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The expanding role of NLR s in antiviral immunity

2013; Wiley; Volume: 255; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/imr.12089

1600-065X

Christopher Lupfer, Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti,

IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways

Summary Nucleotide oligomerization and binding domain ( NOD )‐like receptors ( NLR s) are a major constituent of the cytosolic innate immune‐sensing machinery and participate in a wide array of pathways including nuclear factor κB ( NF ‐κB), mitogen‐activated protein kinase ( MAPK ), inflammasome, and type I interferon ( IFN ) signaling. NLR s have known roles in autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious diseases. With respect to virus infection, NLRP 3 is the most extensively studied NLR , including mechanisms of activation and inhibition. Furthermore, the importance of NLRP 3 in both innate and adaptive immunity has been demonstrated. In comparison to NLRP 3, the roles of other NLR s during virus infection are only just emerging. NLRC 2 is an important activator of innate antiviral signaling and was recently found to mitigate inflammation during virus infection through autophagy. Finally, functions for NLRX 1 in immune modulation and reactive oxygen species production require further examination and the importance of NLRC 5 as a transactivator of major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) class I and antigen presentation is currently developing. In this review, we discuss current knowledge pertaining to viruses and NLR s as well as areas of potential research, which will help advance the study of NLR biology during virus infection.