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Dialogues with Young People David Ben-Gurion's Youth Campaigns, 1939–1954

2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 14; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13537120801900235

1743-9086

Paula Kabalo,

Middle East Politics and Society

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Paula Kabalo is a member of staff at the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism, Ben-Gurion University. During 2007–2008 she is the Schusterman Visiting Professor at the Elie Wiesel Centre for Judaic Studies, Boston University. The author wishes to thank Naama Smoliar for her research assistance. 1. Moni Alon, The Eternal Hope: Youth and Social Change, Tel Aviv, 1986, pp. 125–161 (Hebrew); John R. Gillis, Youth and History, Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770–Present, New York, 1981, pp. 95–183. 2. See, for example, The Youth in Israel, Reality, Problems, Roles, Mapai, 1952 (Hebrew); Civics Education in Israel, Jerusalem: High School Teachers Union, 1954 (Hebrew). 3. David Dayan, Ken Anahnu Hanoar [Yes, we are the Youth]: The History of the Gadna, Tel Aviv, 1977, pp. 37–44. 4. In 1931 there were 26,741 Jewish young people aged between 10 and 20 in Eretz Israel (according to the British government's statistical data). In 1944 there were 77,000 Jewish young people aged between 10 and 19 (according to data from the Jewish Agency Statistical Bureau). See ‘Youth in Eretz Israel’, 5 November 1941, Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem (hereafter, CZA) s5/838. 5. Meir Avizohar, Militant Zionism: An Introduction to Ben-Gurion's Diaries and Memoirs 1939, Sde Boker, 1985, pp. 36, 51. 6. ‘The Sabbatical day in Haifa ended with an Assembly of 7,000 Adolescents’, Haboker, 19 May 1939; Raphael Gat, ‘The Political Involvement of the Socialist Youth Movements in Palestine 1933–1945’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1974, p. 164. 7. ‘Yesterday Afternoon the Demonstrations in Jerusalem were Resumed’, Haboker, 22 May 1939. 8. ‘A Student's Delegation Meeting Ben-Gurion’, Haboker, 23 May 1939. 9. See for example the words of Rabbi Judah Leib Maimon (Fishman); Yizhak Gruenbaum, ‘The Jewish Agency Executive Committee’, 21 May 1939, meeting protocols section, Ben-Gurion Archives (hereafter, BGA), Sde Boker. 10. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 22 May 1939, BGA. 11. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 22 May 1939, BGA 12. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 27 May 1939 BGA; See also ‘A Decision Accepted during the Maccabi Association Chairs Meeting’, 27 May 1939, Correspondence Section, BGA. 13. Ben-Gurion's Diary 31 May 1939, BGA; see also meeting with Bnei Akiva representatives 31 May 1939, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA. 14. ‘A Decision Accepted’, 27 May 1939, BGA; Meeting with Maccabi representatives, 31 May 1939, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA. 15. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 31 May 1939, BGA 16. ‘Meeting with Maccabi Representatives’, 31 May 1939, BGA. 17. ‘Meeting with Maccabi Representatives’, 31 May 1939, BGA 18. Ben-Gurion's speech at the Mapai Centre, 5 June 1939, Mapai Protocols Section, BGA. 19. Ben-Gurion's speech, 11 June 1939, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA. 20. See, for example, the words of Gershon Hanowitz from the Borochov youth movement, and the words of Eliezer Matalon from the Degel Zion movement (the sephardic youth), 11 June 1939, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA 21. Mapai Centre Meeting, 14 June 1939, Mapai, Meeting Protocols Section, BGA. 22. Mapai Centre Meeting, 14 June 1939, Mapai, Meeting Protocols Section, BGA 23. Ben Aharon, Mapai Centre Meeting, 14 June 1939, Mapai, Meeting Protocols Section, BGA 24. ‘Minutes of a meeting with representatives of youth and sports federations’, 25 June 1939, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA. 25. Sireni Updates, 4 July, 11 July, 9 August 1939, Ben-Gurion's Diary, BGA. 26. 