 17 (Supp. 72), 87–93. Hammer, R. (1982). Subclasses of muscarinic receptors and pirenzepine. Further experimental evidence. Scand. J. Gastroent., 17 (Supp. 72), 59–65. Hammer, R., Berrie, C. P., Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Hulme, E. C. (1980). Pirenzepine distinguishes between different subclasses of muscarinic receptors. Nature(Lond.), 283, 90–94. Hammer, R., & Giachetti, A. (1982). Muscarinic receptor subtypes: M1 and M2. Biochemical and functional characterization. Life Sci., 31, 2991–2994. Hammer, R., Giraldo, E., Schiavi, G. B., Monterini, E. & Ladinsky, H. (1986). Binding Profile of a novel cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, AF-DX 116, to membranes of peripheral tissues and brain in the rat. Life Sci., 38, 1653–1162. Harden, T. K., Tanner, L. I., Martin, M. W., Nakahata, N., Hughes, A. R., Hepler, J. R. Evans, T., Masters, S. B. & Brown, J. H. (1986). Characteristics of two biochemical responses to stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Trends. Pharm. Sci. (suppl) 7, 14–18. Hawcock, As. B., Lazareno, S., & Roberts, R. F. (1986). Assessment of the muscarinic subtype selectivity of (±) 3-quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate hemioxalate hydrate (QNX). Br. J. Pharmac., 88, 357P. Hirschowitz, B. I., Hammer, R., Giachetti, A., Kevins, J. & Levine, R. R. (1984). Symposium preface. Trends in Pharmac. Sci., 5, supplement. Hobbiger, F., Mitchelson, F. & Rand, M. J. (1969). The action of some cholmomimetic drugs on the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. Br. J. Pharmac., 36, 53–69. Hoss, W. & Ellis, J. (1985). Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the central nervous system. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 26, 151–199. Hulme, E. C., Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Mehta, P. (1978). The binding of antagonists to brain muscarinic receptors. Mol. Pharmac., 14, 737–750. Hulme, E. C., Berrie, C. P., Haga, T., Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Stockton, J. (1983). Solubilization and molecular characterization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Receptor Res., 3, 301–311. Hynes, M. R., Banner, W., Yamamura, H. I. & Duckles, S. P. (1986). Characterization of muscarinic receptors of the rabbit ear artery and smooth musle endothelium. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 238, 100–105. Jones, L. M., Kirk, C. J., & Michell, R. H. (1982). Molecular events following activation of muscarinic receptors: The role of inositol phospholipids. Scand. J Gastroenterol., 17, (Supp 72), 33–40. De Jonge, A., Doods, H. N., Riesbos, J. & van Zwieten, P. A. (1986). Heterogeneity of muscarinic binding sites in rat brain, submandibular gland and atrium. Br. J. Pharmac., 89, 551P. Kamikawa, Y., Uchida, K. & Shimo, Y. (1985). Heterogeneity of muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosa and ileal longitudinal muscle. Gastroenterol., 88, 706–716. Kelly, E., Rooney, T. A. & Nahorski, S. R. (1985). Pertussis toxin separates two muscarinic receptor-effector mechanisms in the striatum. Eur. J. Pharmac., 119, 129–130. Kendall, D. A. & Nahorski, S. R. (1986). Effects of lithium treatment on agonist-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat brain slices. Br. J. Pharmac., 88, 255P. Kenakin, T. P. (1983). Receptor classification by selective agonists, coping with circulatory and circumstantial evidence. Trends in Pharmac. Sci., 4, 291–295. Kenakin, T. P. (1984). The classification of drugs and drug receptors in isolated tissues. Pharmac. Revs., 36, 165–222. Kenakin, T. P. (1986). Receptor reserve as a tissue misnomer. Trends in Pharmac. Sci., 7, 93–95. Kenny, B. A., Michel, A. D. & Whiting, R. L. (1985). The effect of dicyclomine and trifluoroperazine on muscarinic receptors. Br. J. Pharmac., 86, 451P. Kilbinger, H. (1984). Presynaptic muscarinic receptors modulating acetylcholine release. Trends in Pharmac Sci., 4, 103–105. Kilbinger, H. (1985). Facilitation and inhibition by muscarinic agonists of acetylcholine release from guinea-pig myenteric neurones: mediation through different types of neuronal muscarinic receptors. Trends in Pharmac. Set., 5, suppl. 49–52. Kilbinger, H. & Nafziger, M. (1985). Two types of neuronal muscarinic receptors modulating acetylcholine release from guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac., 328, 304–309. Kilbinger, H., Halim, S., Lambrecht, G., Weiler, W. & Wessler, I. (1985). Comparison of affinities of muscarinic antagonists to pre and post junctional receptors in the guinea-pig ileum. Eur. J. Pharmac., 103, 313–320. Levine, R. R., Birdsall, N. J. M., Giachetti, A., Hammer, R., Iversen, L. L., Jenden, D. J. & North, R. A. (1986). Subtypes of Muscarinic Receptor II Proceedings supplement Trends Pharm. Set. 7. Li, C. K. & Mitchelson, F. (1980). The selective antimuscarinic action of stercuronium. Br. J. Pharmac., 70, 313–321. Laduron, P. M., Leysen, J. E. & Gorissen, H. (1981). Muscarinic receptors: Multiple sites or unitary concept? Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 249, 319–321. Lazareno, S., Kendall, D. A. & Nahorski, S. R. (1985). Pirenzepine indicates heterogeneity of muscarinic receptors linked to cerebral inositol phospholipid metabolism. Neuropharmac., 24, 593–595. Lee, J. H. & El-Fakahany, E. E. (1985a). Anomalous binding of [3H]-N methyl scopolamine to rat brain muscarinic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmac., 110, 263–266. Lee, J. H. & El-Fakahany, E. E. (1985b). Heterogeneity of binding of muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain homogenates. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 233, 707–714. Leung, E. & Mitchelson, F. (1982). The interaction of pancuronium and cardiac and ileal muscarinic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmac., 80, 1–9. Lobbezoo, M. W., Janszen, F. H. A. & Zwagemakers, J. M. A. (1984). A study on the organ selectivity of secoverine, a new spasmolytic agent. Abstracts, IUPHAR, 9th International Congress of Pharmacology, MacMillan 1108. Luber-Narod, J. & Potter, L. T. (1983). Selectivity of drugs for M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors. Soc. Neurosci., 9, 682. Luthin, G. R. & Wolfe, B. B. (1984). Comparison of [3H] pirenzepine and[3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 228, 648–655. Marchi, M. & Raiteri, M. (1985). On the presence in the cerebral cortex of muscarinic receptor subtypes which differ in neuronal localization, function and pharmacological properties. J. Pharmac exp. Ther., 235, 230–233. Marshall, R. J., McGrath, J. C., Miller, R. D., Docherty, J. R. & Lamare J-C. (1980). Comparison of the cardiovascular actions of Org. NC-45 with those produced by other non depolarizing blocking agents in experimental animals. Br. J. Anaesth., 52, 215–325. Marshall, R. J. & Ojewole, J. A. O. (1979). Comparison of the autonomic effects of some currently used neuromuscular blocking agents. Br. J. Pharmac., 66, 77P. Mitchelson, F. (1984). Heterogeneity in muscarinic receptors: evidence from pharmacologic studies with antagonists. Trends in Pharmac. Sci., 5, Sup 12–16. Morita, K., North, R. A. & Tokimasa, T. (1982). Muscarinic agonists inactivate potasium conductance of guinea-pig myenteric neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 333, 125–139. Mutschler, E. & Lambrecht, G. (1984). Selective muscarinic agonists and antagonists in functional tests. Trends in Pharmac Sci., 5, Suppl. 39–44. Nedoma, J., Dorofeeva, N. A., Tucek, S., Shelkovinikov, S. A. & Danilov, A. F. (1985). Interaction of the neuromuscular blocking drugs alcuronium, decamethanium, gallamine, pancuronium, ritebronium, nercuronuim and d-tubocuranine with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the heart and ileum. Nanyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac., 329, 176–181. Newberry, N. R., Priestley, T. & Woodruff, G. N. (1985). Pharmacological distinction between two muscarinic responses on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Eur.J. Pharmac., 116, 191–192. Norman, A. B. & Creese, I. (1986). Effects of in vivo and in vitro treatments with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline on putative muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain. Mol. Pharmac., 30, 96–103. North, R. A., Slack, B. E. & Suprenant, A. (1985). Muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors mediate depolarization and presynaptic inhibition in guinea-pig enteric nervous system. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 368, 435–452. Oriowo, M. A. (1983). Muscarinic receptor subtype in the rat anococcygeus muscle. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 35, 469–470. Pagani, F., Schavione, A., Monferini, E., Hammer, R. & Giachetti, A. (1984). Distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1 and M2) controlling acid secretion in rodents. Trends in Pharmac Sci., 5, suppl. 66–68. Resul, B., Dahlbom, R., Ringdahl, B. & Jenden, D. J. (1982). N-alkyl-n(4-test-amino-1-methyl-2-butynyl) carboxamides. A new class of potent oxotremorine antagonists. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 17, 317–322. Riker, W. F. & Wescoe, W. C. (1951). The pharmacology of Flaxedil with observations on certain analogues. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 54, 373–392. Ringdahl, B. & Jenden, D. J. (1983). Pharmacological properties of oxotremorine and its analogs. Life Sci., 32, 2401–2413. Roeske, W. R. & Venter, J. C. (1984). The differential loss of [3H]-pirenzepine vs[3H](—)quinuclidinylbenzilate binding to soluble rat brain muscarinic receptors indicates that pirenzepine binds to an allosteric state of the muscarinic receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 118, 950–957. Roszkowski, A. P. (1961). An unusual type of ganglionic stimulant. Br. J. Pharmac, 132, 156–170. Salt, P. J., Barnes, P. K. & Conway, C. M. (1980). Inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline in the isolated perfused rat heart by pancuronium and its homologues, ORG 6368, ORG 7268 and NC 45. Br. J. Anaesth., 52, 313. Sanger, G. J. & Bennett, A. (1981). Secoverine hydrochloride is a muscarinic antagonist in human isolated gastrointestinal muscle and myometrium. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 33, 711–714. Saxena, P. R. & Bonta, I. L. (1970). Mechanism of selective cardiac vagolytic action of pancuronium bromide. Specific blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors. Eur. J. Pharmac., 11, 332–341. Schreiber, G. & Sokolovsky, M. (1985). Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity revealed by interaction with bretylium tosylate. Different ligand-receptor conformations verses different receptor subclasses. Mol. Pharmac., 27, 27–31. Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., van Vliet, B. J., Wardeh, G. & Mulder, A. H. (1986). Muscarinic receptor-mediated modulation of[3H]-dopamine and [14C]-acetylcholine release from rat neostriatal slices: selective antagonism by gallamine but not pirenzepine. Eur.J. Pharmac., 128, 291–294. Sekar, M. C. & Roufogalis, B. D. (1984) Muscarinic receptor mediated stimulation enhances polyphosphoinositide breakdown in guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle. Biochem. J., 223, 527–531. Shirakawa, O. & Tanaka, C. (1985). Molecular characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in bovine cerebral cortex by radiation inactivation and molecular exclusion h.p.l.c. Br. J. Pharmac., 86, 375–383. Snyder, S. H. & Gooman, R. R. (1980). Multiple neurotransmitter receptors. J. Neurochem., 35, 5–15. Stockton, J. M., Birdsall, N. J. M., Burgen, A. S. V. & Hulme, E. C. (1983). Modification of the binding properties of muscarinic receptors by gallamine. Mol. Pharmac., 23, 551–557. Szelenyi, I. (1982). Does pirenzepine distinguish between subtypes of muscarinic receptor? Br. J. Pharmac., 77, 567–569. Tallarida, R. J. (1981). Theoretical pharmacology: the quantitative identification of receptors. Trends in Pharmac Sci., 2, 231–234. Tsien, X-Y. & Wallach, L. J. (1985). Trihexyphenidyl. Further evidence for muscarinic receptor subclassification. Biochem. Pharmac, 34, 588–590. van Charldorp, K. J., De Jonge, A., Thoolen, M. J. & van Zwieten, P. A. (1985). Subclassification of muscarinic receptors in the heart, urinary bladder and sympathetic ganglia in the pithed rat. Selectivity of some classical agonists. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac., 331, 301–306. van Rossum, J. M. (1962). Classification and molecular pharmacology of ganglionic blocking agents. Part 1: Mechanism of ganglionic transmission and mode of action of ganglionic stimulants. Int. J. Neurochem., 1, 97–110. Venter, J. C. (1983). Muscarinic cholinergic receptor structure: receptor size, membrane orientation and absence of major phylogeneric structural diversity. J. Biol. Chem., 258, 4842–4848. Watson, M., Yamamura, H. I., & Roeske, W. R. (1983). a unique regulatory profile and regional distribution of [3H] pirenzepine binding in the rat provide evidence for distinct M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes. Life Sci., 32, 3001–3011. Watson, M., Vickroy, T. W., Roeske, W. R. & Yamamura, H. I. (1985). Functional and biochemical basis for multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmac. Biol. Psych., 9, 569–574. Webb, J. L. (1950). The action of acetylcholine on the rabbit auricle. Br. J. Pharmac, 5, 335–375. Wess, J., Lambrecht, G., Moser, V. & Mutschler, E. (1984). A comparison of the ami muscarinic effects of pirenzepine and N-methylatropine on ganglionic and vascular muscarinic receptors in the rat. Life Sc., 35, 553–560. Woodruff, G. N. & Walker, R. J. (1971). A specific inhibitory action of McN-A-343 on acetylcholine-sensitive neurones in the brain of the snail. Eur. J. Pharmac., 14, 81–85. Yamanaka, K., Mashimoto, S. & Muramatsu, I. (1986). Species differences in the muscarinic receptors of the thoracic aorta. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 237, 980–986. Yamanaka, K., Kigoshi, S. & Muramatsu, I. (1986). Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the bovine adrenal medulla. Biochem. Pharmac, 35, 3151–3157. Zwagemakers, J. M. A. & Claasen, V. (1980). Pharmacology of secoverine, a new spasmolytic agent with specific anti-muscarinic properties. Arzneim-Forsch-Drug Res., 30, 1517–1531. Zwagemakers, J. M. A. & Claasen, V. (1981). Secoverine selectivity antagonizes muscarinic effects in various in vivo preparations. Eur. J. Pharmac., 71, 165–168. Citing Literature Volume6, Issue4December 1986Pages 323-346 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)