Libya and the Future of Liberal Intervention
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 54; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00396338.2012.749632
ISSN1468-2699
Autores Tópico(s)Global Political and Social Dynamics
ResumoAbstract If Iraq and Afghanistan were instructive lessons in the limits of military intervention, Libya demonstrates what intervention, given the right conditions and limited objectives, may accomplish. Notes Robert Gates, speech at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 25 February 2011, http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1539. See also Gates's subsequent comments at a hearing of the Defense Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, 2 March 2011, http://www.jcs.mil/speech.aspx?ID=1538. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 'NATO Defence Ministers will Discuss Situation in Libya and Longer Term Prospects in Middle East', press release, 7 March 2011, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_71277.htm. 'Battle for Libya: Key Moments', al-Jazeera, 23 August 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/libya/2011/08/20118219127303432.html. Richard Leiby and Muhammad Mansour, 'Arab League Asks U.N. for No-fly Zone over Libya', Washington Post, 12 March 2011. Interview with senior administration official, 24 January 2012. See also Helene Cooper and Steven Lee Myers, 'Shift by Clinton Helped Persuade President to Take a Harder Line', 19 March 2011, p. A1. Interview with senior US official, 30 December 2011. This remark was corroborated by others. Interview with senior US official, 30 December 2011. See, for example, Roger Boyes, 'Hesitant Obama Made up his Mind Thanks to European Resolve', Times, 18 March 2011, p. 7. 'DOD News Briefing with Vice Adm. Gortney from the Pentagon on Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn', 19 March 2011, transcript, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4786; 'DOD News Briefing with Vice Adm. Gortney from the Pentagon on Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn', 28 March 2012, transcript, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4803. Interview with member of the NATO International Staff, 6 February 2012. Jean-Pierre Stroobants, 'L'Alliance atlantique étale ses divisions à Bruxelles sur la gestion de la crise libyenne', Le Monde, 23 March 2011. Ibid.; Jean-Pierre Stroobants, 'Libye : batailles diplomatiques en coulisses', Le Monde, 24 March 2011, p.1; Ian Traynor, 'Turkey and France Clash over Libya Air Campaign', Guardian, 24 March 2011. Scott Wilson and Karen DeYoung, 'Coalition Nears Agreement on Transition for Operations in Libya', Washington Post, 23 March 2011, p. A09. Doug Saunders, 'Rebels Rely on Teens to Fill Ranks', Globe and Mail, 11 July 2011, p. A1. Adrian Blomfield and Nick Meo, 'For Ragtag Rebels, Little Training, Less Choice', National Post, 8 March 2011, p. A1. Interview with senior US official, 9 July 2012. Edward Cody, 'France, Britain Want NATO to Fight Harder Against Qaddafi's Forces', Washington Post, 12 April 2011. Multiple interviews. Multiple interviews. See also, Joe Quartararo, Michael Rovenolt and Randy White, 'Libya's Operation Odyssey Dawn', Prism, vol. 3, no. 2, March 2012, pp. 141–56. Interview with senior US official, 13 February 2011. 'Comments by Secretary Robert Gates, Secretary of Defense and General James Cartwright, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C. Thursday, April 21, 2011', Defense Department press briefing, transcript, http://www.jcs.mil/speech.aspx?ID=1589; interview with senior Defense Department official, 30 December 2011. Interview with NATO official, 7 February 2012. 