Harvey in the sluice: from hydraulic engineering to human physiology
2007; Routledge; Volume: 24; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07341510701616840
ISSN1477-2620
Autores Tópico(s)Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
ResumoAbstract The most important discovery in the history of medicine, the blood's circulation, owed to the most valued invention after the wheel in the history of engineering, the pound lock. The celebrated anatomist William Harvey compared the venous membranes to sluice gates, as a model for the prevention of the blood's reflux. With empirical method he observed hydraulic engineering in London, where he practiced medicine, and Padua, where he studied medicine. He actually experienced his cardiovascular model while a medical student by traveling through the exemplary sluice gate, the Porte Contarine lock. This prototype, together with the first pound lock constructed on the Thames, while he composed De motu cordis et sanguinis, provided him the decisive model for the function of the venous membranes to obstruct reflux of the blood. Thus he probed forward through them to the heart as the source of a circulatory blood flow. Keywords: William Harveyheartcirculation of the bloodvenous membraneshydraulic engineeringsluice gatespound locksPaduaLondon and the Thames Notes 1. Harvey, De motu cordis, 20–1. 2. Ibid. 3. Harvey, Prelectiones anatomie universalis, 18, 86. For analogon, see 33. For the Socratic rule in anatomy, see also French, Harvey's Natural Philosophy, 83–85, 311–13. 4. For his grammar schooling, see Leach, Educational Charters and Documents, 468. For Harvey and humanist rhetoric, see Boyle, ‘Harvey's Anatomy Book and Literary Culture,’ and forthcoming studies. 5. Harvey, De motu cordis, 72, 70, 66, 69, 68. Cf. the fetus, 69. 6. Hippocratic Writings, De corde, 10. 7. Harvey, Prelectiones anatomie, 272 and the editor's n. 6 on folio 80v. 8. Pagel, Harvey's Biological Ideas, 20, 212–13; Webster, ‘Harvey's Conception of the Heart’; cf. Basalla, ‘Harvey and the Heart as a Pump,’ 467–70. 9. Harvey, Prelectiones anatomie, 77. 10. See Haase, Avicenna's ‘De anima’ in the Latin West. Among the early scholastic commentators on Aristole's De anima were Blund, Tractatus de anima, and de la Rochelle, Summa de anima. See also Birkenmajer, ‘Rôle joué par les médecins.’ 11. See Clagett, Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, 541–64; Maier, Threshold of Exact Science, 40–62; Murdoch and Sylla, ‘Science of Motion’; Grant, Foundations of Modern Science, 55–62, 87–108. 12. See Cunningham, ‘Fabricius and the “Aristotle Project”.’ 13. Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 74. 14. Cicero, De natura deorum 2.149. For the Platonist version in Galen's medical teleology, as adapted by Andreas Vesalius's De fabrica humani corporis, see Siraisi, ‘Vesalius and the Reading of Galen's Teleology.’ 15. Vitruvius, De architectura 10.1.4. 16. da Vinci, Vitruvian man, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. Reproduced in Notebooks, 1:182–3, and frequently on the Internet, e.g. the British Broadcasting Company's ‘Science and Nature’ site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/gallery/vitruvian.shtml. For the architectural‐corporeal metaphor, see Rykwert, Dancing Column, 171–81, 209. For the contemporary English understanding of the classical orders, see Harris with Savage, British Architectural Books and Writers, 23–31. 17. Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 3. 