8 July 1939, Ben-Ami and Macness on the moshavot youth; 12 July 1939, meeting with Zemand from the youth Secretariat; 17 July 1939, meeting with members from the youth Secretariat, Ben-Gurion's Diary, BGA. 27. Dayan, Ken Anahnu, pp. 30–31, 38. 28. David Qoren, The Gadna—From Hagana to IDF, Tel Aviv, 1995, pp. 48–49, 55. 29. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 14 June 1939, BGA. 30. Avizohar, Militant Zionism, p. 51. 31. Yechiam Weitz, ‘David Ben-Gurion's First Resignation’, Iyunim Bitkumat Israel, Vol. 8 (1998), pp. 298–319. 32. Paula Kabalo, ‘Voluntarism and Civic Engagement According to David Ben-Gurion, 1948–1955’, in A. Bareli, D. Gutwein and T. Friling (eds.), Society and Economy in Israel: Historical and Contemporary Perspective, Jerusalem and Sde Boker, 2005, pp. 792–793. 33. Dan Horowitz, The Heavens and the Earth: A Self Portrait of the 1948 Generation, Jerusalem, 1993, pp. 44–46; Kabalo, ‘Voluntarism’, pp. 794–795. 34. See, for example, Yair Hausmann, Hertzelia, 4 March 1954; Noa Sirkis, Tel Aviv, 30 March 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 35. Sirkis, Tel Aviv, 30 March 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA 36. Amos Oz to Ben-Gurion 23 April 1954 (in another copy the letter is dated 23 March 1954), Correspondence Section, BGA. 37. David Ben-Gurion, ‘The Example of Pioneering Educates for Pioneering’, Bamachane Nahal, Vol. 34 (February 1954), p. 13. 38. Ben-Gurion to Noa Sirkis, 15 April 1954, BGA. 39. Eliezer Bonenfeld to Ben-Gurion, 9 January 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 40. Ben-Gurion to Eliezer Bonenfeld, 20 January 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 41. David Ben-Gurion, ‘The Second Aliya and the Youth in Our Time’, 10 March 1954, Hazon Vadereh, Vol. 5 (Tel Aviv, 1957), pp. 201–205. 42. David Ben-Gurion, ‘The Second Aliya and the Youth in Our Time’, 10 March 1954, Hazon Vadereh, Vol. 5 (Tel Aviv, 1957), p. 205. 43. Ben-Gurion to Ben Zion Dinnur, 5 March 1954, BGA. 44. ‘Meeting Summary, Ben-Gurion and Youth Movement Coordinators’, 1 April 1954, attached to a letter from the youth department of the Ihud, 27 May 1954, youth section 361/7, the Ihud Archive in Hulda (hereafter IA). 45. Zalman Aranne to Ben-Gurion, 24 May 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 46. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 24 May 1954, BGA. 47. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 24 May 1954, BGA 48. Yoram Till to Ben-Gurion 25 May 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 49. See also, Menachem Fluk, 7 February 1954; Dan Shtag, 12 February 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 50. David Ben-Gurion, ‘Career or Mission’, Hazon Vadereh, Vol. 5 (Tel Aviv, 1957), p. 209. 51. David Ben-Gurion, ‘Career or Mission’, Hazon Vadereh, Vol. 5 (Tel Aviv, 1957), p. 211. 52. Dan Almagor, ‘It was Worth It’, Bamahane Gadna, Vol. 68, July 1954, p. 4. 53. ‘Ben-Gurion, The Choice to the Youth’, Ha'aretz, 11 June 1954; ‘A Voice Crying in the Desert’, Ha'Olam Ha'Ze, 17 June 1954, p. 5; ‘With a Shepherd's Stick in his Hand, BG Went to Conquer the Israeli Youth’, Yediot Aharonot, 11 June 1954; ‘Ben-Gurion Calls to Establish a Pioneering Youth Front’, Htzofe, 11 June 1954. 