Re-greening ‘The Hill’: Albert Morris and the transformation of the Broken Hill landscape
2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 31; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14601176.2010.540804
ISSN1943-2186
Autores Tópico(s)Australian Indigenous Culture and History
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements Brian Tonkin at the Charles Rasp Memorial Library (CRML) for access to the Archives Collection and the Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club (BFNC) papers, the BFNC for copyright permission to reproduce select images and text held in the CRML, Angela Denton, Richard Aitken, State Library of South Australia staff, Helen Vonow and staff at the State Herbarium of South Australia, staff at the National Trust of Australia (NSW), Enid Robertson née Ashby, Shane Stenhouse at the Broken Hill City Council, Jessica Bennett at the Mount Isa City Council, and Isobel Paton and Mitchell Jones. Deakin University Notes 1. D. Jones, ‘Morris, Albert (1886–1939)’, in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 417. 2. ‘BHP’ translates as Broken Hill Proprietary Limited and the abbreviation ‘BHP’ has historically been used in Australian mining and trade literature. The mining legacy has been extensively reviewed by several authors, including R. J. Solomon, The Richest Lode: Broken Hill 1883–1988 (Marrickville, NSW: Hale & Iremonger, 1988); E. Stokes, United We Stand: Impression of Broken Hill 1908–1910 (Canterbury, Victoria: Five Mile Press, 1983); R. H. B. Kearns, Broken Hill 1883–1893: Discovery and Development (Broken Hill, NSW: Broken Hill Historical Society, 1973); R. H. B. Kearns, Broken Hill 1915–1939: New Horizons (Broken Hill, NSW: Broken Hill Historical Society, 2000); R. H. B. Kearns, Broken Hill: A Pictorial History (Hawthorndene, SA: Investigator Press, 1982); R. H. B. Kearns, Broken Hill 1940–1983: The First Century (Broken Hill, NSW: Broken Hill Historical Society, 1987); A. Morris, ‘The Flora between the Darling River and Broken Hill: Guide-book to the Excursion to Broken Hill’, Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Australia, 1923, Vol. II, Part vi, 1923, pp. 55–61; M. Morris, ‘The life work of Mr Albert Morris’, Barrier Miner, 9 December 1939, p. 23; M. Morris, ‘Plant Regeneration in the Broken Hill District’, Australian Journal of Science, 2/2, October 1939, pp. 43–48; A. Denton, ‘Albert Morris and the Broken Hill Re-vegetation Scheme’, Landscape Australia 4/88, pp. 369–373; E. E. Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (Melbourne: Lothian Publishing, 1948); K. Koenig, Broken Hill: 100 Years of Mining (Sydney, NSW: Department of Mineral Resources, 1983); N. C. W. Beadle, 1948, The Vegetation and Pastures of Western New South Wales with Special Reference to Soil Erosion (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1948); H. Webber, The Greening of the Hill: Re-Vegetation around Broken Hill in the 1930s (South Yarra, Victoria: Hyland House, 1992); D. Jones, ‘Morris, Albert’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 417; N. Hall, The Use of Trees and Shrubs in the Dry Country of Australia (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1972), pp. 191–194, giving scientific weight to the significance of Morris’ contribution to botany and erosion control knowledge for western New South Wales. 3. Morris, ‘The Flora Between the River Darling and Broken Hill’, Plantlife West of the Darling (Broken Hill, NSW: Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975), pp. 8–13. 4. Koenig, Broken Hill: 100 Years of Mining, pp. 1–4. 5. Trengrove, What's Good for Australia ...!: The Story of BHP (Sydney, NSW: Cassell Australia, 1975); Hall, The Use of Trees and Shrubs, p. 193; Koenig, Broken Hill: 100 Years of Mining, pp. 1–15; http://www.sea.us.org.au/corpfilez/riverofblood.html, accessed 3 August 2009; Hall, The Use of Trees and Shrubs, p. 193; Anon., The Consolidated Zinc Corporation Limited (London: Consolidated Zinc Corporation, 1960), n.p.; Anon., The First Fifty Years: The Zinc Corporation Limited (London: Zinc Corporation, 1955), n.p.; Anon., The Zinc Corporation Limited & New Broken Hill Consolidated (Broken Hill, NSW: Zinc Corporation, 1948), pp. 7–21, 65–76; Anon., 2009, ‘History of Mining: The Zinc Corporation Ltd and New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited’, This Month in Broken Hill, August, p. 8 6. J. Patrick, ‘Luffman(n), Charles Bogue’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 379–381. 7. C. Luffman, The Agricultural Horticultural Sylvan Features of a Federal Capital (Melbourne: J.C. Stephens, 1901). 8. Synan, ‘The Man Who Grew Wildflowers’, Australian Garden History, 12/6, May/June 2001, pp. 4–7. 9. D. Jones, ‘Ashby, Edwin’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 33–34; E. Ashby, ‘Australian Native Shrubs’, in W. Shum, Australian Gardening of To-Day (Melbourne: The Advertiser, 1940), p. 83. 10. D. Jones and J. Walter, ‘Burdett, William’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 115; R. Beames and J. A. E. Whitehill, Some Historical Gardens of South Australia (Adelaide: National Trust of South Australia, 1981), pp. 19–23; F. E. Barrett, ‘A tribute to William Burdett’, Victorian Naturalist, May 1940, p. 32. 11. C. Morris, ‘Althofer, George William’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 18. 12. J. Walter, ‘Lindner, Albert Edward’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 372. 13. McLaren, ‘Pescott, Edward Edgar’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 470–471. 14. Webb, ‘Harris, Thistle Yolette’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 290; T. Harris, Wildflowers of Australia (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1936). 15. Latrielle, ‘Galbraith, Jean (‘Correa’)’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 241–242. 16. Shum, Australian Gardening of To-Day. 17. R. Aitken, ‘Australian Garden Lover’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 58–59. 18. R. Aitken, ‘Your Garden’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, p. 658. 19. R. Aitken, ‘Lord, Ernest Edward’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 376–377. 20. For a wider discussion on the actors and publications associated with this inquiry, see T. Cavanagh et al., Australian Flora, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 52–58; J. Walter, SGAP: The Story of Arthur Swaby and the Society for Growing Australian Plants (Hawthorn, Victoria Australian Plants Society, 2007), pp. 2–20; Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (Melbourne, 1948); E. E. Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (Melbourne Lothian Publishing, 1972). 21. Statton (ed.), Biographical Index of South Australians 1836–1885 (Marden, SA South Australian Genealogy & Heraldry Society, 1986), 4, p. 1432. 22. Hall, Use of Trees and Shrubs, p. 193. 23. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 37–38; Morris, ‘The life work of Mr Albert Morris’, p. 23; Anon., ‘Memorial gates at Zinc Corporation to late Mr Albert Morris’, Barrier Miner, 22 August 1944, p. 3; Anon., ‘Moving tribute to memory of late Albert Morris’, Barrier Miner, 3 April 1941, p. 46; John Thorn, ‘Appreciation of Late Mr A. Morris’, Barrier Daily Truth, 14 January 1939, p. 3; M. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, Plantlife of the West Darling (Broken Hill, NSW: Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975), p. 1. 24. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 1. 25. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 41–42; Statton, Biographical Index of South Australians 1836–1885, p. 1432. 26. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 37–38; City of Broken Hill, Valuation Book, Burke Division, 1935, assessment numbers 35/454, 35/455, 35/456. 27. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 42–43; Briggs, ‘Albert Morris: pioneer environmentalist from Broken Hill’, accessed 3 August 2009; Thorn, ‘Appreciation of late Mr A. Morris’, p. 3; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, pp. 1–2. 28. B. Briggs, ‘Albert Morris: pioneer environmentalist from Broken Hill’, Ockham's Razor, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s269089.htm, accessed 3 August 2009. 29. Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 43–44. 30. Morris, 1938, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, Walkabout, November, re-published as A. Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, Plantlife of the West Darling, p. 43. 31. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 37–38; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, pp. 1–2. 32. Webber, Greening of the Hill, p. 40; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 2. 33. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 2. 34. Morris, ‘ Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 43–50. 