Between two kings: Pope Honorius III and the seizure of the kingdom of Jerusalem by Frederick II in 1225
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 41; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/03044181.2014.970661
ISSN1873-1279
Autores Tópico(s)Historical and Linguistic Studies
ResumoAbstractThe consensus on Pope Honorius III (1216–27) is that he was a conciliatory politician who lacked the harder edge possessed by Innocent III, his immediate predecessor, and Gregory IX, his successor. Yet, using overlooked evidence regarding the role of Honorius in Frederick II's seizure of the kingdom of Jerusalem from John of Brienne in 1225, this article reveals that he was capable of acting in a ruthlessly pragmatic manner. It provides a rare case study of the duplicitous uses that could be made of the papal chancery by an early thirteenth-century pope while navigating a difficult diplomatic path between two kings.Keywords: Pope Honorius IIIEmperor Frederick IIJohn of BrienneQueen Isabella II of Jerusalemkingdom of Jerusalemcrusadespapal registers AcknowledgementsI am very grateful to the Leverhulme Trust for the award of a Study Abroad Studentship (2013–15), during which this article was written. I wish to express my gratitude to Bernard Hamilton, Guy Perry and Danica Summerlin for kindly commenting on this article. I also offer my thanks to the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.Notes1 Johannes Clausen, Papst Honorius III. (1216–1227): eine Monographie (Bonn: P. Hauptmann, 1895), 10.2 Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages. 2nd edn. 18 vols. (London: Kegan Paul, 1925–32) 13: 20.3 Ernst Kantorowicz, Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, trans. E.O. Lorimer (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1931), 96.4 Joseph P. Donovan, Pelagius and the Fifth Crusade (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950), 105; cf. 28, for the more favourable assessment.5 Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950–4), 3: 164.6 Thomas Curtis Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 109.7 Peter Partner, The Lands of St Peter: the Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (London: Methuen, 1972), 244.8 Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 220.9 J.N.D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, rev. Michael J. Walsh. 2nd edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 190.10 Raoul Manselli, ‘Onorio III e Federico II: revisione d'un giudizio?’, Studi Romani 11 (1963): 142.11 James M. Powell, ‘Honorius III and the Leadership of the Crusade’, Catholic Historical Review 63 (1977): 531.12 James M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), 110–11.13 Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 149–53; Rebecca Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198–1245 (London: Continuum, 2009), 82–3.14 Marcello Pacifico, Federico II e Gerusalemme al tempo delle crociate: relazioni tra cristianità e islam nello spazio euro-mediterraneo medievale, 1215–1250 (Caltanissetta-Rome: Salvatore Sciascia Editore, 2012), 55–7; Pierre-Vincent Claverie, Honorius III et l'Orient (1216–1227): étude et publication de sources inédites des Archives vaticanes (ASV) (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 271.15 Traditionally Frederick's position as leader-in-waiting of the crusade has been dated to his coronation in 1215, or the spring of 1217. See, respectively, Christopher Tyerman, God's War: a New History of the Crusades (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 625; Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 125. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that this should be pushed forward to the turn of 1218/19: Thomas W. Smith, ‘Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216–1227: a Study in Responsive Papal Government’ (PhD diss., Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013), 61–4, 88.16 Wolfgang Stürner, Friedrich II., 1194–1250. 