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The transformation of the Atlantic World, 1776–1867

2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 6; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14788810802696261

1740-4649

Aaron Spencer Fogleman,

Global Maritime and Colonial Histories

Abstract Abstract This essay surveys recent overviews of Atlantic history and follows up on the encounters theme to provide a clearer view of how the Atlantic World was transformed from the late eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries and how its history might be distinguished from global history. The Atlantic World was the world made by encounters among Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans wherever they occurred on all four continents and at sea. It began with Columbus and three related developments occurring from 1776 to 1867 led to its transformation by the middle third of the nineteenth century: (1) revolution and independence in the Americas, (2) the end of the Atlantic slave trade, and (3) expanded European colonization of Africa. By pushing the end or transformation of the Atlantic World farther into the nineteenth century than most Atlantic historians have done, it becomes clearer how closely related revolutions and national liberation movements were to the end of the slave trade (and in many areas slavery itself). Further, tracing the course of these developments through the middle third of the nineteenth century reveals how the changing relationship between Europe and Africa influenced the transformation of the Atlantic World, something previous Atlantic historians have not fully considered. Many of the distinguishing features of the Atlantic World and the modern relevance of this subject lie in the paradoxes of slavery and freedom, and conquest and liberty (as well as opportunity) that developed during this era, and the tensions that evolved around these paradoxes during the era of transformation. Keywords: Atlantic WorldencounterstransformationsrevolutionsemancipationAfrican colonization Acknowledgements The author should like to thank members of the Atlantic World discussion group at Northern Illinois University for their support and input in the development of this article, especially Robert Hanserd, Karl Huck, David Trout, Sean Farrell, and Ismael Montana. Notes 1. Bailyn Bailyn, Bernard. 2005. Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours, Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], Atlantic History, 1–56 and 115–26; Pietschmann, "Introduction: Atlantic History," 11–54; Greene Greene, Jack P. 1999. "Beyond Power: Paradigm Subversion and Reformulation and the Re-creation of the Early Modern Atlantic World". In Crossing Boundaries: A Comparative History of Black People in Diaspora, Edited by: Hine, Darlene Clark and McLeod, Jacqueline. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 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Ethnic difference and religion were important components of that violence, perhaps making it more severe and certainly shaping its character and the discourse justifying European conquest and the nature of other peoples encountered. See Sandberg Sandberg , Brian . "Beyond Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1492–1700." Journal of World History 17 , no. 1 March 2006 1 – 26 .[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], "Beyond Encounters," 1–26. My view is that the encounters theme is valid, and that violence is one of its central features, from the creation of the Atlantic World to its dissolution or transformation.Some have viewed David Armitage Armitage , David . "Three Concepts of Atlantic History." In The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 , David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick , 11 – 27 . New York : Palgrave MacMillan , 2002 . [Google Scholar]'s characterization of the Atlantic World as a European invention as problematic, yet the significance of 1492 cannot be overestimated, and this does not preclude Native American or African agency, but instead emphasizes Europeans as a catalyst in creating new Atlantic relationships. Alternatively, his view of the three dimensions of the Atlantic World – circum-atlantic (transnational), trans-atlantic (international), and cis-atlantic (national or regional) – has been widely accepted. See Armitage, "Three Concepts of Atlantic History," 11–27.Other important recent collections that investigate the Atlantic World in somewhat limited ways include Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, which focuses on colonial identity as a unifying factor in the Atlantic, stressing most of the Americas and Ireland, but not Haiti or Africa (for brief overviews see the Introduction by Elliott Elliott, John H. 1987. 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Egerton et al., The Atlantic World, 8–75, provides a good pre-history of the Atlantic World from the twelfth century to 1492. Also Loewen Loewen, James W. 1995. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, New York: New Press. [Google Scholar], while hardly a specialist, does provide a convenient and long list of probable and possible pre-Columbian contacts of Europeans and Africans with the Americas in Lies My Teacher Told Me, 47–8. 13. Klooster briefly addresses this issue in "The Rise and Transformation of the Atlantic World," 41–2. 14. Benjamin et al., The Atlantic World in the Age of Empire, uses the dates 1415 to 1825, and Armitage dates the end of the Atlantic World with the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 15. Pietschmann Pietschmann , Horst . Introduction. "Atlantic History – History between European History and Global History." In Atlantic History: History of the Atlantic System, 1580–1830 , Horst Pietschmann , 11–54. Göttingen: Vandenhock & Ruprecht, 2002 . [Google Scholar], "Atlantic History." 16. Work on this aspect of Atlantic history remains sketchy at best. Games briefly addresses this point in "Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities," 741–57, mentioning the end of the age of revolutions (1825) and 1888 as possible end dates, and this is developed more fully in Egerton et al., whose end date is 1888, when slavery ended in Brazil. Klooster believes that the end of slavery and the "crumbling of European empires in the Americas closed an era of Atlantic history" ("The Rise and Transformation of the Atlantic World," 41). 17. On first the Spanish and Portuguese and later Anglo-Americans leading in Atlantic developments see Elliott Elliott, J.H. 2006. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830, New Haven: Yale University Press. 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