Blk, a BH3-containing Mouse Protein That Interacts with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Is a Potent Death Agonist
1998; Elsevier BV; Volume: 273; Issue: 14 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1074/jbc.273.14.7783
ISSN1083-351X
AutoresR.P. Hegde, Srinivasa M. Srinivasula, Manzoor Ahmad, Teresa Fernandes‐Alnemri, Emad S. Alnemri,
Tópico(s)NF-κB Signaling Pathways
ResumoWe identified and cloned a novel murine member of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family. This protein, designated Blk, is structurally and functionally related to human Bik and localized to the mitochondrial membrane. Blk contains a conserved BH3 domain and can interact with the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Ectopic expression of Blk in mammalian cells induces apoptosis, which can be inhibited by mutations in the BH3 domain and by overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL but not by CrmA. The apoptotic activity of Blk is also inhibited by a dominant negative caspase-9, suggesting that Blk induces apoptosis through activation of the cytochrome c-Apaf-1-caspase-9 pathway. We identified and cloned a novel murine member of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family. This protein, designated Blk, is structurally and functionally related to human Bik and localized to the mitochondrial membrane. Blk contains a conserved BH3 domain and can interact with the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Ectopic expression of Blk in mammalian cells induces apoptosis, which can be inhibited by mutations in the BH3 domain and by overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL but not by CrmA. The apoptotic activity of Blk is also inhibited by a dominant negative caspase-9, suggesting that Blk induces apoptosis through activation of the cytochrome c-Apaf-1-caspase-9 pathway. Bcl-2 is the first recognized component of programmed cell death or apoptosis (1Tsujimoto Y. Jaffe E. Cossman J. Croce C.M. Science. 1985; 228: 1440-1443Crossref PubMed Scopus (1613) Google Scholar, 2Nunez G. London L. Hockenbery D. Alexander M. McKearn J.P. Korsmeyer S.J. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 3602-3610PubMed Google Scholar), an evolutionary conserved process essential for normal development of multicellular organisms and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Various aspects of involvement of Bcl-2 in this process have been well documented at the molecular and physiological levels (for review see Ref. 3Reed J.C. Nature. 1997; 387: 773Crossref PubMed Scopus (1391) Google Scholar). Bcl-2 is a multifunctional 239-amino acid protein that has a hydrophobic C-terminal membrane anchor that is preceded by three well recognized domains designated BH1, BH2, and BH3 (Bcl-2 homology domains 1, 2, and 3) that are necessary for its function (3Reed J.C. Nature. 1997; 387: 773Crossref PubMed Scopus (1391) Google Scholar). Bcl-2 and its homolog Bcl-xL are death antagonists that associate mainly with the outer mitochondrial membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear envelope and have well documented ion channel activity (3Reed J.C. Nature. 1997; 387: 773Crossref PubMed Scopus (1391) Google Scholar). Recent evidence suggests that they prevent apoptosis by regulating the electrical and osmotic homeostasis of the mitochondria, a process that is required to prevent mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture, and cytochrome c release (4Vander Heiden M.G. Chandel N.S. Williamson E.K. Schumacker P.T. Thompson C.B. Cell. 1997; 91: 627-637Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1242) Google Scholar). cytochrome c release from the mitochondria is believed to trigger activation of the death caspase cascade through formation of the Apaf-1-caspase-9-cytochrome c complex (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar, 6Reed J.C. Cell. 1997; 91: 559-562Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar). Intriguingly, among the members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins discovered in recent years there are death agonists (e.g.Bax, Bad, Bik, Bak, Bid, and Hrk) (7Hawkins C.J. Vaux D.L. Semin. Immunol. 1997; 9: 25-33Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar, 8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar, 9Inohara N. Ding L. Chen S. Nunez G. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1686-1694Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar). Except for Bad whose BH3 domain is within the putative BH1 domain, all of these proteins contain an independent BH3 domain (10Zha J. Harada H. Osipov K. Joekel J. Walksman G. Korsmeyer S.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 24101-24104Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar). It appears that only the BH3 domain is required for their proapoptotic activity (8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar, 9Inohara N. Ding L. Chen S. Nunez G. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1686-1694Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 10Zha J. Harada H. Osipov K. Joekel J. Walksman G. Korsmeyer S.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 24101-24104Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar, 11Chittenden T. Flemington C. Houston A.B. Ebb R.G. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Chinnadurai G. Lutz R.J. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 5589-5596Crossref PubMed Scopus (438) Google Scholar, 12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar, 13Zha H. Aime-Sempe C. Sato T. Reed J.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 271: 7440-7444Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (415) Google Scholar, 14Hunter J.J. Parslow T.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 8521-8524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 15Sattler M. Liang H. Nettesheim D. Meadows R.P. Harlan J.E. Eberstadt M. Yoon H.S. Shuker S.B. Chang B.S. Minn A.J. Thompson C.B. Fesik S.N. Science. 1997; 275: 1129-1132Crossref PubMed Scopus (1301) Google Scholar). This domain interacts with a hydrophobic cleft formed by the BH1, BH2, and BH3 domains of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 as evident from mutational and structural studies (15Sattler M. Liang H. Nettesheim D. Meadows R.P. Harlan J.E. Eberstadt M. Yoon H.S. Shuker S.B. Chang B.S. Minn A.J. Thompson C.B. Fesik S.N. Science. 1997; 275: 1129-1132Crossref PubMed Scopus (1301) Google Scholar). Interestingly, Bik, Bid, and Hrk, which contain only a BH3 domain, seem to be more potent death effectors than those proteins with all the three domains of Bcl-2 (Bax and Bak) (Ref.8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar and this report). However, the molecular determinants of the "BH3-only" proteins as opposed to those of "all BH domains" proteins that trigger the key components of the death pathway(s) leading to activation of the terminal caspases remain to be understood. It is also not clear whether binding of the BH3 domain of the death agonist inactivates Bcl-2/Bcl-xL by simple stoichiometric binding or whether it initiates a new activity that triggers apoptosis. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel mouse proapoptotic protein designated Blk. The protein, which has 43% homology with the human Bik/Nbk (12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar, 16Han J. Sabbatini P. White E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 5857-5864Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar), contains a well conserved BH3 domain, binds human Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and appears to be a potent death agonist like Bik (BH3-only protein) and Bax (all BH domains protein) as tested in human cell lines. The death effector BH3 domain was confirmed by mutational studies. Furthermore, the involvement of caspases in Blk-induced apoptosis was tested by using a dominant negative inhibitor approach, which provides evidence that caspase-9 (Mch6/ICE-LAP6) (17Srinivasula S.M. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Zangrilli J. Robertson N. Armstrong R.C. Wang L. Trapani J.A. Tomaselli K.J. Litwack G. Alnemri E.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 27099-27106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar,18Duan H. Orth K. Chinnaiyan A. Poirier G. Froelich C.J. He W. Dixit V.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 16720-16724Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar) is the most upstream caspase in BH3 domain-induced apoptosis. The full-length Blk cDNA was cloned from a mouse 14.5-day-old embryo λgt11 cDNA library (random primed) by PCR. 1The abbreviations used are: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; GFP, green fluorescence protein; CMV, cytomegalovirus; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This was done using primers corresponding to the 3′ region of mouse GenBank™ expressed sequence tag clone 694727 as antisense primers and vector specific primers (λgt11 forward or reverse) as sense primers. FLAG and T7 epitope tagging was done by cloning the PCR-generated cDNAs of the respective genes into pFLAG CMV-2 and pcDNA-3-T7 vectors, respectively. To generate N-terminal GFP-tagged Blk, its cDNA was inserted in-frame into the expression vector pEGFP-C1 (CLONTECH). For apoptosis assays, we used the mammalian double expression vector pRSC-LacZ (19MacFarlane M. Ahmad M. Srinivasula S.M. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Cohen G.M. Alnemri E.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 25417-25420Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (503) Google Scholar), which allows the expression of LacZ under the Rous sarcoma virus promoter, and the test cDNA (Blk, Bik, Bax, and Blk BH3 mutants) under the CMV promoter. GST fusion proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. 35S-Labeled proteins were expressed in vitro using a coupled transcription/translation system in rabbit reticulocyte lysate using a TNT kit (Promega) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. In vitro protein-protein interaction was carried out according to Boyd et al. (12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar). Briefly, the labeled proteins were precleared by mixing with glutathione-Sepharose beads and then removed by centrifugation. The supernatants were incubated with GST-Bcl-2, GST-Bcl-xL, or GST immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose beads for 2 h at 4 °C. After extensive washing, the interacting proteins were recovered by boiling the beads in SDS sample buffer and analyzed on 12% SDS-PAGE. For in vivo interaction of T7-tagged Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL with the death agonist (FLAG-tagged blk, Bik, and Bax), the corresponding proteins were co-expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and the interacting proteins were isolated by immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody, followed by immunoblot analysis with an horseradish peroxidase-conjugated T7 antibody as described before (20Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Ottilie S. Bullrich F. Banks S. Wang Y. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Croce C.M. Litwack G. Tomaselli K.J. Armstrong R.C. Alnemri E.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 18542-18545Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (309) Google Scholar). The conserved amino acids in the BH3 domain of Blk were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis using overlapping PCR as described before (17Srinivasula S.M. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Zangrilli J. Robertson N. Armstrong R.C. Wang L. Trapani J.A. Tomaselli K.J. Litwack G. Alnemri E.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 27099-27106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar). The generated PCR products were cloned in pFLAG CMV-2 and pRSC-double vector, and the mutations were confirmed by sequencing. To identify additional members of the BH3-only proteins that are involved in apoptosis, we searched the GenBank™ expressed sequence tag data base for sequences that encode conserved BH3 domain. A mouse partial cDNA clone was identified. Based on its 3′ sequence, PCR primers were generated and used to clone a full-length cDNA that encodes a new Bik-related protein of 150 amino acids (Fig.1 A). This protein shares an overall ∼43% identity with human Bik and a fully conserved BH3 domain of 12 amino acids (Fig. 1 A) that is also present in other Bcl-2 family members (12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar, 16Han J. Sabbatini P. White E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 5857-5864Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar). However, the two proteins are less conserved in the regions N-terminal and C-terminal to the BH3 domain. There are also five deletions in the new protein that make it 10 amino acids shorter than Bik. Based on these criteria and its apoptotic activity (see below), the new protein was designated Bik-like killer (Blk). To determine the distribution of Blk, various mouse tissue mRNA samples were subjected to Northern blot analysis. As shown in Fig. 1 B, the Blk riboprobe detected a ∼0.85-kilobase transcript in the testes, kidney, liver, lung, and heart but not in skeletal muscle, spleen, and brain. The highest expression was seen in the liver and kidney. This restricted expression is different from that observed with human Bik, which is widely expressed in both adult tissues and established cell lines (12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar). Interestingly, the mRNA expression of murine Bid, another BH3-only apoptotic protein, has been shown to be relatively abundant in brain and spleen tissues (8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar). A characteristic feature of members of the Bcl-2 family is the presence of a C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain. This domain might be responsible for the observed association of these proteins with subcellular membranes such as the outer mitochondrial, endoplasmic, and perinuclear membranes. Blk possesses such a domain at its C terminus (residues 130–149) (Fig. 1 A). This and its ability to interact with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL (see below) suggest that it could also associate with these subcellular membranes. To examine this possibility, Blk was expressed in MCF-7 cells as a fusion protein with GFP and then visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy 16 h post-transfection, before it can induce apoptosis. Cells were fixed and also stained with the mitochondrial specific stain MitoTracker™ Red (Fig. 2). Unlike the GFP non-fusion protein (Fig. 2, A–C), the GFP-Blk fusion protein exhibited a punctate fluorescence that colocalized with the MitoTracker™ Red stain (Fig. 2, D–F), suggesting that Blk is predominantly associated with the mitochondrial membranes. The apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family (e.g. Bax) are believed to initiate the apoptotic process stoichiometrically, where the death or survival of the cell depends upon the ratio of the apoptotic to the anti-apoptotic proteins in the cell (21Oltvai Z.N. Korsmeyer S.J. Cell. 1994; 79: 189-192Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (774) Google Scholar). To examine the apoptotic activity of Blk compared with Bik and Bax, increasing amounts of constructs expressing these proteins were transfected into MCF-7 cells, and the number of apoptotic cells were scored. Consistent with previous observations, the three proteins induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, where the apoptotic effect was dependent on the amount of DNA transfected (Fig.3 A). Interestingly, in all our experiments, murine Blk showed higher potency than Bik and Bax. Similar results were observed in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells (data not shown). Consistent with their ability to antagonize the death promoting activity of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, transfected Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were