2 vols. in 1 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009), 2: 91.17 Linda Ross, ‘Frederick II: Tyrant or Benefactor of the Latin East?’, Al-Masaq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean 15 (2003): 151; Vatican City, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Reg[istra] Vat[icana] [hereafter Reg. Vat.] 12, f. 53r: ‘Denique ut ad id plenius suum manifestaret affectum, et plus fidei daretur negotio ac omnino suspitionis contrarie scrupulus tolleretur, ad instantiam patriarche predicti et aliorum orientalium in nostra et fratrum nostrorum presentia et multitudinis hominum qui ad colloquium venerant se ducturum in uxorem legitimam filiam regis eiusdem iurisiurandi religione firmavit’; Petrus Pressutti, ed., Regesta Honorii Papae III. 2 vols. (Rome: Ex Typographica Vaticana, 1888–95), 2: [no.] 4262 [hereafter Pressutti; references are to entry numbers unless otherwise indicated.]18 Reg. Vat. 12, f. 84v: ‘… ut exhiberes circa Christi causam ferventioris devotionis affectum, et ad prosecutionem eius te artius obligans, alios ad id efficacius exhorteris, fastigium excellentie imperialis decenter humilians, ad consilium nostrum et fratrum nostrorum nobilem mulierem Isabellam natam karissimi in Christo filli nostri Iohannis illustris regis Ierosolimitani affidaveris publice in uxorem …’; Pressutti, 2: 4460. See also Claverie, Honorius III et l'Orient, 109.19 Eduard Winkelmann, ed., Acta imperii inedita seculi XIII: Urkunden und Briefe zur Geschichte des Kaiserreichs und des Königreichs Sicilien in den Jahren 1198 bis 1273. 2 vols. (Innsbruck: Verlag der Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1880–5), 1: 237 (no. 261); Ludwig Weiland, ed., Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones 2 (Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1896), 151 (no. 116).20 Augustus Gaudenzi, ed., Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis S. Mariae de Ferraria chronica et Ryccardi de Sancto Germano chronica priora. Società Napoletana di storia patria, Monumenti storici, Serie prima, Cronache 3 (Naples: Francesco Giannini, 1888), 38: ‘Ex consilio vero quidem pape Honorii atque curie Romane idem imperator accepit in matrimonium filiam dicti Iohannis regis Ierosolimitani sibi unicam cum eodem regno sibi pertinenti.’ For discussion of this chronicle and its importance for Honorius' pontificate, see below.21 L'Estoire de Eracles empereur, in Recueil des historiens des croisades: historiens occidentaux, vol. 2 (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1859), 358. On the role of Hermann von Salza, see Stürner, Friedrich II., 2: 93, n. 15. Cf. Nicholas E. Morton, The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land, 1190–1291 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009), 51. On the negotiations and Frederick's promise to John, see Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175–1237 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 124.22 Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277 (London: Macmillan, 1973), 159.23 Stürner, Friedrich II., 2: 93 and n. 15.24 Perry, John of Brienne, 124; Morton, Teutonic Knights, 51.25 David Abulafia, Frederick II: a Medieval Emperor (London: Allen Lane, 1988), 150.26 Perry, John of Brienne, 17.27 Bernard Hamilton, ‘King Consorts of Jerusalem and Their Entourages from the West from 1186 to 1250', in idem, Crusaders, Cathars and the Holy Places (Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1999), chapter 2, 19–20.28 Hamilton, ‘King Consorts of Jerusalem’, 20. See also Peter W. Edbury, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997), 33.29 Hamilton, ‘King Consorts of Jerusalem’, 20–1; Perry, John of Brienne, 67–9; Edbury, John of Ibelin, 32.30 Pacifico, Federico II e Gerusalemme, 150.31 Perry, John of Brienne, 98.32 A point which has not been noted before. Pressutti, 1: 1, 673, 1580, 2320, 2338, 2610; 2: 3931, 6204.33 Pressutti, 1: 2320, 2610; 2: 6204.34 Pressutti, 1: 2610.35 Pressutti, 1: 1580, 2338.36 Pressutti, 1: 1, 673; 2: 3931.37 Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien. 2nd edn. 3 vols. (Leipzig: Veit, 1912–15), 1: 121; Paul Rabikauskas, Diplomatica pontificia. 