Artigo Revisado por pares

THE ROLES OF AMINO ACIDS IN ANIMAL EMBRYOGENESIS

1962; Wiley; Volume: 37; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1469-185x.1962.tb01618.x

ISSN

1469-185X

Autores

E. M. Deuchar,

Tópico(s)

Zebrafish Biomedical Research Applications

Resumo

Biological ReviewsVolume 37, Issue 3 p. 378-416 THE ROLES OF AMINO ACIDS IN ANIMAL EMBRYOGENESIS ELIZABETH M. DEUCHAR, ELIZABETH M. DEUCHAR Department of Anatomy, University College, London.Search for more papers by this author ELIZABETH M. DEUCHAR, ELIZABETH M. DEUCHAR Department of Anatomy, University College, London.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01618.xCitations: 20AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES D'Amelio, V. & Ceas, M. P. (1957). Distribution of protease activity in the blastula and early gastrula of Discoglossus pictus. Experientia, 13, 152– 3. Ansell, G. B. & Richter, D. (1954). A note on the free amino acid content of brain. Biochem. J. 57 70– 3. Barth, L. G. & Barth, L. J. (1954). The energetics of development. New York : Columbia University Press. Barth, L. G. & Sze, L. C. (1953). Regional chemical differences in the frog gastrula. Physiol. Zoöl. 26 205– 11. Bellairs, R. (1958). The conversion of yolk into cytoplasm in the chick blastoderm as shown by electron microscopy. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 6 149– 61. Bellairs, R. (1962). Differentitation of the yolk sac in the chick blastoderm, studied by electron microscopy. (In the press). Benz, G. (1955). Quantitative Veränderungen der Aminosaüren und Polypeptide während der Entwicklung von Drosophila melanogaster. Arch. Klaus-Stift. VererbForsch. 30 498– 505. Berg, W. E. (1954). Peptidases in isolated blastomeres of Mytilus edulis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. N.Y., 85 606– 8. Block, R. J. & Weiss, K. W. (1956). Amino-acid handbook. Illinois : C. C. Thomas. Boell, E. J. (1949). The effect of sodium succinate on the development of succinic dehydrogenase in Amblystoma punctatum. Anat. Rec. 105 600– 1. Borger, G. & Peters, T. (1933). Chemisch-biologische Untersuchungen über wachstumfordernde Stoffe. I. Die Enzyme des Extraktes aus Hühnerembryonen. Hoppe-Seyl. Z. 214 91– 103. Bosco, M. & Monroy, A. (1960). Inhibition of the differentiation of the primary mesenchyme in the sea urchin embryo caused by ethionine. Acta Embryol. Morph. exp. 3 53– 64. Brachet, J. (1960). The biochemistry of development. London : Pergamon Press. Bricteux-Gregoire, S., Dewandre, A. & Florkin, M. (1960). Contributions à la biochimie du ver à soie. XVIII. Utilisation des acides glutamique et aspartique pour la synthèse des acides aminés de la fibroïne de la soie. Biochem. Z. 333 370– 7. Brierley, J. & Hemmings, W. A. (1956). The selective transport of antibodies from the yolk sac to the circulation of the chick embryo. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 4 34– 41. Britt, L. G. & Herrmann, H. (1959). Protein accumulation in early chick embryos grown under different conditions. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 7 66– 72. Campbell, P. N. (1960). The synthesis of proteins by the cytoplasmic components of animal cells. Biol. Rev. 35 413– 58. Ceas, M. P. (1959). Sulla incorporazione della dl-methionina-S35 nelle uova vergini e fecondati di Phallusia mamillata. Ric. sci. 29 2546– 51. Ceas, M. P. & Naselli, A. (1958). Incorporation of S35-methionine in developmental stages of Discoglossus pictus. Acta Embryol. Morph. exp. 1 207– 10. Ceska, M. & Fisher, J. R. (1959). An arginase inhibitor and its possible role in the developmental decrease of arginase activity in chick embryos. Biol. Bull., Woods Hole, 117 611– 15. Chapeville, F. & Fromageot, T. P. (1957). Formation de sulfide, d'acide cysteique et de taurine à partir de sulfate par l'embryon de poulet. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 244 388– 91. Chen, P. S. (1956). Metabolic changes in free amino acids and peptides during urodele development. Exp. Cell Res. 10 675– 86. Chen, P. S. (1958). Studies on the protein metobolism of Culex pipiens L. I. Metabolic changes of free amino acids during larval and pupal development. J. Insect. Psysiol. 2 38– 51. Chen, P. S. & Rickenbacher, J. (1954). Concerning the free amino acids in amphibian development. Experientia, 10 182– 3. Christensen, H. N. & Streicher, J. A. (1948). Association between rapid growth and elevated cell concentrations of amino acids. J. biol. Chem. 175 101– 5. Clark, H., Sisken, B. & Shannon, J. E. (1957). Excretion of nitrogen by the alligator embryo. J. cell comp. Physiol. 50 129– 34. Clayton, R. M. (1953). Antigens in the developing newt embryo. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 1 25– 42. Clemetson, C. A. B. (1954). The placental transfer of amino-acids in normal and toxaemic pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaec., Brit. Emp., 61 364– 71. Cohen, G. P., Halvorson, H. O. & Spiegelman, S. (1958). Effects of p-fluorophenylalanine on the growth and physiology of yeast. Microsomal particles and protein synthesis. Ed. R. B. Roberts London : Pergamon Press. Cohen, P. P. & Hekhuis, G. L. (1941). Transamination in tumours, fetal tissues and regenerating liver. Cancer Res. 1 620– 6. Cohen, S. (1958). A nerve growth-promoting protein. The chemical basis of development, pp. 665– 76. Ed. MC Elroy & Glass. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press. Collier, J. R. (1957a). A study of the alanyl-glycyl dipeptidase activity during the development of Ilyanassa. Embryologia (Nagoya), 3 243– 60. Collier, J. R. (1957b). The proteolytic activity of the gastropod egg. Exp. Cell Res. 13 122– 4. Consden, R., Gordon, A. H. & Martin, A. J. P. (1944). Qualititative analysis of proteins: a partition chromatographic method using paper. Biochem. J. 38 224– 32. Crick, F. H. C. (1958). On protein synthesis. Symp. Soc. exp. Biol. XII, 138– 63. Crumpler, H. R., Dent, C. E. & Lindan, O. (1950). The amino-acid pattern in human foetal and maternal plasma at delivery. Biochem. J. 47 223– 47. Csonka, F. (1950). Nitrogen, methionine and cystine content of hens' eggs. Their distribution in yolk and white. J. Nutr. 42 443– 51. De Cesaris-Coromaldi, L. (1954). Studio delle dipeptidasi durante lo sviluppo embrionale di ‘Rana esculenta’. Ric. sci. 24 319– 25. Denton, C. A., Kellogg, W. L., Rowland, W. E. & Bird, H. R. (1952). Tryptophan-niacin relationship in the developing chick embryo. Arch. Biochem. 39 1– 6. Deuchar, E. M. (1956). Amino acids in developing tissues of Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 4 327– 46. Deuchar, E. M. (1958a). Free amino acid changes during cleavage in Xenopus laevis embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 14 84– 7. Deuchar, E. M. (1958b). Regional differences in catheptic activity in Xenopus laevis embryos. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 6 223– 37. Deuchar, E. M. (1960a). The effect of an amino acid analog on catheptic activity in somite mesoderm of the chick embryo. Devel. Biol. 2 129– 37. Deuchar, E. M. (1960b). Relation between somite segregation rate and ATP-ase activity in early chick embryos. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 8 259– 67. Deuchar, E. M. (1961a). Amino acid activation in tissues of early embryos. Nature, Lond., 191 1006. Deuchae, E. M. (1961b). Amino acid activation in embryonic tissues of Xenopus laevis. I. Increased 32 P exchange between pyrophosphate and adenosine triphosphate in the presence of added l-leucine. Exp. Cell Res. 25 364– 373. Deuchar, E. M. (1962). Amino acid activation in embryonic tissues of Xenopus laevis. II. Hydroxamic acid formation in the presence of added l-leucine. Exp. Cell Res. 26 568– 570. Deuchar, E. M. & Herrmann, H. (1962). Uptake of amino acids into explanted chick embryos by epidermal and endodermal routes. Acta. Embryol. Morph. Exp. (in the press). Dittmer, K. (1950). The structural basis of some amino acid antagonists and their microbiological properties. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 52 1274– 301. Eakin, R. M., Berg, W. E. & Kutsky, P. B. (1950). Studies on protein metabolism of the amphibian embryo. II. Free amino acids. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 75 32– 4. Eakin, R. M., Kutsky, P. B. & Berg, W. E. (1951). Protein metabolism of the amphibian embryo. III. Incorporation of methionine into protein of gastrulae. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 78 502– 4. Ebert, J. D. (1958). Immunochemical analysis of development. The chemical basis of development, pp. 526– 45. Ed. McElroy & Glass Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press. Edds, M. V. (1958). Development of collagen in the frog embryo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Wash., 44 296– 305. Emanuelsson, H. (1955). Changes in the proteolytic enzymes of the yolk in the developing hen's egg. Acta physiol. scand. 34 124– 34. Feldman, M. & Waddington, C. H. (1955). The uptake of methionine-S35 by the chick embryo and its inhibition by ethionine. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 3 44– 58. Ficq, A. (1954). Analyse de l'induction neurale chez les Amphibiens au moyen d'organisateurs marqués. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 2 194– 203. Fisher, J. R. & Eakin, R. E. (1957). Nitrogen excretion in developing chick embryos. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 5 215– 24. Flickinger, R. A. (1956). The relations of phosophoprotein phosphatase activity to yolk utilization in the amphibian embryo. J. exp. Zool. 131 307– 32. Florkin, M. (1956). Nicht-eiweissgebundene Aminosaüren der Tiere. 6. Colloquim der Gesellschaft für physiol. Chem. (Vergleichende Biochemische Fragen). Friederg, F. & Eakin, R. M. (1949). Studies on protein metabolism of the amphibian embryo. I. Uptake of radioactive glycine. J. exp. Zool. 110 33– 46. Friedberg, F., Schulman, M. P. & Greeberg, D. M. (1948). The effect of growth on the incorporation of glycine labeled with radioactive carbon into the protein of liver homogenates. J. biol. Chem. 173 437– 8. Fu, Yu-Ying (1957). Changes in distribution of sulfur-containing amino acids in developing grasshopper egg (Melanoplus differentialis). Physiol. Zoöl. 30 1– 12. Giudice, G. (1960). Incorporation of labelled amino acid into the proteins of the mitochondria isolated from the unfertilized eggs and developmental stages of Paracentrotus lividus. Exp. Cell Res. 21 222– 5. Giudice, G. & Monroy, A. (1958). Incorporation of S-35-methionine in the proteins of the mitochondria of developing and parthenogenetically activated sea-urchin eggs. Acta Embryol. Morph. exp. 2 58– 65. Goldstein, B. & Gintsbourg, M. (1936). Proteinases (cathepsin) in the tissues of chicken embryos. Enzymologia, 1 369– 72. Gordon, M. W. & Rohder, M. (1953). Adaptative enzyme formation in the chick embryo. J. biol. Chem. 200 859– 66. Gray, P. (1954). The microtomist's formulary and guide. London : Constable. Green, N. M. & Lowther, D. A. (1959). Formation of collagen hydroxyproline in vitro. Biochem. J. 71 55– 66. Greenberg, D. M., Friedberg, F., Schulman, M. P. & Winnick, T. (1948). Studies on the mechanism of protein synthesis with radioactive carbon-labeled compounds. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 13 113– 17. Gross, P. R. & Gilbert, L. I. (1956). Chemistry and ultrastructure of yolk platelets. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 19 108– 17. Gustafson, T. (1953). Sea-urchin development in the light of enzymic and mitochondrial studies. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 1 251– 5. Gustafson, T. & Hjelte, M. B. (1951). The amino acid metabolism of the developing sea urchin egg. Exp. Cell Res. 2 474– 90. Gustavson, K. H. (1956). The chemistry and reactivity of collagen. New York : Academic Press. Harkness, R. D. (1961). Biological functions of collagen. Biol. Rev. 37 399– 462. Harris, D. L. (1946). Phosphoprotein phosphatase, a new enzyme from the frog egg. J. biol. Chem. 165 541– 50. Hayashi, Y. & Herrmann, H. (1959). Growth and glycine incorporation in chick embryo explants. Devel. Biol. 1, 437– 58. Herrmanhn, H. (1953). Interference of amino-acid analogues with normal embryonic development. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 1 291– 5. Herrmann, H. (1957). Protein synthesis and tissue integrity in the cornea of the developing chick embryo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Wash., 43 1007– 11. Herrmann, H. (1959). The embryonic cell as a protein-forming system. Biochemistry of Morphogenesis ( Internat. Congr. Biochem., Vienna, 1958), pp. 171– 85. H. Herrmann (1960). Molecular mechanisms of differentiation: an inquiry into the protein forming system of developing cells. Fundamental aspects of normal and malignant growth, pp. 495– 545. Ed. Nowinski.. Herrmann, H. (1961). Tissue interaction and differentiation in the corneal and scleral stroma. The structure of the eye, pp. 421– 34. Ed. G. K. Smelser. New York : Academic Press. Herrmann, H. & Barry, S. (1955). Accumulation of collagen in skeletal muscle, heart and liver of the chick embryos. Arch. Biochem. 55 526– 33. Herrmann, H., Konigsberg, U. R. &. Curry, M. F. (1955). A comparison of the effects of antagonists of leucine and methionine on the chick embryo. J. exp. Zool. 128 359– 78. Herrmann, H.Lerman, L. & White, P. W. (1958). Uptake of glycine-C-14 into the actomyosin and collagen fractions of developing chick muscle. Biochim. biophys. Acta., 27, 161– 4. Herrmann, H. & Schultz, P. W. (1958). Incorporation of glycine into the proteins of explanted chick embryos. Arch. Biochem. 73, 296– 305. Hess, W. C., Kramke, E. H., Fritz, J. C. & Howard, H. W. (1958). A comparison of the nutritive value of egg proteins and their amino acid content. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., N.Y., 67, 552– 6. Hoagland, M. B., Keller, E. B. & Zamecnik, P. C. (1956). Enzymatic carboxyl activation of amino acids. J. biol. Chem. 218, 345– 58. Holter, H., Lanz, H. & Linderstrøm-Lang, K. (1938). Beiträge zur enzymatische Histochemie. XXX. Lokalisierung der Peptidase während der ersten Furchungen des Eies von Psammechinus miliaris. C.R. Lab. Carlsberg (Sér. chim.) 23, 1– 8. Holtfreter, J. (1943). Properties and function of the surface coat in amphibian embryos. J. exp. Zool. 93, 251– 323. Holtfreter, J., Koszalka, T. R. & Miller, L. L. (1950). Chromatographic studies of amino acids in the eggs and embryos of various species. Exp. Cell Res. 1, 453– 9. Hörstadius, S. & Gustafson, T. (1954). The effect of three antimetabolites on sea-urchin development. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 2, 216– 26. Hörstadius, S. & Strömberg, S. (1940). Untersuchungen über Umdeterminierung von Fragmenten des Seeigeleies durch chemische Agentien. Arch. EntwMech. Org. 140, 409– 60. Hultin, T. (1952). Incorporation of N-15-labelled glycine and alanine into the proteins of developing sea-urchin eggs. Exp. Cell Res. 3, 494– 6. Hultin, T. & Bergstrand, A. (1960). Incorporation of C-14-L-leucine into protein by cell-free systems from sea-urchin embryos at different stages of development. Devel. Biol. 2, 61– 75. Ito, Y. (1957). L'attività delle proteinasi del tuorlo e del sacco del tuorlo durante lo sviluppo dell'uovo di Pollo. Acta Embryol. Morph. exp. 1, 118– 30. Jackson, S. F. & Smith, R. H. (1957). Studies on the biosynthesis of collagen. II. The conversion of 14-C-L-proline into 14-C-proline into 14-C-hydroxyproline of foetal osteoblasts in tissue culture. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 3, 913– 22. Jacobson, K. B. (1960). The ATP-PP exchange reaction and growth of the chick embryo. Devel. Biol. Conf. Tallahassee, Florida (Abstr.). Jollés, J., Bernier, I., Jauregui, J. & Jollés, F. (1960). Composition en acides aminés de trois énchantillons de lysozyme d'œuf de poule: Nouvelle détermination du nombre de résidues de cystine. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 250, 413– 14. Jollés, P. & Jollés, J. (1958). Hydrolyse du lysozyme de blanc de l'œuf de poule réduit: isolement de peptides contenant du tryptophan et de la cystine. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 246, 1109– 11. Kavanau, J. L. (1953). Metabolism of free amino acids, peptides and proteins in early sea urchin development. J. exp. Zool. 122, 285– 337. Kavanau, J. L. (1954). Amino-acid metabolism in the early development of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Exp. Cell Res. 7, 530– 57. Kavanau, J. L. (1958). Biochemical patterns and autolytic artefact. The chemical basis of development, pp. 443– 7. Ed. McElroy & Glass. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press. Kobrle, V. & Chvapil, M. (1961). Isolation of peptides containing hydroxyproline from animal tissues. Nature, Lond., 190, 909– 10. Kuiken, K. A. Norman, W. H., Lyman, C. M., Hale, F. & Blotter, L. (1943). The microbiological determination of amino acids. I. Valine, leucine and isoleucine. J. biol. Chem. 151, 615– 26. Kutsky, P. B., Eakin, R. M., Berg, W. E. & Kavanau, J. L. (1953). Protein metabolism of the amphibian embryo. IV. Quantitative changes in free and non-protein amino acids. J. exp. Zool. 124, 263– 78. Kuusi, T. (1958a). The mesoderm induction process in amphibians, studied with the aid of radioactive tracers. I. Experimants with glycine-C-14. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. ‘Vanamo’, 13, 97– 105. Kuusi, T. (1958b). The mesoderm induction process in amphibians, studied with the aid of radioactive tracers. II. Experiments with Na2, S35O4 and methionine-S35. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. ‘Vanamo’, 14, 4– 28. Lee, N. D. (1956). The induced increase in the tryptophan peroxidase activity of rat liver: time studies. J. biol. Chem. 219, 211– 20. Levine, M. & Tarver, H. (1951). Studies on ethionine. III. Incorporation of ethionine into rat proteins. J. biol. Chem. 192, 835– 50. Lewis, J. C., Snell, N. S., Hirschmann, D. J. & Fraenkel-Conrat. H. (1950). Amino acid composition of egg proteins. J. biol. Chem. 186, 23– 35. Li, C. & Roberts, E. (1949). Free amino acids and peptides in frog embryos. Science, 110, 425– 6. Littlefield, J. W., Keller, E. B., Gross, J. & Zamecnik, P. C. (1955). Studies on cytoplasmic, ribonucleoprotein particles from the liver of the rat. J. biol. Chem. 217, 111– 23. Lovtrup, S. (1955). Chemical differentiation during embryogenesis. C.R. Lab. Carlsberg (Sér. chim.), 29, 262– 314. Lucky, J. A. (1960). The amino acid and protein metabolism of tissues cultivated in vitro. Biol. Res. 35, 533– 71. Lucy, J. A. & Rinaldini, L. M. (1959). The amino acid metabolism of differentiating skeletal myoblasts in vitro. Exp. Cells Res. 17, 385– 98. Machlin, L. J., Stringlia, L. & Pearson, P. B. (1955). Metabolism of methionine and cysteine sulfur in the developing chick embryo. Arch. Biochem. 50, 326– 31. Maggio, R. (1957). Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protease activity in sea urchin eggs. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 50, 135– 43. Meister, A. (1956). The metabolism of glutamine. Physiol. Rev 36, 103– 27. Miller, B. J., Ciacci, V. W. & Reimann, N. P. (1941). The effects of l-proline, l-hydroxyproline and l-aspartic acid on differentiation of rabbit ova: with a brief note on their clinical use in anemia. Growth, 5, 329– 50. Miller, B. J. & Reimann, S. P. (1940). Effect of dl-methionine and l-cysteine on the cleavage rate of mammalian eggs. Arch. Path. (Lab. Med.) 29, 181– 8. Mitoma, C., Smith, T. E., Dacosta, F. M., Udenfriend, S., Patchett, A. & Witkop, B. (1959). Studies on 4-keto-l-proline. Science, 129, 95– 6. Mitoma, C.Smith, T. E., Friedberg, F. & Rayford, C. (1959). Incorporation of hydroxyproline into tissue proteins by chick embryos. J. biol. Chem. 234, 78– 80. Monroy, A. (1960). Incorporation of S-35-methionine in the microsomes and soluble proteins during the early development of the sea urchin egg. Experientia, 16, 114– 15. Monroy, A., Vittorelli, M. L. & Guarneri, R. (1961). Investigations on the proteins of the cell fluid during the early development of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Acia Embryol. Morph. exp. 4, 77– 95. Nakano, E. & Monroy, A. (1958). Incorporation of S-35-methionine in the cell fractions of sea urchin eggs and embryos. Exp. Cell. Res. 14, 236– 44. Neame, K. D. (1961). Phenylalanine as inhibitor of transport of amino-acids in brain. Nature, Lond., 192, 173– 4. Needham, J. (1931). Chemical embryology. Cambridge University Press. Needham, J. (1942). Biochemistry and morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press. Needham, J. (1955). Developmental physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 17, 37– 60. Neuman, R. E. (1950). Hydroxyproline content of the developing chick embryo. Proc. soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 75, 37– 9. New, D. A. T. (1955). A new technique for the cultivation of the chick embryo in vitro. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 3, 320– 31. Novikoff, A. B. (1940). Morphogenetic substances or organisers in annelid development. J. exp. Zool. 85, 127– 55. Nutrition Reviews (1958). Lysine and feather pigmentation. 16, 50– 1. Pantelouris, E. M. & Mulerkhar, L. (1957). Tracer studies on chick embryos in vitro. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 5, 51– 9. Pardee, A. B., Shore, V. G. & Prestidge, L. S. (1956). Incorporation of azatryptophan into proteins of bacteria and bacteriophage. Biochim. biophys. Acta., 21, 406– 7. Patton, A. R. & Palmer, L. S. (1936). The amino acid content of eggs and chicks: relation to diet and to incidence of chondrodystrophy. J. Nutr. 11, 129– 33. Pelc, S. R., Coombes, E. D. & Budd, G. C. (1961). On the adaptation of autoradiographic techniques for use with the electron microscope. Exp. Cell Res. 24, 192– 5. Perlmann, P. & Hultin, T. (1958). Autoradiographic analysis on agar plates of labeled antigens from rat liver. Nature, Lond., 182, 1530– 1. Perlmann, P. & Gustafson, T. (1948). Antigens in the egg and early developmental stages of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Experientia, 4, 481– 3. Pickford, G. E. (1943). The distribution of dipeptidase in the salamander gastrula. J. exp. Zool. 92, 143– 70. Pollock, M. R. (1959). Induced formation of enzymes. The enzymes. Ed. P. B. Boyer, H. Lardy & K. Myrback. London and New York : Academic Press. Rabinovitz, M., Olson, M. E. & Greenberf, D. M. (1955). Characteristics of the inhibition by ethionine of the incorporation of methionine into protein of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vitro. Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res. 2, 1. Rizzoli, C. (1957). Sulla composizione proteica ed aminoacidica dell' uovo di Trota durante lo sviluppo. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 33, 223– 6. Roberts, E. & Frankel, S. (1949). Free amino acids in normal and neoplastic tissues of mice, as studied by paper chromatography. Cancer Res. 9 645– 8. Roberts, E., Karnofsky, D. A. & Franker, S. (1951). Influence of cortisone on free hydroxyproline in the developing chick embryo. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 76 289– 92. Roberts, E., Lowe, I. P., Chanin, M. & Jelinek, B. (1957). Free or easily extractable amino acids of heart muscle of various species. J. exp. Zool. 135, 239– 54. Rothfels, U. (1954). The effects of some amino acid analogues on the development of the chick embryo in vitro. J. exp. Zool. 135, 17– 38. Rudnick, D. & Waelsch, H. (1955). Development of glutamotransferase and glutamine synthetase in the nervous system of the chick. J. exp. Zool. 129, 309– 26. Rupe, C. O. & Farmer, C. J. (1955). Amino acid studies in the transformation of proteins of the hen's egg to tissue proteins during incubatin. J. biol. Chem. 213, 899– 906. Saunders, J. W., Quevedo, W. C., Pierro, L. & Morbeck, F. E. (1955). The effects of tyrosine and phenylalanine on the synthesis of pigment in melanocytes of embryonic chick skin cultures in vitro. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 16, 475– 88. Scarano, E. & Maggio, R. (1957). An exchange between 32-P-labelled pyrophosphate and ATP catalysed by amino acids in unfertilized sea urchin eggs. Exp. Cell Res. 12, 403– 5. Schechtman, A. M. & Knight, P. F. (1955). Transfer of proteins from the yolk to the chick embryo. Nature, Lond., 176, 786– 7. Schechtman, A. M. & Knight, P. F. (1958). Effect of a leucine analogue on incorporation of glycine into the proteins of explanted chick embryos. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 6, 262– 9. Sengel, P. (1955). Influences de certains acides aminés sur la croissance et la pigmentation du germe plumaire de la peau de l'embryon de poulet, cultiveé sur milieux synthétiques. C.R. Soc. Bio., Paris, 149, 1032– 5. Shmerling, Zh. G. (1945). Biochimija, 10, 455– 64. (English summary.). Shulov, A., Penner, M. P., Kuk-meiri, S. & Lichtenstein, N. (1957). Proteolytic enzymes in various embryonic stages of the eggs of Locusta migratoria migratorides (R. & F.). J. Insect Physiol. 1, 279– 95. Sirlin, J. L. (1955). Nuclear uptake of methionine-S-35 in the newt embryo. Experientia, 11, 112– 13. Sirlin, J. L. (1958). On the incorporation of methionine-S-35 into proteins detectable by autoradiography. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 6, 185– 90. Sirlin, J. L. & Brahma, S. K. (1959). Studies on embryonic induction using radioactive tracers. II. The mobilization of protein components during induciton of the lens. Devel. Biol. 1, 234– 46. Sirlin, J. L., Brahma, S. K. & Waddington, C. H. (1956). Studies on embryonic induciton using radioactive tracers. J. Embroyol. exp. Morph. 