On the postcolonial image of Gramsci
2013; Routledge; Volume: 16; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13688790.2013.792403
ISSN1466-1888
Autores Tópico(s)Elite Sociology and Global Capitalism
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. In 1972, Alastair Davidson provided a survey of the many images and presentations of ‘Gramsci’—such as the Togliattian, Leninist, Stalinist, Crocean, post-Marxist, populist, leftist, and anti-Jacobin images of Gramsci. Alastair Davidson, ‘Varying Seasons of Gramscian Studies’, Political Studies 20(4), 1972, pp 448–462. Gramsci's contested legacy is also thoroughly documented in Guido Liguori, Gramsci conteso. Interpretazioni, dibattiti e polemiche 1922–2012, Rome: Editori Riuniti University Press, 2012. See also Fabio Frosini, ‘Beyond the Crisis of Marxism: Gramsci's Contested Legacy’, in Jacques Bidet and Stathis Kouvélakis (eds), Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism, Boston: Brill, 2008, pp 663–678. The phrase ‘images of Gramsci’ is also used by Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton in reference to Gramsci's legacy in political theory and international political economy. Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton (eds), Images of Gramsci: Connections and Contentions in Political Theory and International Relations, New York: Routledge, 2006. 2. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Per capire le classi subalterne’, Rinascita 44(8), 1987, p 23, my translation. 3. Liguori, Gramsci conteso, p 459. 4. Adam Morton, Unravelling Gramsci: Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Economy, Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2007, pp 25–29. 5. Timothy Brennan, Wars of Position: The Cultural Politics of Left and Right, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, p 235. 6. Morton, Unravelling Gramsci, p 16. 7. Joseph A Buttigieg, ‘Philology and Politics: Returning to the Text of Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks’, Boundary 2 21(2), 1994, p 106. 8. Alastair Davidson, ‘The Uses and Abuses of Gramsci’, Thesis Eleven 95(1), 2008, pp 68–94; Adam David Morton, ‘Reading Gramsci: Interpretation, Appropriation or Negotiation?’, Capital & Class 36(3), 2012, pp 541–547. 9. On Gramsci's views on translation and ‘translatability’, see Peter Ives, ‘The Mammoth Task of Translating Gramsci’, Rethinking Marxism 18(1), 2006, pp 15–22; Peter Ives and Rocco Lacorte (eds), Gramsci, Language, and Translation, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010, especially Derek Boothman's chapter, ‘Translation and Translatability: Renewal of the Marxist Paradigm’, pp 107–133. 10. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, 3 vols, Joseph A Buttigieg (ed), New York: Columbia University Press, 1992, 1996, 2007. Joseph A Buttigieg, ‘The Legacy of Antonio Gramsci’, Boundary 2 14(3), 1986, p 10. 11. Stuart Hall, ‘Introductory Essay: Reading Gramsci’, in Roger Simon, Gramsci's Political Thought: An Introduction, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1991, p 7. Hall completed his major works on Gramsci without reference to the complete Prison Notebooks. He largely relies upon the anthology Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (eds and trans), New York: International Publishers, 1971. 12. Hall, ‘Introductory Essay: Reading Gramsci’, p 7. 13. Gramsci, Notebook 4, §1. Following what has become the international standard of Gramscian studies, I cite the critical editions of Gramsci's Prison Notebooks by providing the Notebook number, followed by the section symbol (§) to identify the note number. To date, Columbia University Press has published the first three of five volumes of Joseph A Buttigieg's critical English translation of the Prison Notebooks, 1992, 1996 and 2007). A concordance table that cross-references the critical edition with the major English-language anthologies of the Prison Notebooks is available on the International Gramsci Society website: http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/. 14. Notebook 4, §1. 15. Notebook 6. §198. 16. Liguori, Gramsci conteso, pp 11–14; Buttigieg, ‘Philology and Politics’, pp 98–138. A major achievement in this current phase of scholarship is the publication of the Gramsci dictionary. See Guido Liguori and Pasquale Voza (eds), Dizionario Gramsciano 1926–1937, Rome: Carocci, 2009. 17. Peter D Thomas, The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism, Boston: Brill, 2009; Joel Wainwright, ‘Was Gramsci a Marxist?’, Rethinking Marxism 22(4), 2010, pp 617–626. 18. Gramsci to Giulia Schucht, 6 March 1924, in Antonio Gramsci, Lettere 1908–1926, Antonio A Santucci (ed), Torino: G. Einaudi, 1992, p 271; Cf John M Cammett, Antonio Gramsci and the Origins of Italian Communism, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967, chs 1 and 2; Giuseppe Fiori, Antonio Gramsci: Life of a Revolutionary, Tom Nairn (trans), London: New Left Books, 1970, p 88. 19. The three-part series on ‘Notes on Philosophy. Materialism and Idealism’ appears in Notebook 4 (§1–§48), written between May 1930 and November 1930; Notebook 7 (§1–§48), written between November 1930 and November 1931; and Notebook 8 (§166–§240), written between November 1931 and May 1932. On the dates for each series of notes, see Gianni Francioni, L'officina Gramsciana: Ipotesi sulla struttura dei ‘Quaderni del carcere’, Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1984, pp 141–143. 20. See Notebook 3, §31; Notebook 4, §3; Notebook 8, §198. Cf Roberto M Dainotto, ‘Gramsci and Labriola: Philology, Philosophy of Praxis’, in Joseph Francese (ed), Perspectives on Gramsci: Politics, Culture and Social Theory, New York: Routledge, 2009, pp 50–68; Paul Piccone, Italian Marxism, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983, pp 53–64, 92–104. 21. Edward W Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage, 1979, p 25. Said writes: ‘The personal dimension. In the Prison Notebooks Gramsci says: “The starting-point of critical elaboration is the consciousness of what one really is, and is ‘knowing thyself’ as a product of the historical process to date, which has deposited in you an infinity of traces, without leaving an inventory.” The only available English translation inexplicably leaves Gramsci's comment at that, whereas in fact Gramsci's Italian text concludes by adding, “therefore it is imperative at the outset to compile such an inventory.”’ 22. Gramsci devotes the second section of Notebook 11 to an analysis of Bukharin's book Historical Materialism, which Gramsci refers to as the ‘Popular Manual of Sociology’. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Historical Materialism: A System of Sociology, New York: International Publishers, 1925. 23. Notebook 11, §12; Selections from the Prison Notebooks, p 337. 24. Antonio Gramsci, The Southern Question, Pasquale Verdicchio (trans), West Lafayette, IN: Bordighera, 1995, p 21. 25. For example, see Notebook 1, §25–§27, §30 and Notebook 28. 26. Notebook 25, §1, §8. Notebook 25 is the thematically organized notebook Gramsci devoted to the study of subaltern groups under the title ‘On the Margins of History. (History of Subaltern Social Groups)’. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, 4 vols, Valentino Gerratana (ed), Torino: G. Einaudi, 1975, pp 2279–2294. 27. Antonio Gramsci, 19 March 1927, Letters from Prison, vol 1, Frank Rosengarten (ed), Raymond Rosenthal (trans), New York: Columbia, 1994, pp 82–85. 28. Benedetto Croce, ‘Unpolitical Man’, in My Philosophy, and Other Essays on the Moral and Political Problems of Our Time, E F Carritt (trans), selected by R Klibansky, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1949, pp 51–54. See also Benedetto Croce, ‘Elements of Politics’, in Politics and Morals, Salvatore J Castiglione (trans, from Italian), New York: Philosophical Library, 1945, pp 1–57, especially p 56. For an extended analysis of Croce's separation of politics and philosophy and Gramsci's response, see Benedetto Fontana, Hegemony and Power: On the Relation between Gramsci and Machiavelli, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993, ch 2. 29. Notebook 12, §1; Selections from the Prison Notebooks, p 5. 30. Notebook 11, §16; Selections from the Prison Notebooks, p 452. 31. Notebook 4, §72; Notebook 11, §16. 32. Notebook 11, §16; Selections from the Prison Notebooks, pp 452–453. 33. Notebook 12, §1; Selections from the Prison Notebooks, p 7. 34. Notebook 4, §49. 35. For instance, see Leonardo Salamini, The Sociology of Political Praxis: An Introduction to Gramsci's Theory, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981; Anne Showstack Sassoon, Gramsci's Politics, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987; Pasquale Voza, ‘Intellettuali organici’, in Liguori and Voza, Dizionario Gramsciano, pp 431–432. 36. Notebook 12, §1; Quaderni del carcere, p 1515. 37. Voza, ‘Intellettuali organici’, pp 431–432. 38. Marcus E Green, ‘Rethinking the Subaltern and the Question of Censorship in Gramsci's Prison Notebooks’, Postcolonial Studies 14(4), 2011, pp 387–404. 39. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, p 3177. 40. Joseph A Buttigieg, ‘I “subalterni” nel pensiero di Gramsci’, in Alberto Burgio and Antonio A Santucci (eds), Gramsci e la rivoluzione in Occidente, Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1999, pp 193–205. 41. At a 2001 conference, Spivak reportedly remarked that ‘These days, having a bad hair day is subaltern’, in reference to the vague use of the concept. See Jill Didur and Teresa Heffernan, ‘Revisiting the Subaltern in the New Empire’, Cultural Studies 17(1), 2003, pp 1–15. 42. Spivak's quote of Jameson appears to be drawn from Fredric Jameson, “Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism,” Social Text 15, 1986, pp 65–88. Jameson writes: ‘Overhastily, I will suggest that “cultural revolution” as it is projected in such works turns on the phenomenon of what Gramsci called “subalternity,” namely the feelings of mental inferiority and habits of subservience and obedience which necessarily and structurally develop in situations of domination – most dramatically in the experience of colonized peoples’ (76).
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