54. Akiva Earnst Simon, ‘A Leader's Logic’, Ha'aretz, 14 June 1954; Yigal Alon, ‘After the Youth Conference’, Lamerhav, 16 June 1954; Amos Eilon, ‘Ben-Gurion and Yigal Alon, Talk to the Youth’, Ha'aretz, 18 June 1954; Yohanan Bader, ‘Zaratustra from Sde Boker’, Herut, 25 June 1954. 55. Abraham Bishitz to Ben-Gurion, 11 June 1954; Jacob Gilo and Shlomo Ramon, 6 July 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 56. Hanoch Kaner, 25 June 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 57. Dan Bitan, ‘A Convention that has Missed its Goal’, 23 June 1954, BGA, General documentation section; A letter from Eliyahu Har-Zvi and Arye Mankes, 20 June 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 58. Hanoch Kaner, ibid; Eliyahu Har-Zvi and Arye Mankes, 20 June 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA 59. Yoram (a student at the Hebrew University), 21 June 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA; Hana Kazmirski, Rina Petersburg, Uri Ben Dor and others, in ‘I Think So—A Project of Pioneering Development by the Youth’, Bamahane Gadna, Vol. 71, October 1954. 60. ‘A Voice Crying in the Desert’, Ha'Olam Ha'Ze, 17 June 1954. 61. Ben-Gurion to Dr. Ben-Yehuda, 14 June 1954; Ben-Gurion to Hanoch Kaner, 29 June 1954, Correspondence Section, BGA. 62. Aviva and Gideon Yavin, Kfar-Yehezkel, ‘A New Settlement’, in Y. Rubin (ed.), The Moshvaei Ovdim—An Anthology, Vol. 1, 1969, p. 521. 63. Beracha Habas, A Movement without a Name, Tel Aviv, 1964, p. 28. 64. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 23 May 1954, BGA; Habas, A Movement, p. 10. 65. Ben-Gurion's final words at the Nahalal conference, 12 June 1954, vi—307-1-595, The Lavon Institute, Avoda Archives (hereafter, AA); Habas, A Movement, pp. 28–40. 66. Ben-Gurion's opening speech at the Nahalal conference, 11 June 1954, AA, p. 2. 67. ‘Elections Headquarters Meeting with the Moshavim and Ihud Sons’, Tel Aviv, 10 March 1955, Protocols section, BGA. 68. An interview with Elhanan Ishai, 12 September 1977, Oral History unit, BGA, p. 18. 69. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 22 June 1954, BGA. 70. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 3 July 1954, BGA. 71. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 13 July 1954, BGA. 72. ‘Beer Sheva Assembly’, 19 July 1954, Meetings Protocols Section, BGA; see, for example, Amnon Kaplinsky, p.17. 73. Dvora Hacohen, The Grain and the Millstone, Tel Aviv, 1998, pp. 237–241. 74. ‘Beer Sheva Assembly’, BGA. 75. Ben-Gurion's Diary, 12 July 1954, BGA. 76. ‘Beer Sheva Assembly’, BGA. 77. Merle Fainsod, ‘The Komsomols—a Study of Youth Under Dictatorship’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 45, No. 1 (1951), pp. 18–40; Galia Golan, ‘Youth and Politics in Czechoslovakia’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1970), pp. 3–22; Thomas B. Gold, ‘Youth and the State’, The China Quarterly, Vol. 127 (1991), p. 597. 78. David. H. Kamens, ‘“Statist” Ideology, National Political Control of Education, and Youth Protest’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 27, No. 4 (1983), p. 567; Richard I. Jobs, ‘Tarzan under Attack: Youth, Comics and Cultural Reconstruction in Postwar France’, French Historical Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4 (2003), p. 689. 79. Naomi H. Chazan, ‘Politics and Youth Organizations in Ghana and the Ivory Coast’, PhD Thesis, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1974.