Rioting or Protesting? Losing It or Finding It?
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 18; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13534645.2012.672246
ISSN1460-700X
Autores ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 HMSO (1972) Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration Session 1971–2 Police/Immigrant Relations Minutes of Evidence 17.2.1972, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, HC 471-1, London, p.392. 2 Stokely Carmichael and Charles V Hamilton, Black Power: the Politics of Liberation in America (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1969). I wrote in Critical Social Policy about the most powerful expression of this tendency in Chapeltown, expressed in the strike it organized at a local school against the racism of the head-teacher and the mis-education of the black and the white youth at Cowper Street School. The article is available here < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/writing/sociology/racism-education-and-black-self-organization/>[19.12.2011]. 3 Kester Aspden, Nationality Wog: The Hounding of David Oluwale (London: Jonathan Cape, 2007). Caryl Phillips Foreigners: Three English Lives (London: Harvill Secker, 2007). 4 BBC TV < www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooks> [06.12. 2011]. 5 Paul Buhle, CLR James:The Artist as Revolutionary (London: Verso, 1988). 6 Bob Marley and Peter Tosh 'Get Up, Stand Up', from the album Burnin' (Island Records, 1973). The deluxe double CD of Burnin' issued in 2004, also contains The Wailers Live at Leeds which consists of the material on their previous album Catch A Fire, played to a tiny audience at Leeds Polytechnic in 1973. I was there. I can almost hear my applause. For an excellent book on the original three Wailers, which fully explains their own variations on Rastafarianism, see Colin Grant, The Natural Mystics: Marley, Tosh, and Wailer (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011). 7 Precisely who turned Selassie's speech into the form of this song remains unclear. It was first released on Bob Marley and The Wailers' Rastaman Vibration (Island Records, 1976). For comments on its authorship, see the Wikipedia entry here < www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_(Bob_Marley_song)>[06.12.2011]. 8 Max Farrar, 'Listen to the Youth', Chapeltown News, no.37 August 1976, p.7. 9 Max Farrar, 'Uprising: youth still in Jail', Come-Unity News, No.5, October 1981, p. 2; Paul Holt (aka Max Farrar) 'Riot and Revolution: the politics of an inner city', Revolutionary Socialism, 8 1981–1982. Available here < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/writing/riot-and-revolution-the-politics-of-an-inner-city-2/>[14.12.2011]. 10 Johnson, a pioneer in Britain of the Jamaican vernacular poetry initiated by Louise Bennett, often performs his poetry accompanied by Dennis Bovell's band. You can hear and watch an early performance of this poem at < www.youtube.com/watch?v = hpypYcMe16I>[13.12.2011]. 11 The full lyrics of the poem 'Making History' are available here < www.uulyrics.com/music/linton-kwesi-johnson/song-making-history`/> [13.12.2011]. The CD is Making History (Island Records, 1983). 12 Max Farrar, The Struggle for 'Community' in a British Multi-Ethnic Inner City Area: Paradise in the Making, (New York and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002). 13 Max Farrar, 'Youth workers stop street action', New Society, 3 July 1987. 14 Max Farrar, 'The politics of black youth workers in Leeds', Critical Social Policy, Autumn 1988, pp.94–117 discusses the radical period in multi-ethnic youth work in Leeds. 15 Max Farrar, 'Riot or Protest?', New Statesman & Society, 21 July 1985. 16 For brief information see < www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Regan>[14.12.2011]. 17 In these three cases, Oldham, Burnley and Bradford, official enquiries were launched, leading to three long reports. The report that tied all three together, known as the Cantle Report, introduced the terminology of 'community cohesion' into national policy. I wrote a long conference paper on these events which includes all the relevant references, concentrating on Harehills, Leeds, and introducing my preferred term 'violent urban protest' to replace 'riot'. The paper, titled 'The Northern 'race riots' of the summer of 2001 – were they riots, were they racial? A case-study of the events in Harehills, Leeds' is available here < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/docs/HarehillsBSARace2 May02.pdf>[14.12.2011]. 18 Yorkshire Evening Post (Leeds Edition), 6 June2001, p.1. 19 Yorkshire Evening Post (Leeds Edition), 6 June2001, p.4. 20 Interview 20.03.2002 21 Max Farrar, 'Violent Urban Protest: identities, ethics and Islamism' in Gargi Bhattacharyya (ed.) Ethnicities and Values in a Changing world, (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009). Available at < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/writing/sociology/violent-urban-protest-–-identities-ethics-and-islamism%E2%80%A8/> [14.12.2011]. 22 These statistics come from the government appointed 'Riots Communities and Victims Panel' which produced a report titled '5 Days in August', published 28 November 2011. Summary, and links to full report, available at < www.5daysinaugust.co.uk/PDF/downloads/Summary-Report-UK-Riots.pdf>[14.12.2011]. 23 The Home Secretary was responding to research (quoted below) into the 'rioters' accounts of their involvement. Quoted in the Daily Mail, 18/12/2011. < www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2075540/Theresa-May-lessons-SHE-learnt-weeks-LSE-report-summer-riots.html>[29.12.2011]. 24 'London's Burning' directed by Justin Hardy, written by Mark Hayhurst, broadcast 22/12/2001 by Channel 4. < www.channel4.com/programmes/londons-burning/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1> [29.12.2011]. 25 Patrick Wintour, '2011 in politics: David Cameron comes out ahead despite year of U-turns', Guardian 28 December 2011, < www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/dec/28/2011-in-politics-david-cameron-ahead> [25.01.2012]. 26 The interview was conducted by Fernando Duarte for the Portuguese publication O Globo, and reproduced by the web-journal Social Europe on 15 August 2011. It is available here < www.social-europe.eu/2011/08/interview-zygmunt-bauman-on-the-uk-riots/> [14.12.2011]. 27 For some discussion of Bauman's views on Marx and socialism, see Max Farrar 'Cracking the Ivory Tower: proposing "an interpretive public sociology"' in Judith Burnett, Syd Jeffers and Graham Thomas (eds.) New Social Connections: Sociology's Subjects and Objects, (London: Palgrave, 2010). Available at < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/writing/public-sociology/cracking-the-ivory-tower-proposing-'an-interpretive-public-sociology'/> [14.12.2011]. 28 The prestigious Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development reported in 2011 that, since the 1970s, income inequality had risen faster in Britain than in any other rich country. The top 10% in this country earned about twelve times that of the bottom 10% in 2008. In countries such as Germany, Denmark and Sweden the ratio is around six to one. The income share of Britain's 1% of top earners rose from 7.1% in 1970 to 14.3% in 2005. See Randeep Ramesh, 'Income gap rising faster in UK than any other wealthy nation, says OECD' Guardian, 6 December 2011 < www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/dec/05/income-inequality-growing-faster-uk>[14.12. 2011]. 29 I am a sociologist by trade, but frequently despair of the discipline. However, an important analysis of the 'riots' by two sociologists, Karim Murji and Sarah Neal, appeared soon after the events were over. They pointed out that discursive responses were many and various, but even conservative politicians acknowledged that the causes were complex. Unusually, they note the effect of 'super-diversity' in London meant the linkages between 'race' and 'riot' – the dominant theme of earlier phases of rioting in the UK – were much harder for commentators to comprehend. They point out that policing remains as important an issue in the 2011 events as it has been in the past. Karim Murji and Sarah Neal, 'Riot: Race and Politics in the 2011 Disorders', Sociological Research On-line, 16 (4) 24, November 2011, available here < http://www.socresonline.org.uk/16/4/24.html> [24.01.2012] 30 'Reading the Riots' < www.guardian.co.uk/uk/series/reading-the-riots> There was a time when sociologists would have done this empirical work – and a few excellent postgraduates did make an effort. Their interviews and observations were published here: < www.guardian.co.uk/society/series/behind-the-riots> [23.01.2012] 31 Guardian, 6.12.2012, p.4. 32 Jenny Turner 'As Many Pairs of Shoes as She likes', London Review of Books, 33.24, 15 December 2011. So far as I can see, no-one in 2012 repeated the 1981 slogan of the anarchist group Class War: 'Looting takes the waiting out of wanting'. 33 Guardian, 6 December 2011, p.5. 34 The Times, 12 August 2011, p.1. 35 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.3. 36 Guardian, 6 December 2011, p.4. 37 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.6. 38 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.6. 39 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.6. 40 Peter Beaumont, 'The week when I realized I didn't know my own city', Observer, 14 December 2011, pp.16-17. 41 A Table listing the towns that rose up in 1981 appears in Paul Holt (aka Max Farrar) 'Riot and Revolution: the politics of an inner city', Revolutionary Socialism, issue 8, winter 1981–1982. Available here < www.maxfarrar.org.uk/writing/riot-and-revolution-the-politics-of-an-inner-city-2/> [14.12.2011] 42 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.3. 43 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.2. 44 Guardian, 5 December 2011, p.3. 45 Guardian, 7 December 2011, p.7. 46 John Harris 'A tense and weary West Midlands takes stock after looting', Guardian 13 August 2011. Available at < www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/12/west-midlands-riots-looting-response.> [15.12.2011]. 47 Some information on these incidents is published here < www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-14449656>[18.12.2011]
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