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Family Presence During Invasive Procedures and Resuscitation in the Emergency Department: A Review of the Literature

2004; Elsevier BV; Volume: 31; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.002

1527-2966

Patricia Moreland,

Infant Development and Preterm Care

An emotional debate has arisen among health care providers concerning the topic of family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures. 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 2 Mitchell M Lynch M Should relatives be allowed in the resuscitation room?. J Accident Emerg Med. 1997; 14: 366-369 Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar , 3 Sacchetti A Carraccio C Leva E Harris R Lichenstein R Acceptance of family members presence during pediatric resuscitation in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000; 16: 85-87 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar , 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Clark A Klein J Taliaferro E et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs. 2000; 100: 32-43 PubMed Google Scholar , 6 Boyd R White S Does witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation alter perceived stress in accident and emergency staff?. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000; 7: 51-53 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar , 7 O'Brien M Creamer K Hill E Welham J Tolerance of family presence during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a snapshot of military and civilian pediatricians, nurses, and residents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002; 18: 409-413 Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar , 8 McClenathan B Torrington K Uyehara C Family member presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey of US and International critical care professionals. Chest. 2002; 122: 2204-2210 Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar In the past, family members of seriously ill or critically injured patients have been excluded from the clinical area during the resuscitation process. 9 Doyle CJ Post H Burney R Keefe M Maino J Rhee KJ Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med. 1987; 16: 673-675 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar Today, however, health care professionals are debating the validity of this practice. 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 2 Mitchell M Lynch M Should relatives be allowed in the resuscitation room?. J Accident Emerg Med. 1997; 14: 366-369 Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar , 3 Sacchetti A Carraccio C Leva E Harris R Lichenstein R Acceptance of family members presence during pediatric resuscitation in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000; 16: 85-87 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar , 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Clark A Klein J Taliaferro E et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs. 2000; 100: 32-43 PubMed Google Scholar , 6 Boyd R White S Does witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation alter perceived stress in accident and emergency staff?. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000; 7: 51-53 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar , 7 O'Brien M Creamer K Hill E Welham J Tolerance of family presence during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a snapshot of military and civilian pediatricians, nurses, and residents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002; 18: 409-413 Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar , 8 McClenathan B Torrington K Uyehara C Family member presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey of US and International critical care professionals. Chest. 2002; 122: 2204-2210 Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar A transformation away from the traditional paternalistic approach of medicine and toward a collaborative practice with family involvement has emerged. Research evidence has shown that the majority of family members want to remain with their loved ones during their final moments of life. 9 Doyle CJ Post H Burney R Keefe M Maino J Rhee KJ Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med. 1987; 16: 673-675 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar , 10 Hanson C Strawser D Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department's nine-year perspective. J Emerg Nurs. 1992; 18: 104-106 PubMed Google Scholar , 11 Anno K. Primary caregivers participation in their child's resuscitation: a lived experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Mississippi; 1993. Google Scholar , 12 Barratt F Wallis DN Relatives in the resuscitation room: their point of view. J Accident Emerg Med. 1998; 15: 109-111 Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar , 13 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs. 1998; 24: 400-405 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar , 14 Robinson S Mackenzie-Ross S Campbell Hewson G Egleston C Prevost A Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet. 1998; 352: 614-617 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (317) Google Scholar , 15 Eichhorn D Meyers T Guzzetta C Clark A Klein J Calvin A Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: hearing the voice of the patient. Am J Nurs. 2001; 101: 48-55 Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar Literature has demonstrated a benefit to both the patient and the family when family members are allowed to remain. 