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Conflicts of 1930s Japanese Olympic diplomacy in universalizing the Olympic Movement

2006; Routledge; Volume: 23; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09523360600832411

1743-9035

Sandra Collins,

Sports, Gender, and Society

Abstract This paper argues that the Tokyo campaign became meaningful to Japan not only because the Tokyo Olympics represented an avenue of continued cultural diplomacy for 1930s Japan, but also because the bid effort became enveloped by the larger issues that confronted inter-war Japan. The Tokyo campaign actively challenged the universalistic claims made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and argued that the Olympic Games would not be truly universal until they were held outside the West. The campaigners for the Tokyo Olympics worked for several years with novel forms of Olympic diplomacy, which included state-to-state negotiations and an all-expense-paid trip for the IOC President to Japan. The IOC responded by selecting Tokyo to be the inaugural Asian Olympics, the first held outside Europe and the United States. The success of the Tokyo bid for the 1940 Olympic Games was ultimately predicated on the fact that for both Japan and the world in the 1930s, the Olympics could no longer be considered solely as a Western monopoly. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the very helpful research staff of the IOC Olympic Studies Centre, located in the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, for their assistance while I was a postgraduate research fellow. I would also like to thank the staff at Sports Library of Finland, the Sports Archives of Finland, the City of Helsinki archives and the Carl Diem Archive at the National Sports Library in Cologne, Germany. Notes [1] Rome was awarded the Games on 22 June 1904, and after Rome rescinded in 1906, London hosted the 1908 Olympic Games. See Coates, 'London 1908'. On the eruption itself, see 'Vesuvius', New York Times 10 April 1906, 6 and 'Volcano Victims May Number 500', New York Times, 10 April 1906, 1. [2] The standard work on 1930s domestic politics in Japan is Berger, Parties Out of Power. [3] It may be suggested here that the 1932 IOC Session does mention an interest shown by Tokyo to host the 1940 Games. However, it was from 1933 that this effort had assumed far more serious proportions. [4] Kanô even lectured on judo, putting many IOC members into a deep sleep. Diem, 'Reise nach Wien zum Olympischen Kongress'. [5]Schmidt traveled to Japan after the Los Angeles Olympic Games. The 32nd Session of the IOC was held from 7 to 9 June 1933, and the number of delegates for Japan was increased to three. The only other nations to have three delegates at the same time were Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France and Brazil. Kanô specifically recommended Sugimura Yôtaro (1884–1939), who held a doctorate in law. At the time of his nomination, Sugimura was the director of the Political Bureau of the League of Nations and later became the Japanese Ambassador to Italy. See Dai-jûnikai Orinpikku Tokyo taikai soshiki iinkai, Hôkoku, 6, 8; Kanô Jigoro, 'Orimupikku iinkai yori kaeri', 2–4; Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee (Sept. 1933), 9; and Kanô Jigôrô, 'Orimuppikuiinkai yori karite', 2. [6] Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 3; 'Orimuppiku yûchi shijunbiiinkai' ['The Tokyo City Olympic Bid Preparations Committee'], Asahi (Tokyo), 19 July 1933; and Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi Hôkoku, 9. It may be mentioned here that many other cities had initially expressed an interest in hosting the 1940 Games. These include Alexandria, Budapest, Barcelona, Dublin, Buenos Aires, Montreal/Tokyo. London had come into the picture much later and asked to be remembered for 1944. [7] Kanô discussed this at a reception held in his honor upon his return from Vienna on 22 Nov. 1933. See Tokyoshi kôhô[Tokyo City Bulletin] 2347 (12 Dec. 1933), 2341; Tokyoshi kôhô 2341 (28 Nov. 1933), 2237; Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi Hôkoku, 4, 10; and Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 3. [8] The City Bid Committee met on 29 September 1933 and decided to enlist the help of the national government by the setting up of an Invitation Committee. The Invitation Committee membership included: the Tokyo City Bid Committee members, the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce, the Japanese Amateur Athletic association (hereafter JAAA), the Japanese IOC members, ministers from the foreign, home, finance, education, railways and telecommunications ministries, ambassadors to various countries, the police superintendent, the governor of Tokyo-fû, and the mayors of the largest five cities in Japan. 'Shikai Orimuppikuiinkai' ['Tokyo City Assembly Olympic Bid Committee'], Asahi, 30 Sept. 1933. [9] It would take another two years, until 1935, for the new Invitation Committee to be formally established. [10] The meeting took place on 15 March 1934. Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 3 and Tokyoshi kôhô 2385 (17 March 1934), 2386. [11] 'Tokyo Orimuppiku undô ni: gaikô no daiippô' ['The First Step in Foreign Diplomacy for the Tokyo Olympic Games'], Asahi, 16 March 1934 and Kusayama, 'Tokyoshi to kokusai orimupikku', 38. [12] The pamphlet, Tokyo: Sports Center of the Orient, was the first publicity material created by the Tokyo Municipal Bid Committee (established in May 1933) for the express purpose of documenting Japanese culture and sports for the IOC. A remaining copy of the original pamphlet can be viewed at the Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles file on the 1940 Olympic Games. The Tokyo Municipal Government, Japan: Sports Center (Tokyo: Tokyo Municipal Office, 1933). The pamphlet was widely discussed at the time: Kusayama Shigenobu, Orimupikku 12 (Dec. 1934): 38; Terabe, Orinpikku wo Tokyo he, 5; and Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi hôkoku, 11. The pamphlet cost about 25 yen in 1934, see Zen-nihon taiiku shinkôkai, Seika ha higashi he, 92. [13] Tokyo Municipal Government, Japan: Sports Center, iii. [14] Ibid. [15] Japanese philosophers such as Watsuji Tetsuo and Yanagita Kunio have written on representations of Japan as mixed or hybrid. See Harootunian and Tetsuo Najita, 'Japanese Revolt', 711, 762 and 766; Harootunian, Overcome by Modernity. [16] Based on previous advice given by several foreigners to the Bid Committee, the Assembly unanimously voted on 27 December 1934 to provide 1,000,000 yen ($500,000) to subsidize the travel of Olympic athletes and officials in order to increase the attractiveness of the Tokyo candidature. The Tokyo bid campaign had an overall budget of 5,000,000 yen. Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 5. [17] Kusayama Shigenobu, 'Tokyoshi to kokusai Orimupikku sôchi undô' ['The City of Tokyo and the Campaign for the Olympic Games'], Orimupikku 12 (Dec. 1934), 38. [18] The meeting took place on 10 January 1935. On the same day, letters were sent to each IOC member from the Tokyo Mayor requesting their support for the Tokyo bid. Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi hôkoku, 14. [19] Ushizuka to Hiroda, 28 Jan. 1935, Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi hôkoku, 15; Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 5. [20] Spillman, Nation and Commemoration, 92. [21] Jigoro to Baillet-Latour, Tokyo, 10 Jan. 1935, Tokyo, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24]The Belgian Ambassador Baron de Bassompierre advised the Bid Committee to obtain a travel subsidy during their meeting on 15 March 1934. Tokyoshi kôhô 2385 (17 March 1934), 2386. [25] Ushizuka to Baillet-Latour, Tokyo, 27 Dec. 1934, accompanied by Kano to Baillet-Latour, 10 Jan. 1935, Tokyo, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [26] The letter from the mayor and Kano was dated 10 Jan. 1935. The cost to dispatch telegrams to each IOC delegate was 1,800 yen. Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 5. [27] On the recommendation of Kano Jigoro, Sugimura Yotaro became the third IOC delegate in Japan in 1934. When Sugimura was a student at the Tokyo Imperial University, he met Kano during judo practice. Sugimura continued to give judo demonstrations during his diplomatic trips to Europe. In 1935, Sugimura was the Japanese Ambassador to Italy and was stationed in Rome. After Sugimura, Soyeshima Michimasa became an IOC member in 1934 upon the death of Kishi Seiichi. Soyeshima was sometimes spelled Soejima in various Olympic materials. IOC, Olympic Biographies, 170, 174. [28] On 16 January 1935, the day Japanese delegates were scheduled to meet with Mussolini, Soyeshima fell ill with high fever, but insisted that he accompany Sugimura to the meeting. While waiting for Mussolini, Soyeshima fainted and was rushed to his hotel room where a doctor was called to examine him. The meeting was later rescheduled. Soyeshima to Baillet-Latour, Rome, 5 Feb. 1935, Soyeshima IOC Member's Correspondence Dossier, IOC Archives. [29] Soyeshima Michimasa, 'Roma ni tsukaishite' ['The Mission to Rome'], Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 9; Soyeshima to Baillet-Latour, Rome, 5 Feb. 1935. [30] Soyeshima to Dr Graeff, Yasukuni-maru, 15 March 1935, Soyeshima Letters, His Imperial Highness Prince Chichibu Memorial Sports Library Archive, Tokyo. [31] Ibid. [32] Imamura Shichiri, 'Orinpikku Tokyo taikai kittei no shinsô' ['The Truth Behind the Decision for the Tokyo Olympic Games'], Kaizô 19 (February 1937), 95–6. [33] Zen-nihon taiiku shikôkai, Seika ha higashi he, 90. [34] Tokyo Mayor Ushizuka Torataro, Municipal Assembly President Mori Toshinari and Tokyo Bid Committee President Tatsuno Tamotsu met with cabinet ministers on 14 February 1935. Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 6; 'Orimuppiku dandan yûbô' ['The Olympics Gradually Become Hopeful'], Asahi, 14 Feb. 1935, 13(G); 'Orimuppiku sôchi' ['The Olympic Bid'], Asahi, 15 Feb. 1935, 2(C); 'Orimuppiku Tokyo ni kakuteiseba' ['If Tokyo is Chosen for the Olympics'], Asahi, 14 Feb. 1935, 2(C). [35] The measure, 'Tokyo ni okeru daijûnikai kokusai Orimupikku taikai kaisai no ken' ['The Campaign to Host the XII Olympic Games in Tokyo'] stated that sports and the Olympics must be supported by Japan as a form of cultural enterprise. In the House of Peers, former Tokyo mayor Nagata Hidejiro, along with JAAA vice-President Hiranuma Ryôzô and IOC member, Kanô Jigôrô, submitted the measure that was discussed on 25 February 1935. In the House of Representatives, Hatoyama Ichirô, Noda Junsaku and Sawayo Hiroji were the spokesmen. See Kanpyô, 26 Feb. 1935, 112–13; Tokyo Asahi, 'Orimpikku dandan yûbô' ['The Olympics Gradually Become Hopeful'], 14 Feb. 1935, 3(G). [36] Text of 14 Feb. 1935 telegram in Frederick W. Rubien to Brundage, telegram, 15 Feb. 1935, Avery Brundage Collection at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Correspondence with IOC Members file (microfiche copy at IOC Archives). See also Tokyo-tô, Sôchi kara henjô made, 6; Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi hôkoku, 18; and 'Orimuppiku dandan yûbô' ['The Olympics Gradually Become Hopeful'], Asahi, 14 Feb. 1935, 13(G). [37] The measure was signed by Hatoyama Ichirô, the Education Minister, and introduced by Shimada Shuno, a member of the Tokyo City Bid Committee, during the 23 February 1935 meeting of the House of Representatives. "Daijûnikai kokusai Orimupikku taikai keihihojo kengian" (The Proposal to Financially Assist the XIIth Olympic Games; in Japanese). Shûgiin jimukyoku, Teikoku gikai shûgiin iinkaigiroku, showahen, vol. 54, 12–13. [38] Ibid., 13. [39] The measure was entitled 'Tokyoni okete dai jûnikai kokusai Orimupikku taikai kaisai no ken ni kansuru kengi' ['The Proposal Concerning the Case of Tokyo hosting the XII Olympic Games']. See Kanpyô, 26 Feb. 1935, 112. [40] Ibid. [41] Ibid., 113. [42] This was the first official statement regarding the candidature of Rome after Mussolini promised to concede the 1940 Games to Japan on 13 February 1935. The press release is reprinted in full in both Zen-nihon taiiku shinkôkai, Seika ha higashi he, 92 and 'Ikunini jôkenari' ['Italy Has Stipulations'], Asahi, 15 Feb. 1935, 2(C). [43] 'Kyôteki herushinki' ['Helsinki Formidable Enemy'], Asahi, 16 Feb. 1935, 3(G); Zen-nihon taiiku Shinkôkai, Seika ha higashi he, 92. [44] 'Rakkan ha dekinai' ['We Cannot Be Optimistic'], Asahi, 15 Feb. 1935, 3(G). [45]The Oslo IOC Session took place from 25 February to 1 March 1935. Sugimura Yôtarô Report 'Dai jûnikai orinpikku kaisaichi ni kansuru Osurô kokusai Orinpikkuiinkai gijikeika hôkoku no ken' ['Report on the Proceedings at the Oslo IOC Session on the Campaign for the XII Olympic Games'] to Hiranuma Ryozo, JAAA President, and Ushizuka Ryotaro, Tokyo Mayor, March 1935, Count Soyeshima Michimasa Letters, His Royal Highness Prince Chichibu Memorial Sports Library Tokyo, Japan (hereafter cited as Sugimura Report). The Sugimura Report was also reprinted in the May 1935 issue of Orimupikku magazine. 'Soyeshima taishi osurochaku' ['Ambassador Sugimura Arrives in Oslo'], Asahi, 24 Feb. 1935. [46] Negotiations and candidates standing down in favour of other bid cities was, however, nothing new. Baron Coubertin's original idea to have the first Games in Paris in 1900 (Sorbonne Congress participants enthusiasm meant that Paris instead became the host of the II Olympiad and Athens hosted the I Olympiad in 1896); in the bid race for 1916 both Alexandria and Budapest withdrew before the decision; in the bid race for 1920 both Amsterdam and Lyon stood down before the voting; and the 1924/1928 awarding of the Games to Paris and Amsterdam was made smooth by the fact that before the voting in Lausanne in 1919, Amsterdam had almost received a 'half-promise' that it would get the 1928 Games. [47] Sugimura Yôtarô, 'Sugimura Report', Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 14. [48] As for Athens and Paris (1896 and 1900), in June 1921, the IOC announced the selection of two future sites together: Paris (1924) and Stockholm (1928). See Goldstein, 'Amsterdam 1928'. [49] Sugimura Report, 2; 'Ikuni taido ippenshi' ['Italy's Position Completely Changes'], Asahi, 26 Feb. 1935, H(3); 'Italy's Delegate Challenges Japan's Bid for the 1940 Olympics', New York Times, 26 Feb. 1935, 23. [50] 'Italy's Delegate Challenges Japan's Bid for 1940 Olympics; Finland Seen as Choice', New York Times, 26 Feb. 1935, 23; Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 15. [51] Sugimura Report, 2. [52] '"Roma ha hisshô" to Ikuni daiyô yôgen' ['"Italy's Certain to Win" Asserts Italy's IOC Member'], Asahi, 27 Feb. 1935, C(2). [53] Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee, August 1935, 7. [54] Ibid. [55] Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 16. [56] 'Manba wo shita ensetsu, Sugimurashi no shishiku' ['The Speech that Overpowered the Full Session, the Empassioned Talk of Mr Sugimura'], Asahi, 27 Feb. 1935, 13(H). [57] Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 16. [58] Finnish Olympic Committee, 'Invitation', January 1935, 1935 Dossier, IOC Sessions, IOC Archives. [59] Kawasaki, 'Osurô kaigi no zengo', 32; Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 19; 'Italy Drops Claim for 1940 Olympics', New York Times, 28 Feb. 1935, 6. [60] '44nen taikai ha roma wo kibô' ['Rome Wants the'44 Games'], Asahi, 1 March 1935, 1(C). [61] Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku 13 (May 1935), 19. Again, there is no mention of this decision in the official minutes of the IOC Session. [62] 'Tokyo kaisai no unmei?' ['What Is the Destiny of the Tokyo Bid?'], Asahi, 1 March 1935, 3(H). [63] 'Orimuppiku kaisaichi tsuini kettei wo enki' ['The Vote for the Host of the Olympics is Finally Postponed'], Asahi, 2 March 1935, 13(H). [64] Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku (May 1935), 20; Sugimura Report, 8; 'Wireless to NYT', New York Times, 28 Feb. 1935, 26; 'To Decide Next Year on 1940 Olympic Site', New York Times, 2 March 1935, 5. [65] 'Finland Is Optimistic', New York Times, 3 March 1935, S(4). [66] 'Mochikoshi ha saishin' ['The Deferment was First in History'], Asahi, 2 March 1935, 13(H). [67] 'Omoikurushii teinoryû' ['The Heavy Undercurrent'], 2 March 1935, Asahi, 13(H). [68] 'Orimupikku' ['The Olympics'], Asahi, 3 March 1935, 2(C). [69] Sugimura Yôtarô, Sugimura Report, Orimupikku (May 1935), 20–1. [70] Baillet-Latour to Soyeshima, 9 Feb. 1935, Lausanne, Tokyo Candidature, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives; Count Soyeshima Michimasa Letters of His Royal Imperial Highness Prince Chichibu Memorial Sports Library Archive. [71] Baillet-Latour to Kano, 9 Feb. 1935, Tokyo Candidature, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [72] During the International Student Track and Field Association meeting, Baillet-Latour advised Professor Yamamoto on 9 Aug. 1935; 'Orimuppiku Tokyo kaisai kyôgi' ['The Discussion on the Tokyo Olympic Venue'], Asahi, 11 Aug. 1935; 'Tokyo taikai yûbô' ['The Promising Tokyo Games'], Asahi, 12 Aug. 1935. [73] Baillet-Latour to 'Mon cher ami'[Pierre de Coubertin], Lausanne, 27 March 1935, Baillet-Latour, IOC President's Correspondence Dossier, IOC Archives. Translation from French courtesy of Christina Hendelman. [74] 'Orimuppiku sôchiiinkai' ['The Olympic Bid Committee'], Asahi, 5 Sept. 1935. [75] The meeting was held on 20 September 1936. This new committee would report to the Physical Education Bureau of the Ministry of Education and would serve as the official XIIth Olympic Games Invitation Committee: 'Sôgo soshiki no shimoni, gutaitekina junbi he' ['At the Base of the Comprehensive Committee, Towards Specific Preparations'], Asahi, 21 Sept. 1935. [76] Zen-nihon taiiku shinkôkai-sha, Seika ha higashi he, 98. [77] Tokugawa Iesato was voted. Ibid., 103–5. [78] Dai-jûnikai Orinpikku Tokyo taikai soshiki iinkai, Hôkoku, 6. [79] Takashima Fumio, 'Raichô wo tsutaherareru- Baie Latouruhaku to Ha-randoshi no fûbô' ['Talking about Their Upcoming Visit to Japan: the Personal Appearances of Count Baillet-Latour and Mr Garland'], Orimuppiku 13 (Sept. 1935), 3. [80] Soyeshima would later reveal that William May Garland, the United States IOC member, suggested in December 1935 that the Tokyo Bid Committee invite Count Baillet-Latour to tour Japan. Soyeshima Michimasa, 'Welcome to a Great Sports Leader', Orinpikku, 15 (April 1937), 2–3. The official plan to invite Baillet-Latour and Garland was discussed at the 17 July 1935 directors' meeting of the JAAA. See 'Gijiroku' ['Meeting Notes'], Orimuppiku 13 (Aug. 1935), 39. [81] Although there were no codified Olympic protocols at the time regarding inspection tours, they were seen as out of the ordinary. [82] The Information Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs coordinated the efforts to negotiate the visit of Baillet-Latour. See the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo, Japan, Kokusai Orimupikku kyôgitaikai kankei, I-1-12-0-9 (Olympic Games Related Material), Gaimushô gaikô shiryôkan (hereafter cited as GGS) and Zen-nihon taiiku shinkôkai-sha, Seika ha higashi he, 110. [83] Baillet-Latour accepted the invitation on 22 November 1935. The following month, the IOC President discussed his upcoming trip with the Japanese Ambassador in Belgium stating that his trip should not take the form of a formal invitation but should be described as a 'personal trip' (kojinteki no ryokô). The IOC President made tentative plans to travel to Japan in March and estimated that his expenses would be around 15,000 yen. The City of Tokyo sent 15,000 yen to the count to cover his expenses on 29 January and the count received the transfer of funds on 31 January 1936. Arita Hachirô to Foreign Affairs Minister Hirota, Telegram, 23 Nov. 1935, GGS; Omori to Hirota, Telegram, 30 Dec. 1935, GGS; Omori to Hirota, Telegram, 31 Dec. 1935, GGS; and Omori to Tashiro, Telegram, 31 Jan. 1936, GGS. [84] The General Consulate of Japan in Geneva wrote to the former IOC President and founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin, discussing the discretion surrounding Baillet-Latour's visit to Japan: 'I make the promise to you that the utmost discretion will be kept around his trip and the newspapers will not be allowed to mention it'. De Coubertin had written a letter to Yokoyama discussing Baillet-Latour's trip to Japan and had apparently informed Yokoyama that he expressed his support for the Tokyo Olympics to Baillet-Latour. Yokoyama sent a cablegram to Foreign Minister Hirota relaying de Coubertin's support. This inspection tour was unprecedented. In September 1934, Avery Brundage visited Germany as President of the AOA to verify that Jewish athletes were being invited to participate in the planned 1936 Berlin Olympic Games before the AOA accepted the invitation to participate in the Berlin Games. See Allen Guttman, The Games Must Go On, 68–78. See also correspondence of Yokoyama Masayuki to de Coubertin, Geneva, 10 Jan. 1936, Coubertin, IOC President's Correspondence Dossier, IOC Archives; and Yokoyama to Hirota, Telegram, 14 Jan. 1936, GGS. [85] The French article 'Les "Installations sportives" que l'on montrera au père des sportes' was also cited by an Asahi (Tokyo) article, 9 Jan. 1936. Tokyo, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [86] The 26 February Rising was an attempted coup by young army officers in protest against the trial of Aizawa Saburô. See Shillony, Revolt in Japan; Dai-jûnikai Orinpikku Tokyo taikai soshiki iinkai, Hôkoku, 12; 'Coup Will Not Affect Award, Says Belgian Nobleman, but Bids of Finland and Italy Are Still to Be Considered', New York Times, 28 Feb. 1936. [87] The IOC President met with the Showa Emperor on 27 March 1936, and the quotation is from 'Tokio ou Helsingfors?' ['Tokyo or Helsinki?'], XXeuse Siecle, 12 May 1936, IOC Candidature Files, Tokyo Dossier, IOC Archives. Translation from French courtesy of Christina Hendelman. The schedule for Baillet-Latour was negotiated between the directors of the Tokyo City Bid Committee and the executive committee of the Invitation Committee of the Ministry of Education. R. de Lapomarede, 'Les Belges au Japon', Independence, 21 April 1936, in GSS; Suzuki, 'Tokyo tsuni katteri' 1936nen Berurin shikyûden, 423. [88] The conference was held on 24 March 1936. Soyeshima Michimasa, 'Welcome to Count Baillet-Latour', Orimuppiku 14 (April 1936), 6. [89] Russell L. Durgin to Count Balliet-Latour [sic], 'Draft summary of conversations with Count Baillet-Latour', 24 March 1936. Tokyo Candidature, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives; Dai-jûnikai Orinpikku Tokyo taikai soshiki iinkai, Hôkoku, 12–13. [90] Durgin, 'Draft summary', 3 and Hiranuma Ryozo to Count de Baillet-Latour, 9 April 1936. Tokyo Candidature, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [91] 'Olympic Head's Visit Stirs Finnish Hopes', New York Times, 10 June 1936, 30. [92] Baillet-Latour to 'Mon cher ami'[Pierre de Coubertin], 22 May 1936, Baillet-Latour, IOC President's Correspondence Dossier, IOC Archives. [93] Nygrén, Olympiatuli Joka Sammui Sodan Tuulin, 14. [94] Martin Polley has researched the diplomacy surrounding London's 1936 bid for the 1940 Games and then subsequent withdrawal of the bid. My understanding of the London bid draws heavily upon this