4, 248– 53. Sirlin, J. L. & Waddington, C. H. (1954). Nuclerar uptake of glycine-2-C-14 in the newt embryo. Nature, Lond., 174, 309. Sirlin, J. L. & Waddington, C. H. (1956). Cell sites of protein synthesis in the early chick embryo, as indicated by autoradiographs. Exp. Cell Res. 11, 197– 205. Solomon, J. B. (1957). Glutamic dehydrogenase in the developing chick embryo. Biochem. J. 66, 264– 70. Sriramulu, V. (1959a). A quantitative study of the protein-bound amino acids int he yolk and embryo during development of Oryzias melastigma McLelland. J. Anim. Morph. Physiol. 6, 109– 18. Sriramulu, V. (1959b). Amino-acids during the development of Oryzias melastigma. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 49, 108– 14. Stearns, R. N. & Goldstein, L. (1956). Modifications of tyrosinase activity during the early development of Rana pipens embryos. Physiol. Zoöl. (29). 337– 48. Stearns, R. N. & Kostellow, A. B. (1958). Enzyme induction in dissociated embryonic cells. The chemical basis of development, pp 448– 54. Ed. McElroy & Glass. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press. Straub, F. B., Ullmann, A. & Acs, G. (1955). Enzyme synthesis in a solubilized system. Biochim. biophys. Acta., 18, 439. Waddington, C. H. & Deuchar, E. M. (1953). Studies on the mechanism of meristic segmentation. I. The dimensions of somites. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 4, 349– 56. Waddington, C. H., Fuldman, M. & Perry, M. M. (1955). Some specific developmental effects of purine antagonists. Exp. Cell Res. (Suppl.), 3, 366– 80. Waddington, C. H. & Mulerkhar, L. (1957). The diffusion of substances during embryonic induction in the chick. Proc. zool. Soc. Beng. (Moorjkee Momorial Volume), 141– 7. Waddington, C. H. & Sirlin, J. L. (1954). The incorporation of labelled amino acids into amphibian embryos. J. Embroyal. exp. Morph. 2, 340– 7. Waddington, C. H. & Yao, T. (1950). Studies on regional specificity within the organization centre of urodeles. J. exp. Biol. 27, 126– 44. Waelsch, H. (1952). Certain aspects of intermediary metabolism of glutamine, asparagine and glutathione. Advanc. Enzymol. 13, 237– 319. Wahab, A. Abd-El & Pantelouris, E. M. (1957). Synthetic processes in nucleated and non-nucleated parts of Mytilus eggs. Exp. Cell Res. 13, 78– 82. Wallance, R. A. (1961). Enzymatic patterns in the developing frog embryo. Devel. Biol. 3, 486– 515. Walter, H. & Mahler, H. R. (1958). Biochemical studies of the develoing avian embryo. I. Protein precursors in vivo. J. biol. Chem. 230, 241– 9. Weil-Malherbe, H. (1953). Die Funktion der Glutaminsaüre im Nervengewebe. Naturwissenschaften, 40, 545– 50. Widdas, W. F. (1961). Transport mechanisms in the foetus. Brit. med. Bull. 17, 107– 11. Wilde, C. E. (1955a). The urodele neuroepithelium. I The differentiation in vitro of the cranial neural crest. J. exp. Zool. 130, 573– 96. Wilde, C. E. (1955b). The urodele neuroepithelium. II. The relationship between phenylalanine metabolism and the differentation of neural crest cells. J. Morph. 97, 313– 44. Wilde, C. E. (1956). The urodele neuropithelium. III. The presentaition of phenylalanine to the neural crest by archenteron roof mesoderm. J. exp. Zool. 133, 409– 40. Woerbeman, M. W. & Raven, C. P. (1946). Dependent and independent lens-formation in amphibians, Experimental embryology in the Netherlands, 1940–45, pp. 33– 8. New York & Amsterdam : Elsevier. Yamada, T. (1961). A chemical approach to the problem of the organizer. Advances in morphogenesis. Ed. Abercrombie & Brachet, 1, 1– 54. London : Academic Press. Zamecnick, P. C. Frantz., J., Loftfield, R. B. & Stephenson, M. L. (1948). Incorporatoin in vitro or radioactive carbon from carboxyl-labelled Dl-alanine and glycine into proteins of normal and malignant rat livers. J. biol. Chem. 175, 299– 314. Citing Literature Volume37, Issue3August 1962Pages 378-416 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)