6th edn (Rome: Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1998), 82.38 Pressutti, 1: 482, 1862, 1867, 1869, 2071, 2207, 2372, 2392, 2650, 2732, 2855, 3378, 3462, 3504; 2: 3519, 3581, 4408, 4460, 4905, 5044, 5566, 5655, 5799, 5828, 5967, 5983, 6023, 6031, 6058, 6144, 6146, 6147, 6149, 6202, 6221, 6249. To compare the total number of letters which concerned or made mention of Frederick and John, see Pressutti, 2: pp. 619, 644.39 Pressutti, 1: 291, 330, 684, 1911, 1912, 3256, 3296; 2: 3764, 4262, 4266, 4299, 4799, 4800, 4855, 4910, 5294, 5312, 5532, 5627, 5702, 5831, 5856, 6156.40 Pressutti, 1: 679, 1522; 2: 3627, 4212, 4998, 5361, 5813, 5825. On the regency, see Peter W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 48–51.41 Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, 75.42 Reg. Vat. 9, f. 1r; Pressutti, 1: 1.43 Compare the letters sent early in Honorius' reign to the French contingent, the crusaders of Cologne and King Andrew II of Hungary, for instance, which deal with specific preparations: Pressutti, 1: 14, 284, 291, 330, 371.44 Reg. Vat. 9, f. 138r: ‘Cum karissimi in Christo filii Ungarie rex illustris dux Austrie ac alii multi magnates magnamines et magnifici ad subsidium Terre Sancte inspirante Domino aspirantes in nativitate beate Marie Deo propitio apud Ciprum disposuerint convenire, ut secundum tue discretionis consilium in negotio Christi ordinate procedant, sicut idem rex tue celsitudini per suas litteras dicitur intimare, serenitatem rem, rogamus et monemus attentes quatinus sicut causam Christi zelaris, eis illuc per te vel sollempnes nuntios occurrere non omittas impensurus eisdem, prout tua noscitur specialiter interesse consilium et auxilium oportunum’; Pressutti, 1: 673. Compare also the similar letter sent on the same day to a number of Italian clergy informing them of the meeting and urging them to preach the crusade: Pressutti, 1: 672.45 See also Perry, John of Brienne, 91 and n. 7.46 Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 130.47 Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, 74–5.48 Perry, John of Brienne, 91.49 Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, 46.50 Edbury, Kingdom of Cyprus, 47.51 Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 133, 141.52 Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 112, although I disagree with the argument that this took place by summer 1217 – see above.53 Perry, John of Brienne, 79–80.54 Donovan, Pelagius and the Fifth Crusade, 71; Mayer, Crusades, 225.55 Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, in Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, späteren Bischofs von Paderborn und Kardinal-Bischofs von S. Sabina, ed. H. Hoogeweg (Tübingen: Gedruckt für den litterarischen Verein in Stuttgart, 1894), 244; Louis de Mas Latrie, ed., Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier (Paris: Jules Renouard, 1871), 423.56 Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, 248–50; Jacques de Vitry, Lettres de la Cinquième Croisade, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, trans. G. Duchet-Suchaux (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), 164.57 Runciman, History of the Crusades, 3: 164–5.58 Perry, John of Brienne, 111–14.59 Reg. Vat. 10, f. 161v: ‘Cum a nobis petitur, etc. usque, effectum. Sane tua nobis serenitas supplicavit, ut regnum Armenie quod ad te ratione karissime in Christo filie nostre H. regine uxoris tue hereditario iure asseris pertinere, tibi tuisque heredibus confirmare de benignitate sedis apostolice dignaremur. Nos igitur tuis iustis postulationibus grato concurrentes assensu, ius quod in ipso regno habere dinosceris, sicut illud rationabiliter obtines, tibi tuisque heredibus auctoritate apostolica confirmamus'; Pressutti, 1: 2320.60 Jane E. Sayers, Papal Government and England During the Pontificate of Honorius III (1216–1227) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 104.61 Runciman, History of the Crusades, 3: 164.62 Reg. Vat. 11, f. 7r: ‘Licet igitur confidamus quod tu hec prudenter attendens evitabis aliquid attemptare per quod perire ac evacuari posset totus labor quem hactenus pro Terra Sancta subiit populus Christianus, ex habundanti tamen sub obtentu gratie divine ac nostre et sub anathematis pena tibi auctoritate presentium districtissime inhibemus, ne hoc