35. Helen Vonow, pers. comm., 2009; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, pp. 2–3. 36. F. von Mueller, Eucalyptographia: A Descriptive Atlas of the Eucalypts of Australia and the Adjoining Islands (Melbourne, Victoria: Government Printer, 1825–1896); Moore and E. Betche, Handbook of the Flora of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1893). 37. J. McC. Black, Flora of South Australia (Adelaide, SA, 1922–29); J. M. Black, Flora of South Australia (Adelaide, SA: Government Printer, 1943); J. A. Prescott, ‘The Soils of Australia in Relation to Vegetation and Climate’, CSIR Bulletin No. 52 (1931); A. MacTaggart, ‘A Survey of the Pastures of Australia’, CSIR Bulletin No. 99 (1938); L. Cameron, ‘The regional distribution of vegetation in New South Wales’, Australian Geographer, 2, 1935, pp. 18–32. 38. Collins, ‘Studies in the vegetation of arid and semi-arid New South Wales, Part I. The plant ecology of the Barrier District’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 48, 1923, pp. 229–266; M. I. Collins, ‘Studies in the vegetation of arid and semi-arid New South Wales, Part II. The botanical features of the Grey Range and its neighbourhood’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 49, 1924, pp. 1–18; R. H. Cambage, ‘Notes on the botany of the interior of New South Wales, Part I, From the Darling River at Bourke to Cobar’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1900, pp. 591–604; R. H. Cambage, ‘Notes on the botany of the interior of New South Wales, Part II, From Cobar to the Bogan River above Nyngan’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1900, pp. 708–720; R. H. Cambage, ‘Notes on the botany of the interior of New South Wales, Part III, From Cobar to the Bogan River above Nyngan’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1901, pp. 199–212; R. H. Cambage, ‘Notes on the botany of the interior of New South Wales, Part IV, From Mount Hope to Parkes’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1901, pp. 317–333; R. H. Cambage, ‘Botany of New South Wales: The Western Plains’, Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1914, pp. 417–423; E. Cheel, ‘A review of the flora of the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia’, Proceedings of the Australian & New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, 23, 1938, pp. 307–337; F. E. Havilland, ‘Notes on the indigenous plants of the Cobar District’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 36, 1913, pp. 507–540; Morris, ‘The Flora between the Darling River and Broken Hill’, pp. 55–61. The latter article was re-published as A Morris, 1975, ‘The flora between the River Darling and Broken Hill’, Plantlife of the West Darling (Broken Hill, NSW: Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975), pp. 7–13. 39. F. Turner, Forage Plants of Australia (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1891); J. H. Maiden, The Useful Native Plants of Australia (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1889); E. Breakwell, The Grasses and Fodder Plants of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW, 1923); R. H. Anderson, The Trees of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1934). 40. Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (1948); Beadle, Vegetation and Pastures of Western New South Wales. 41. B. Bowden with B. Powell, A Guide to Growing Trees in Arid and Semi Arid Areas (Brighton, SA: Bowden & Powell, 2001); Hall, The Use of Trees and Shrubs; G. M. Cunningham, W. E. Mulham, P. L. Milthorpe and J. H. Leigh, 1981, Plants of Western New South Wales (Sydney, NSW: Government Printer, 1981); J. Jessop (ed.), Flora of Central Australia (Frenchs Forest, NSW: Australian Systematic Botany Society & Reed Books, 1985); J. Messer and G. Mosley (eds), What Future for Australia's Arid Lands? Proceedings of the National Arid Lands Conference, Broken Hill, New South Wales, May 21–25, 1982 (Hawthorn, Victoria: Australian Plants Society, 1983); H. G. Cogger and E. E. Cameron (eds), Arid Australia (Sydney, NSW: Australian Museum, 1984); D. Jones and J. Zwar, ‘Water and Landscape Design in Arid Environments’, Environment Design Guide: DES 54, 2003, pp. 1–15. 42. Mawby, ‘Foreword’, Plantlife of the West Darling (Broken Hill, NSW: Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975), n.p.; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, pp. 3–4. 43. Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 44. 44. Mawby, ‘Foreword’, n.p. 45. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 61–63; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 44. 46. Note: the By-law uses ‘Reserve’ in the singular rather than the plural; By-law document, 18 June 1937, CRMLA, BFNC papers; Letter, J. Keast to A. Morris, 14 October 1936, CRMLA BFNC papers. 47. R. Freestone, Model Communities: The Garden City Movement in Australia (Melbourne, Victoria: Nelson, 1989), pp. 31–32, 141, 146–149, 222; Morris, ‘The life work of Mr Albert Morris’, p. 23; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 44; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 3. 48. D. Jones, ‘Adelaide Park Lands’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 9–10; C. Garnaut, ‘Green Belts’, in Aitken and Looker, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, pp. 272–273; E. Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd, 1898), reprinted as E. Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow (London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd, 1902). 49. D. Heap, ‘TPI Presidential Address, 1955’, quoted by M. J. Elson, Green Belts: Conflict Mediation in the Urban Fringe (London: Heinemann, 1986), p. 3. 50. Freestone, Model Communities, pp. 31–32, 71, 73, 108–109, 141, 146–149, 205–206, 222. 51. Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, ZC Conveyor, August 1939, p. 27; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 44; 52. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 3. 53. Webber, Greening of the Hill, p. 64; Anon, ‘A triumph of cultivation’, p. 27; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 45. 54. Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 46. 55. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 66–67; Morrison, ‘Silver City wears a green girdle’, p. 203; Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, p. 26; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 47–48. 56. Morris, ‘Plant Regeneration at Broken Hill’, pp. 45–46, misquoted by Webber, Greening of the Hill, p. 67. 57. Webber, Greening of the Hill, p. 70; Anon., ‘Memorial gates at Zinc Corporation’, p. 3; Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, p. 27; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 47. 58. Webber, Greening of the Hill, pp. 50, 62–63. 59. Morris, ‘The life work of Mr Albert Morris’, p. 23; Anon., ‘Memorial gates at Zinc Corporation’, p. 3; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 48–49, 51. 60. Pidgeon and E. Ashby, ‘Studies in Applied Ecology I: A statistical analysis of regeneration following protection from grazing’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 65, 1940, pp. 123–143, plates ii–iii; Anon., ‘Memorial gates at Zinc Corporation’, p. 3. 61. Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 48, 51. 62. Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, p. 27; Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 3; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, pp. 49, 50. 63. Letter, M. Morris to Barrier Field Naturalists’ Club, 15 July 1933, CRMLA, BFNC papers; Letter, M. Jones to A. Morris, 18 February 1935, CRMLA, BFNC papers. 64. Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, p. 27. 65. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 3; Morris, ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, re-published as ‘Broken Hill fights sand-drift’, p. 51. 66. Morris, ‘Biographical Notes’, p. 4. 67. Morris quoted in Denton, ‘Albert Morris’, p. 372. 68. Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (1948), pp. 367–377; Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (1972), pp. 361–371. 69. Webber, Greening of the Hill, p. 80; Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (1948), p. 369; Lord, Shrubs and Trees for Australian Gardens (1972), p. 363; Hall, Use of Trees and Shrubs, p. 194, plate 33; Anon., ‘A triumph of cultivation’, pp. 26, 27, 29. 70. Kearns, Broken Hill 1940–1973, p. 11; Anon., ‘Moving tribute to memory of late Albert Morris’, p. 46. 71. Anon., ‘Moving tribute to memory of late Albert Morris’, p. 46. A similar testimony by M. Mawby is quoted in Anon., ‘Memorial gates at Zinc Corporation’, p. 3. 72. Morris, ‘The life work of Mr Albert Morris’, p. 23. 73. Mawby, ‘Foreword’, n.p. 74. F. McKinnon, ‘Broken Hill Regeneration Reserves Landscape Conservation Area’, National Trust of Australia (NSW) Listing Proposal NTN.06, 1991.
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