'Libya: UK Apache Attack Helicopters Launch First Strikes', Telegraph, 4 June 2011; 'Libya: UK Apache Helicopters Used in Nato Attacks', BBC News, 4 June 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13651736; 'Des helicopters français participent aux frappes', France2.fr, 4 June 2011, http://info.france2.fr/monde/des-helicopteres-francais-participentaux-frappes-69065831.html. Thomas Harding, 'Libya: SAS Leads Hunt for Gaddafi', Daily Telegraph, 24 August 2011; Sam Dagher, Charles Levinson and Margaret Coker, 'Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern', Wall Street Journal, 17 October 2011, p. A1; Ian Blank, 'Qatar Admits it Sent Troops to Support NTC Fighters', Guardian, 27 October 2011, p. 24. Jake Tapper, 'Where Is Mitt Romney on Libya?', ABCnews.com, 20 October 2011. See, for example, James G. Stavridis and Ivo H. Daalder, 'NATO's Victory in Libya', Foreign Affairs, vol. 91, no. 2, March–April 2012, pp. 2–7. Gallup polling, 13 August 2012, http://www.gallup.com/poll/156539/opinion-briefing-libyans-eye-newrelations-west.aspx. Kevin Baron, 'For $1 Billion, One Dictator', National Journal, 21 October 2011. Nick Hopkins, 'Libya Conflict May Cost UK £1.75bn', Guardian, 25 September 2011. French Senate, 'Rapport générale no 107 (2011–2012)', 17 November 2011, section 2. 'U.S. Fighter Jet Crashes in Rebel-held Libya', Reuters, 22 March 2011. 'NATO: UAE F-16 Crashes at Italian Airbase', Associated Press, 27 April 2011. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya, A/HRC/19/68, advanced unedited version, 2 March 2012, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A.HRC.19.68.pdf. C.J. Chivers and Eric Schmitt, 'Libya's Civilian Toll: Denied by NATO', New York Times, 18 December 2011. Human Rights Watch, Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATO's Air Campaign in Libya (New York, Human Rights Watch, 2012), http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/libya0512webwcover.pdf. Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 2000), p. 240. Anthony Loyd, 'Gaddafi Laughs Off Exile in Face of Rebel Attack on Key Town', Times, 18 July 2011, p. 29. Elizabeth Quintana, 'The War from the Air', in Adrian Johnson and Saqeb Mueen (eds), Short War, Long Shadow: The Political and Military Legacies of the 2011 Libya Campaign, Whitehall Report 1–12 (London: RUSI, 2012), http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/WHR_1-12.pdf; Ivo Daalder, 'Libya – A NATO Success Story', Remarks at the Atlantic Council of the United States, 7 November 2011. See also Richard Norton and Taylor Simon Rogers, 'Special Report: Libya War Audit: Arab States Hold Fire in Battle against Gaddafi Regime: Qatar, Jordan and United Arab Emirates Play Defensive Role', Guardian, 23 May 2011; 'Andrew J. Shapiro, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs Speaks on Ensuring Israel's Qualitative Military Edge', Targeted News Service, 4 November 2011; 'NATO General Rules Out Any Threat from Pro-Gaddafi Remnants in Libya', Kuwait News Agency, 24 October 2011; 'Speech by Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee at the 57th Annual Session of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Bucharest, Romania', State News Service, 8 October 2011; 'A Timeline of the Conflict in Libya', CNN.com, 18 August 2011. Richard B. Andres, Craig Wills and Thomas Griffith, Jr, 'Winning with Allies: The Strategic Value of the Afghan Model', International Security, vol. 30, no. 3, Winter 2005–06, pp. 124–60. Stephen Biddle, 'Allies, Airpower, and Modern Warfare: The Afghan Model in Afghanistan and Iraq', International Security, vol. 30, no. 3, Winter 2005– 06, pp. 161–76. On Libya and the model see Robert Farley, 'Over the Horizon: Libya and the Afghan Model Revisited', World Politics Review, 24 August 2011. 'Statement by Senators McCain and Graham on end of the Qaddafi Regime in Libya', press release, 21 August 2011, http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?ContentRecord_id=ef07da62-0100-107e-d7ac-08531bd793e5&FuseAction=PressOffice. PressReleases. Nicolas Sarkozy, '19th Ambassadors' Conference – Speech by Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the Republic', Paris, 31 August 2011, http://www.franceonu.org/spip.php?article5730. Interview with senior US official, 9 July 2012. Additional informationNotes on contributorsChristopher S. Chivvis Christopher S. Chivvis is a Senior Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation in Washington DC and an Adjunct Professor at the Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington DC. This article draws on research for his forthcoming book, Toppling Qaddafi (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
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