work. See Polley, 'Olympic Diplomacy'. [95] Minute, 16 June 1936. PRO FO, L 4049/580/405 as cited by Polley, 'Olympic Diplomacy', 178. [96] Lord Mayor of London to Baillet-Latour, 10 June 1936, 1940 XIIth Olympic Games Candidature Dossier, IOC Archives. [97] Tokyo shiyakusho, Tokyoshi hôkoku, 48. [98] Ibid. [99] 'Eikyô ni hairu, Soye haku' ['Count Soye Enters the English Capital'], Asahi, 15 July 1936, 2(C). [100] Minute, 8 July 1936, PRO FO 370/511, L 4772/580/405 as cited by Polley, 'Olympic Diplomacy', 179. [101] Cabinet 51(36)4, 9 July 1936. PRO CAB 23/85 as cited by ibid., 179. [102] 'Rahaku mo seikô ni jinryoku' ['Count Latour Also Assists Success'], Asahi, 18 July 1936. [103] 'Rahaku mo imaya kenmei' ['Count Latour Works Harder than Ever'], Asahi, 19 July 1936. [104] Ibid. [105] 'Soyeshima haku no katsuyaku sôkô, Niei kankai mo kotensu' ['The Effective Activity of Count Soyeshima: Japanese and English Relations Take a Turn for the Better'], Asahi, 20 July 1936. [106] Sir Edward Crowe to Clifford Norton, 21 July 1936, PRO CAB L 4947/580/405 as cited by Polley, 'Olympic Diplomacy', 182. [107] 'Orimupikku iinkai kyou hiraku' ['The IOC Session Opens Today'], Asahi, 30 July 1936. [108] At this Session the President welcomed Count Soyeshima, who sat for the first time with his colleagues; announced the resignation of Mr Sugimura and sanctioned the executive committee's recommendation to elect Prince Tokugawa Iyesato as a member of the IOC: Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee, Nov. 1936, 6. [109]Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee, Nov. 1936, 6; '"Tokyo taikai" hotondo kettei' ['The "Tokyo Olympics" Are Pretty Much Decided On'], Asahi, 31 July 1936, Tokyo City Edition, 2(H). [110]Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee, Nov. 1936, 6; Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad Tokyo, Official Report, 7–8. The Organizing Committee Report faithfully reprints the minutes. [111] Ibid. [112] Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad Tokyo 1940, Official Report, 22. [113] Ibid., 5. [114] The IOC meeting notes also stated that Japan was willing to provide a daily stipend of two gold dollars per athlete and five gold dollars per official delegate. This stipend would have amounted to an additional several hundred thousand gold dollars. International Olympic Committee, The International Olympic Committee: One Hundred Years, 272. [115] The IOC President reiterated several details of the Tokyo bid, notably that Japan could be reached in 17 days from Europe, that 1940 was the 2,600th anniversary of the Japanese dynasty; that a technical adviser would be appointed in consideration of the distance, and how the two towns of Nikko and Sapporo were vying to host the winter Games. Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee, Nov. 1936, 7. [116] Ibid. [117]Japanese Invitational Committee members conducted an informal poll of IOC delegates which revealed that Japan should take around 37 of a total 66 IOC member votes, making Tokyo the clear winner. The IOC members who supported Tokyo were reportedly from the following nations: Germany, France, Belgium, Canada, Italy, Great Britain, the United States, South Africa, India, China, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Iran, Egypt and New Zealand. The Japanese discourse on the 1940 Tokyo bid often conflated the support of individual IOC members with the supposed support of nations to which they belonged, thus disregarding the original supra-national Olympic ideal. 'Tokyo yûsei no mama, kefu saiketsu ni hairu' ['Tokyo Remains Superior, Going into Today's Vote'], Asahi, 1 Aug. 1936; Sugita Masao, 'Ushiwareta Orinpikku' ['The Lost Olympics'], Bungeishunju, 27 Aug. 1938, 303. [118] Nakamura Tetsuo also details the nationalistic bent of the 1940 Games in 'Japan: The Future in the Past'. [119] See Collins, The Missing Olympics.