able to suppress the proapoptotic activity of Blk, Bik, and Bax (Fig. 3 B). Bcl-xL was a better inhibitor of apoptosis than Bcl-2 in all these cases. The extent of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-mediated inhibition of apoptosis induced by the three death agonists followed the order Blk < Bik < Bax. This is in correlation with the ability of Blk to induce more apoptosis than Bik and Bax (Fig. 3 A). In addition, the inhibition of apoptosis depends on the ratio of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL to Blk, because increasing this ratio results in more inhibition of apoptosis (Fig. 3 C). These data support earlier observations that the ratio of the pro- to the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins determines whether cells die or survive. All the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members heterodimerize with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. To determine whether Blk can also bind to Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL, in vivo and in vitro binding studies were performed. 35S-Labeled Blk, Bik, or Bax were precipitated with GST, GST-Bcl-2, or GST-Bcl-xL fusion proteins immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose beads (Fig.4 A). Like Bik and Bax, Blk specifically associated with GST-Bcl-2 and GST-Bcl-xL but not with the GST control. This suggests that Blk interacts directly with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Similarly, Blk, Bik, and Bax bound to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL when these proteins were co-expressed in vivo (Fig.4 B). In view of the importance of the BH3 domain in the death agonist activity of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members (8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar, 9Inohara N. Ding L. Chen S. Nunez G. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1686-1694Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 10Zha J. Harada H. Osipov K. Joekel J. Walksman G. Korsmeyer S.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 24101-24104Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar, 11Chittenden T. Flemington C. Houston A.B. Ebb R.G. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Chinnadurai G. Lutz R.J. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 5589-5596Crossref PubMed Scopus (438) Google Scholar, 12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar, 13Zha H. Aime-Sempe C. Sato T. Reed J.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 271: 7440-7444Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (415) Google Scholar, 14Hunter J.J. Parslow T.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 8521-8524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 15Sattler M. Liang H. Nettesheim D. Meadows R.P. Harlan J.E. Eberstadt M. Yoon H.S. Shuker S.B. Chang B.S. Minn A.J. Thompson C.B. Fesik S.N. Science. 1997; 275: 1129-1132Crossref PubMed Scopus (1301) Google Scholar), we introduced mutations in the BH3 domain of Blk to identify critical residues that are essential for its function. The Leu55 and Gly59-Asp60 of Blk are conserved in the BH3 domains of the Bcl-2 family members (Fig. 1 A). Mutations in these three residues have been shown to affect both protein-protein interaction and apoptotic efficiency (8Wang K. Yin X.-M. Chao D.T. Milliman C.L. Korsmeyer S.J. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2859-2869Crossref PubMed Scopus (808) Google Scholar, 9Inohara N. Ding L. Chen S. Nunez G. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1686-1694Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 10Zha J. Harada H. Osipov K. Joekel J. Walksman G. Korsmeyer S.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 24101-24104Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (267) Google Scholar, 11Chittenden T. Flemington C. Houston A.B. Ebb R.G. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Chinnadurai G. Lutz R.J. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 5589-5596Crossref PubMed Scopus (438) Google Scholar, 12Boyd J.M. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Houghton A.B. Malstrom S. Avery B.J. Ebb R.G. Subramanian T. Chittenden T. Lutz R.J. Chinnadurai G. Oncogene. 1995; 11: 1921-1928PubMed Google Scholar, 13Zha H. Aime-Sempe C. Sato T. Reed J.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 271: 7440-7444Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (415) Google Scholar, 14Hunter J.J. Parslow T.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 8521-8524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 15Sattler M. Liang H. Nettesheim D. Meadows R.P. Harlan J.E. Eberstadt M. Yoon H.S. Shuker S.B. Chang B.S. Minn A.J. Thompson C.B. Fesik S.N. Science. 1997; 275: 1129-1132Crossref PubMed Scopus (1301) Google Scholar). To determine the positional importance of Gly59-Asp60 on the function of Blk, we generated two Blk mutants in which either Gly59 (Blk-ΔG59) or Gly59 and Asp60 (Blk-ΔG59-D60) were deleted. As shown in Fig. 4(C and D), Blk-ΔG59 showed drastic reduction in both binding to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and death agonist activity. Deletion of Gly59-Asp60 abrogated both activities which is consistent with that observed in the all BH domains protein Bak (11Chittenden T. Flemington C. Houston A.B. Ebb R.G. Gallo G.J. Elangovan B. Chinnadurai G. Lutz R.J. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 5589-5596Crossref PubMed Scopus (438) Google Scholar). This result demonstrates the importance of these residues in keeping the overall geometry of the BH3 domain, and further confirms the critical role of the BH3 domain in the death agonist activity of Blk. Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and its binding to Apaf-1 triggers a dATP/ATP-dependent activation of caspase-9, the most upstream caspase in the cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic pathway (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar). This pathway can be blocked by an active site dominant negative caspase-9 mutant (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar). Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL can also block this pathway possibly by preventing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria (6Reed J.C. Cell. 1997; 91: 559-562Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (702) Google Scholar). To determine whether the cytochrome c-Apaf-1-caspase-9 pathway is involved in Blk-induced apoptosis, MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with Blk, Bik, or Bax and an inactive caspase-9 C287A mutant. Overexpression of Blk, Bik, and Bax induced apoptosis in nearly 97, 78, and 70% of the cells, respectively (Fig.5 A). The active site mutant of caspase-9 reduced the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis to nearly 52, 20, and 10%, respectively. When caspase-9 mutant was substituted with caspase-8 or caspase-10 dominant negative mutants, which block death receptor-induced apoptosis (19MacFarlane M. Ahmad M. Srinivasula S.M. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Cohen G.M. Alnemri E.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 25417-25420Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (503) Google Scholar), no protection was observed (data not shown). Furthermore, as shown recently for Bik and Bak (22Orth K. Dixit V.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 8841-8844Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar), CrmA, which inhibits caspase-8 but not caspase-9 (23Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Fernandes-Alnemri T. Litwack G. Alnemri E.S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 13706-13711Crossref Scopus (483) Google Scholar), 2R. Hegde, S. M. Srinivasula, M. Ahmad, T. Fernandes-Alnemri, and E. S. Alnemri, unpublished observations. was also ineffective against Blk-, Bik-, and Bax-induced apoptosis (Fig. 5 A). Binding of the active site mutant of caspase-9 to the Apaf-1-cytochrome c complex inactivates this complex and blocks apoptosis by inhibiting activation of the downstream caspase-3, which is directly activated by caspase-9 (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar). Consistent with this, we have shown recently that the caspase-9 mutant can inhibit Bax-induced apoptosis and processing of caspase-3 (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar). Like Bax, transfection of 293 cells with Blk or Bik resulted in processing of caspase-3 (Fig. 5 B). This processing was almost completely blocked when a 4-fold excess of mutant caspase-9 was co-expressed with Blk or Bik (Fig. 5 B). Processing of caspase-7 was also inhibited in these cells (data not shown) by the caspase-9 mutant, suggesting that caspase-3 and -7 are downstream of caspase-9 in Blk-induced apoptosis. Taken together, caspase-9 appears to be the most upstream caspase in the apoptotic pathway triggered by the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. In conclusion, Blk was identified as a novel member of the Bcl-2 family of death regulatory proteins. Like Bik, Bid, and Hrk, Blk shares sequence homology with other family members in the BH3 domain but lacks the conserved BH1, BH2, and BH4 domains. The BH3 domain is essential for the death agonist activity of Blk and its ability to interact with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, because deletions of conserved residues in this domain abolished both activities. This supports a model suggesting that direct interactions between the BH3 domain of Blk and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL is required to suppress the protective activity of these proteins and induce apoptosis. Our data also suggest that Blk, Bik, and Bax induce apoptosis by triggering the formation of the Apaf-1-caspase-9 complex and activation of caspase-9, downstream of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. The precise mechanism by which they trigger this process is not yet known. However, because cytochrome c is required for formation of the Apaf-1-caspase-9 complex (5Li P. Nijhawan D. Budihardjo I. Srinivasula S.M. Ahmad M. Alnemri E.S. Wang X. Cell. 1997; 91: 479-489Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6261) Google Scholar), we hypothesize that they may trigger cytochrome c release from the mitochondria by inhibiting the channel forming activity of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL (4Vander Heiden M.G. Chandel N.S. Williamson E.K. Schumacker P.T. Thompson C.B. Cell. 1997; 91: 627-637Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1242) Google Scholar), which may lead to disruption of the outer mitochondrial membrane. We thank Dr. J. C. Reed for the GST-Bcl-2 and GST-Bcl-xL constructs.
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