9 Doyle CJ Post H Burney R Keefe M Maino J Rhee KJ Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med. 1987; 16: 673-675 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar , 11 Anno K. Primary caregivers participation in their child's resuscitation: a lived experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Mississippi; 1993. Google Scholar , 12 Barratt F Wallis DN Relatives in the resuscitation room: their point of view. J Accident Emerg Med. 1998; 15: 109-111 Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar , 13 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs. 1998; 24: 400-405 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar , 14 Robinson S Mackenzie-Ross S Campbell Hewson G Egleston C Prevost A Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet. 1998; 352: 614-617 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (317) Google Scholar , 15 Eichhorn D Meyers T Guzzetta C Clark A Klein J Calvin A Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: hearing the voice of the patient. Am J Nurs. 2001; 101: 48-55 Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar , 16 Bauchner H Vinci R Waring C Experience and reason: briefly recorded. Pediatrics. 1989; 84: 907-909 PubMed Google Scholar , 17 Bauchner H Waring C Vinci R Parental presence during procedures in an emergency room: results from 50 observations. Pediatrics. 1991; 87: 544-548 PubMed Google Scholar , 18 Sacchetti A Lichenstein R Carraccio C Harris R Family member presence during pediatric emergency department procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996; 12: 268-271 Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar , 19 Bauchner H Vinci R Bak S Pearson C Corwin MJ Parents and procedures: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1996; 98: 861-886 PubMed Google Scholar , 20 Wolfram RW Turner ED Philput C Effects of parental presence during young children's venipuncture. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997; 13: 325-328 Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar , 21 Boie ET Moore GP Brurmett C Nelson DR Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 34: 70-74 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar Despite these data, the process of active medical resuscitation in the presence of family members remains an ethical, moral, and legal dilemma to health care professionals. 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 2 Mitchell M Lynch M Should relatives be allowed in the resuscitation room?. J Accident Emerg Med. 1997; 14: 366-369 Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar , 3 Sacchetti A Carraccio C Leva E Harris R Lichenstein R Acceptance of family members presence during pediatric resuscitation in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000; 16: 85-87 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar , 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Clark A Klein J Taliaferro E et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs. 2000; 100: 32-43 PubMed Google Scholar , 6 Boyd R White S Does witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation alter perceived stress in accident and emergency staff?. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000; 7: 51-53 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar , 7 O'Brien M Creamer K Hill E Welham J Tolerance of family presence during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a snapshot of military and civilian pediatricians, nurses, and residents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002; 18: 409-413 Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar , 8 McClenathan B Torrington K Uyehara C Family member presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey of US and International critical care professionals. Chest. 2002; 122: 2204-2210 Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar Opponents of witnessed resuscitation voice the following concerns: (1) the effect of witnessing upon family members, 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Meyers TA Eichhorn DJ Guzzetta CE Clark A Klein J Taliaferro E et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs. 2000; 100: 32-43 PubMed Google Scholar , 7 O'Brien M Creamer K Hill E Welham J Tolerance of family presence during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a snapshot of military and civilian pediatricians, nurses, and residents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002; 18: 409-413 Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar (2) the increased level of psychological stress on the medical staff, 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 6 Boyd R White S Does witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation alter perceived stress in accident and emergency staff?. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000; 7: 51-53 Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar (3) family interference with the resuscitation process, 1 Redley B Hood K Staff attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation. Accident Emerg Nurs. 1997; 4: 145-151 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (86) Google Scholar , 2 Mitchell M Lynch M Should relatives be allowed in the resuscitation room?. J Accident Emerg Med. 1997; 14: 366-369 Crossref PubMed Scopus (90) Google Scholar , 3 Sacchetti A Carraccio C Leva E Harris R Lichenstein R Acceptance of family members presence during pediatric resuscitation in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000; 16: 85-87 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar (4) lack of support for family members, 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 8 McClenathan B Torrington K Uyehara C Family member presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey of US and International critical care professionals. Chest. 2002; 122: 2204-2210 Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar and (5) the risk of increased medico-legal litigation. 4 Helmer SD Shapiro WM Dors JM Karan BS Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2000; 48: 1015-1020 PubMed Google Scholar , 15 Eichhorn D Meyers T Guzzetta C Clark A Klein J Calvin A Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: hearing the voice of the patient. Am J Nurs. 2001; 101: 48-55 Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar