Dusk or Dawn for the Human Rights Movement?
2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 32; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/01636600902773313
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements She is grateful to the Ford Foundation for support and to Lucy Moore and Daniel Liss for research assistance. Notes 1. United Nations, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html. The declaration was adopted on December 10, 1948, by the UN General Assembly as Resolution 217 A (III). 2. For the links between the UDHR and the fight for racial justice in the United States, see M. Glen Johnson, “The Contributions of Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt to the Development of International Protection for Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1987): 40–41. 3. Wilder Tayler, interview by author, Geneva, September 29, 2008 (acting secretary general, International Commission of Jurists) (hereinafter Tayler interview). 4. Larry Cox, telephone interview by author, November 4, 2008 (executive director, Amnesty International USA) (hereinafter Cox interview). 5. David Rieff, “The Precarious Triumph of Human Rights,” New York Times Magazine, August 8, 1999, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE3D81E31F93BA3575BC0A96F958260&scp=1&sq=&st=nyt. 6. Aryeh Neier, telephone interview by author, November 3, 2008 (president, Open Society Institute) (hereinafter Neier interview). 7. Jessica T. Mathews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 1 (January/February 1997): 50–66. 8. Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 9. See Craig Whitlock, “New Swedish Documents Illuminate CIA Action: Probe Finds ‘Rendition’ of Terror Suspects Illegal,” The Washington Post, May 21, 2005, p. A1, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/20/AR2005052001605_pf.html; Andrew Sparrow, “David Miliband ‘Duped’ Over U.S. Rendition,” The Guardian, August 1, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/aug/01/davidmiliband.foreignpolicy. According to UN special rapporteur on torture, Manfred Nowak, because of these actions, European states have a special obligation to help the Obama administration repair the damage. See Frank Jordans, “UN Expert: 100 Guantanamo Inmates Need New Homes,” Associated Press, November 20, 2008, http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/20081120/un-expert-100-guantanamo-inmates-need-new-homes.htm. 10. Evan Osnos, “Letter From China: Angry Youth,” New Yorker, July 28, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_osnos; Sarah E. Mendelson and Theodore P. Gerber, “Us and Them: Anti-American Views of the Putin Generation,” The Washington Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 131–150, http://www.twq.com/08spring/docs/08spring_mendelson.pdf. 11. Tayler interview; Dick Oosting, telephone interview by author, November 3, 2008 (Europe director, International Center for Transitional Justice [ICTJ]); Cox interview. 12. Human Rights Web, “A Summary of United Nations Agreements on Human Rights,” January 25, 1997, http://www.hrweb.org/legal/undocs.html. 13. Ben Ward, telephone interview by author, November 3, 2008 (associate director, Europe and Central Asia Division, Human Rights Watch [HRW]) (hereinafter Ward interview). 14. Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, telephone interview by author, October 27, 2008 (professor, University of Ulster and University of Minnesota) (hereinafter Ní Aoláin interview). 15. Human rights lawyer and grant maker, telephone interview by author, October 30, 2008. 16. Ward interview. 17. Cox interview. 18. Neier interview. 19. These include the tribunal for the former Yugoslavia located in the Hague, the tribunal for genocide in Rwanda located in Tanzania, the Sierra Leone tribunal in Sierra Leone, and the Cambodian tribunal in Cambodia. See http://www.pict-pcti.org/. 20. Ken Roth, telephone interview by author, October 28, 2008 (executive director, HRW) (hereinafter Roth interview). 21. Ní Aoláin interview. 22. Human rights lawyer, interview by author, October 30, 2008. 23. Ward interview. 24. Ní Aoláin interview; Adam Liptak, “U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations,” The New York Times, September 18, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/us/18legal.html/?_r=1. 25. Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae, 1952 WL 82045 (U.S.), p. 4. The author thanks Ní Aoláin and Ashley Deeks for help locating the brief. 26. CSIS Commission on Smart Power, A Smarter, More Secure America (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 2007), http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf. 27. Neier interview. 28. The author sits on the advisory committee to the Europe and Central Asia Division of HRW. 29. Jeri Laber, The Courage of Strangers (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002). 30. Neier interview. 31. The leading NGO in this area is the ICTJ, founded in 2001. 32. From the extensive literature on this topic, see Jack L. Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007); Philippe Sands, Torture Team: Rumsfeld's Memo and the Betrayal of American Values (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals (New York: Random House, 2008). 33. From a legal perspective, these are among the hardest norms that exist. 34. Scott Horton, “Justice After Bush: Prosecuting an Outlaw Administration,” Harper's Magazine, December 2008, pp. 49–60. Days before Obama's inauguration, a Bush administration official acknowledged that the United States had engaged in torture. See Bob Woodward, “Detainee Tortured, Says U.S. Official,” The Washington Post, January 14, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/13/AR2009011303372.html. 35. On the unitary executive, see John Yoo, War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terror (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006). 36. Elisa Massimino, interview by author, Washington D.C., November 3, 2008 (executive director, Human Rights First) (hereinafter Massimino interview). 37. Cox interview. 38. Elizabeth Andersen, telephone interview by author, November 4, 2008 (executive director, American Society of International Law); Dorothy Thomas, telephone interview by author, November 4, 2008 (human rights consultant); Liptak, “U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations.” 39. For an important exception, see Hillary Rodham Clinton, “On the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” Issues of Democracy 3, no. 3 (October 1998): 12. 40. Ward interview. 41. Daniel Stone, “Dealing in Justice,” Newsweek, June 11, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/141004. Regarding the Eminent Jurists Panel, see http://ejp.icj.org/sommaire.php3. 42. Cox interview. 43. Thomas interview. 44. See Colum Lynch, “Russia, China Veto Resolution on Burma: Security Council Action Blocks U.S. Human Rights Effort,” The Washington Post, January 13, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011201115.html; Daniel Nasaw, “China and Russia Veto Zimbabwe Sanctions,” The Guardian, July 11, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/11/unitednations.zimbabwe; Richard Waddington, “China, Russia Seek to Block U.N. Report on Darfur,” Reuters, March 16, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL168247920070316?pageNumber=1. 45. Amnesty International, “Sudan, Arms Continuing to Fuel Serious Human Rights Violations in Darfur,” AI Index, AFR 54/019/2007, May 2007; Human Rights First, “Arms Transfers to Darfur 2004–2006,” n.d., http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/CAH-081001-arms-table.pdf. 46. Richard Gowan and Franziska Branter, “Europe's UN Human Rights Problem,” September 17, 2008, http://www.ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_europes_un_human_rights_problem/. 47. Sebastien Gillioz, interview by author, Geneva, September 29, 2008 (UN advocacy coordinator, HRW) (hereinafter Gillioz interview). 48. Roth interview; Neier interview. 49. Conor Gearty, telephone interview by author, October 31, 2008 (director, Centre for the Study of Human Rights, London School of Economics) (hereinafter Gearty interview); Gillioz interview. 50. Senior EU diplomat, telephone interview by author, November 10, 2008. 51. Senior EU diplomat, telephone interview by author, November 10; Thomas interview. 52. Human rights activist, telephone interview by author, November 3, 2008. 53. Legal scholar, telephone interview by author, November 10, 2008. 54. Sarah E. Mendelson, “Closing Guantánamo: From Bumper Sticker to Blueprint,” September 2008, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/080905_mendelson_guantanamo_web.pdf; The White House, “The Briefing Room: Executive Orders and Presidential Memoranda,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing_room/executive_orders/. 55. Massimino interview. 56. Anthony Dworkin, “A New Partnership in Support of International Law,” European Council on Foreign Relations, November 5, 2008, http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_a_new_partnership_in_support_of_international_law/; Genocide Prevention Task Force, “Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers,” 2008, http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/report.html. 57. U.S. government agencies have increasingly used civilian contractors to do the work of government agencies overseas, but the legal framework that covers their actions, including crimes committed abroad, has been underdeveloped. See Human Rights First, “Ending Contractor Impunity,” http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/us_law/pmc/index.asp; Sarah E. Mendelson, “Barracks and Brothels: Peacekeepers and Human Trafficking in the Balkans” (Washington D.C.: CSIS, February 2005), http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/0502_barracksbrothels.pdf. 58. Vigorous debate has begun on how and whether such an accounting ought to take place. See Jack Balkin, “A Body of Inquiries,” The New York Times, January 11, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/opinion/11balkin.html?scp=1&sq=jack%20balkin&st=cse; Dahlia Lithwick, “Forgive Not,” The New York Times, January 11, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/opinion/11lithwick.html; Charles Fried, “History's Verdict,” New York Times, January 11, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/opinion/11fried.html?scp=1&sq=history's%20verdict&st=cse. 59. “Effectively Interrogating Terrorism Suspects: Lessons From the Field—Senior-Level Interrogators Discuss What Works” (panel discussion, Washington, D.C., June 18, 2008), http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_events/task,view/id,1703/. 60. U.S. Department of the Army, “Counterinsurgency,” FM 3-24, MCWP 3-33.5, December 2006, http://www.usgcoin.org/library/doctrine/COIN-FM3-24.pdf. 61. Sarah E. Mendelson, “Opt Back In to the International System Part I: Counterterrorism,” CSIS Commission on Smart Power, n.d., http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071001_mendelson_counterterrorism.pdf; Sarah E. Mendelson, “Opt Back In to the International System Part II: International Law and Treaties,” CSIS Commission on Smart Power, n.d., http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071001_mendelson_treaties.pdf. 62. Legal scholar, interview by author, November 10, 2008. 63. Rieff, “Precarious Triumph of Human Rights.” 64. Cox interview. 65. Legal scholar, interview by author, November 10, 2008. 66. Ward interview. 67. Massimino interview. 68. Ward interview. These organizations included HRW as well as U.K.-based human rights organizations such as Liberty and Justice. 69. Such strategic planning may meet resistance within certain activist communities, warns Gearty. Gearty interview. 70. Aaron Gold Sheinin, “Former Secretaries of State: Close Guantanamo,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 27, 2008, http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/03/27/secstate_0328.html. 71. The CSIS Human Rights and Security Initiative began only in 2007, the same year as the European Council on Foreign Relations’ program on democracy, human rights, and justice. See http://www.csis.org/hrs/. 72. David Rieff, telephone interview by author, October 24, 2008 (contributing writer, New York Times Magazine). 73. Roth interview. 74. Cox interview. 75. The 2009 Green Inaugural Ball was hosted by former vice president Al Gore. See http://www.greeninauguralball.com/. 76. Human rights lawyer, interview by author, October 30, 2008. 77. Gillioz interview. 78. Human rights lawyer, interview by author, October 30, 2008. 79. Massimino interview. Additional informationNotes on contributorsSarah E. Mendelson Sarah E. Mendelson is director of the Human Rights and Security Initiative at CSIS
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