18. Aquinas, De motu cordis, in Opera, 43:91–130; and, citing Maimonides, in Super Sententiarum libros, lib. 2, d. 14, q. 1, a. 1 ad 2; lib. 2, d. 2, q. 2, a. 3 co.; De veritate q. 5, a. 9, s.c. 5. 19. Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 42. 20. Webster, ‘Harvey and the Crisis,’ 21–2. 21. French, Harvey's Natural Philosophy, 349–59. Consider also the earlier contention that the venous membranes were ‘the key to the final solution of the problem,’ in Whitteridge, Anatomical Disputation, xxxvi. 22. Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 13–14. 23. Ibid., 37, 30. See also Shank, ‘Galen's Ureters to Harvey's Veins.’ 24. Portenari, Felicità di Padova, 12, 55. 25. Savonarola, Libellus de aqua ardenti. See, without reference to Harvey, Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, 4:201–202. For experience, see also Crisciani, ‘Histories, Stories, Exempla, and Anecdotes.’ 26. Portenari, Felicità di Padova, 55, 76. 27. Webster, ‘Harvey and the Crisis,’ 3; Clark et al., History of the Royal College of Physicians, 1:254–5. 28. Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 5, 6–8, 41–42. For empirical method, see French, Harvey's Natural Philosophy, 310–83; for knowledge from observation, see also Wear, ‘Harvey and the “Way of the Anatomists,”’ 224, 236. 29. Stow, Survey of London, 1:120, 313; 2:143. 30. Keynes, Life of Harvey, 49–62. 31. Dickinson, Water Supply of London, 8–38; Smith, Man and Water, 96; Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 184. 32. See, without reference to Harvey, Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 184, 186. 33. Dickinson, Water Supply, 3, 5–6, 16–18. 34. Stow, Survey of London, 1:18, 20–30. See also Smith, Man and Water, 101. 35. Dickinson, Water Supply, 1; Belloc, Historic Thames, 24–5. 36. Herbert, Thames, 200; Chaplin, Thames, 23. 37. Stow, Survey of London, 11. 38. Chaplin, Thames, 50. 39. Herbert, Thames, 203–9; Leapman, London's River, 114; Gilbert and Horner, Thames Barrier, 1–5, 10–16. 40. Taylor, Thame Isis, 6. 41. Leapman, London's River, 60, 114. 42. Fitzstephen, Descriptio Londinae, 218. Fitzstephen was a Benedictine monk at Canterbury, where Harvey later attended the King's School. 43. Herbert, Thames, 97–101; Chaplin, Thames, 21–24. See also Stow, Survey of London, 1:12–13, 153. 44. Taylor, Thame Isis, title page and dedication, stanza 1, line 10. 45. See Herbert, Thames, 99, 102–03, 27; Chaplin, Thames, 22–5, 176–9; Smith, History of Dams, 165. Cf. Taylor, Thame Isis, 9. 46. Parsons, Engineers and Engineering, 372. 47. Parsons, Engineers and Engineering, 375, 379; Magnusson and Squatritti, ‘Technologies of Water,’ 230. 48. Parsons, Engineers and Engineering, 379–83, and fig. 135. The key to coordinating the various numerations of da Vinci's folios is ‘Codex Atlanticus,’ edited by Pedretti. 49. Croce and Malara, ‘Opere e paesaggi di Leonardo.’ 50. For further influence of Padua, see Boyle, ‘Harvey's Anatomy Book and Literary Culture.’ 51. Portenari, Felicità di Padova, 12, title. 52. Magnusson and Squatritti, ‘Technologies of Water,’ 231; Parsons, Engineers and Engineering, 372–3; Fasso, ‘Birth of Hydraulics,’ 70–4. 53. Harvey, Letter to Basil Feilding, cited without reference to this argument by Keynes, Life, 243. Italics mine. 54. Portenari, Felicità di Padova, 60. 55. Coryat, Crudites, 1:300; see also 2:1. 56. See Tiozzo and Semenzato, Riviera del Brenta, 36–7. For the importance of this lock, see also Togliani, ‘Chiusa,’ 253. For an early‐modern map from Padua to the Venetian lagoon and for a ‘barke,’ see Coronelli and Costa, Ville del Brenta, tables I and II. 57. Schott, Itinerarium Italiae, 31. For its use by English travelers, see Strachan, Thomas Coryat, 41. 58. See Coryat, Crudites, 1:306–14. 59. Smith, History of Dams, 166; Holt, ‘Medieval England's Water‐Related Technologies,’ 55–7. See canalis four times in Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 34; cf. Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 73. 60. Moryson, Itinerary, 1:151. For illustrations of the lock, see Guiotto, Monumentalità delle Riviera del Brenta, 283–85 figs. 552, 553, 555; for a map of the canal, see 284 fig. 554. 61. Coryat, Crudites, 1:300. 62. See Chisholm, ‘Locks, Sluices and Staunches,’ 305, 308, 309. 63. Zonca, Novo teatro, 9–12. 64. Portenari, Felicità di Padova, 60. 65. de Caus, Wilton Garden, 34 and plate XXV. 66. For an introduction to Padua's waterways, the Consorzio Battellieri di Padova e Riviera del Brenta, approved by the Ufficio Informazioni (Tourist Board), has a quirky but intelligible English translation at www.padovanavigazione.it. 67. Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 71, 72, 75, 74. For their history, see Scultetus, Villavicencio, and Rich, ‘Facts and Fiction.’ 68. Elyot, Dictionary, ‘ostium,’ s.v. 69. Bacon, De fluxu et refluxu maris, in Works, 5:259. Cf. Cicero, Oratio de Imperio Pompei 12.33. 70. Baret, Dictionarie, ‘ostium,’ s.v. 71. Withals, Dictionary, ‘ostium,’ s.v. 72. Franklin in Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 4–5. 73. See Longrigg, ‘Anatomy in Alexandria,’ citing Plato, Timaeus 77c; Aristotle, De partibus animalium 668a, and Historia animalium 515a; Galen, De naturalibus facultatibus, in Opera, 11:210. 74. Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 74, 73, 71, 72, 73, 74. 75. Ibid., 74. 76. Harris, Heart and the Vascular System. 77. Wikander, ‘Water‐Mill,’ 380. 78. Magnusson and Squattriti, ‘Technologies of Water,’ 259, 263. For illustrations, see Zonca, Novo teatro. There is an entry for ostiolum in the context of water mills in Fuchs et al., Lexicon latinitatis, 5:3398: ‘per quoddam ostiolum ad molendinum aquaticum … procedens.’ However, this does not appear in the text cited as its source. 79. Moryson, Itinerary, 1:151–52. For the historical rivers, see Tiozzo and Semenzanto, Riviera del Brenta, 6–10. 80. Vicenzo Dotto, ‘Pianta di Padova,’ in Portenari, Felicità di Padova, n.p. Situated opposite is the Molin da Vanzo, with its wheel in the stream. See also Bortolomini, ‘Acque, mulini e folloni.’ 81. Coryat, Crudites, 1:270. Cf. Moryson, Intinerary, 1:150. For the history, see Mazzi, Verdi, and Dal Piaz, Mure di Padova. 82. Alberti, De re aedificatoria, 2:687, 751, 939. Cf. Tibaldi, ‘“Architettura,”’ 205–7. Cf. Harvey on the heart as a cistern, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 56. 83. See Hauck and Novak, ‘Water Flow at Nîmes.’ 84. Parsons, Engineers and Engineering, 375. 85. Alberti, De re aedificatoria, 2:969–71. 86. Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, 78–81. 87. Harvey, De motu cordis et sanguinis, 67. 88. Ibid., 56. 89. Rouse and Ince, History of Hydraulics, 28; Bonnin, Eau dans l'antiquité, 53, 224–31, 224. 90. See Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 146. 91. Harvey, ‘Anatomical Observations,’ 445. 92. Maffioli, Out of Galileo, 9, 10, 46–47, 41–45. 93. Harvey, Prelectiones anatomie universalis, 18. 94. John Birkehead, commendatory poem prefixed to William Cartwright, Comedies, Tragi‐comedies, and Other Poems (1651), cited in Keynes, Life, 309–10.
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