tempore aliquatenus arma moveas contra ipsos Armenos aut quoslibet alios Christianos, sed studeas ut tota Christianitas ultramarina in unitate consistat, et venerabili fratre nostro Pelagio Albanensi episcopo apostolice sedis legato qui strenuitatem tuam frequenter suis nobis litteris commendavit, sicut persone nostre reverenter intendens, studeas quod commune populi Christiani negotium desideratum largiente Domino consequatur effectum, postmodum tuis specialibus commodis operam decentius utiliusque daturus'; Pressutti, 1: 2610.63 Jacques de Vitry, Lettres de la Cinquième Croisade, 164.64 Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis, 38: ‘… [Honorius] habuit amicitiam maximam cum imperatore Frederico …’65 On the chronicle, see Lorenzo Lozzi Gallo, ‘Chronica Romanorum pontificum et imperatorum ac de rebus in Apulia gestis', in The Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, ed. Graeme Dunphy. 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 1: 412. Regarding the chronicler's knowledge of curial affairs and his reliability, see Maria L. Taylor, ‘The Election of Innocent III’, in The Church and Sovereignty, c.590–1918: Essays in Honour of Michael Wilks, ed. Diana Wood. Studies in Church History Subsidia 9 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 98, 102, 108.66 For Honorius' support of the Order: Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis, 38. On Frederick's excommunication: Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis, 39. For mention of his visit to the monastery in 1229: Abulafia, Frederick II, 285. I have been unable to examine a copy of Giovanna Bonardi, ‘La cronaca di Santa Maria di Ferraria (741–1228): struttura, fonti e contesto storico di una cronaca del regno’ (PhD diss., Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2001): the abstract notes that Frederick enjoyed very good relations with the monastery, even during his excommunication, http://www.rmojs.unina.it/index.php/rm/article/view/234/227 (Accessed 5 February 2014).67 Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis, 39.68 Barbara Bombi, ‘L'Ordine Teutonico nell'Italia centrale: la casa romana dell'Ordine e l'ufficio del procuratore generale’, in L'Ordine Teutonico nel Mediterraneo: atti del Convegno internazionale di studio Torre Alemanna (Cerignola) – Mesagne – Lecce, 16–18 ottobre 2003, ed. Hubert Houben (Galatina: Mario Congedo Editore, 2004), 205. See also Morton, Teutonic Knights, 37.69 Morton, Teutonic Knights, 40; E. Strehlke, ed., Tabulae ordinis Theutonici: ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum (Berlin: apud Weidmannos, 1869), 322 (no. 368).70 See the historiography above. On the reactive character of Honorius' crusade policy, see Thomas W. Smith, ‘Honorius III and the Crusade: Responsive Papal Government Versus the Memory of his Predecessors', in The Church on its Past, eds. Peter D. Clarke and Charlotte Methuen. Studies in Church History 49 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2013), 99–109; Smith, ‘Pope Honorius and the Holy Land Crusades', especially 325–7.71 Reg. Vat. 10, f. 132v: ‘… expetivimus et expectavimus excusationes probabiles …’; Pressutti, 1: 2207.72 Reg. Vat. 11, f. 141v: ‘Si aliqua tue celsitudini scribimus, que utcumque amara videntur, cum ea ex sincero amore procedant, egre ferre non debes, sed illa te decet potius omnimodis acceptare, quia pater filium quem diligit corripit, et Dominus quos amat, arguit et castigat’; Pressutti, 1: 3462.73 Reg. Vat. 10, f. 169v: ‘Sinceris, fili karissime, fulgebat affectibus, et ferventis animi desiderium exponebat pagina, quam misisti, devotione plena, humilitate non vacua; que dum perceptorum beneficiorum memoriam replicat, et offert ad gratiarum vicissitudinem apparatum. Habet mater ecclesia in tali ac tanto filio, ut gaudeat de collatis, habet etiam providere, ut et in conferendis de adiectionis plenitudine nil omittat’; Pressutti, 1: 2372. Cf. Van Cleve, Emperor Frederick II, 114–16.74 R.L. Poole, Lectures on the History of the Papal Chancery Down to the Time of Innocent III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915), 42.75 See Stürner, Friedrich II., 2: 95.76 Stürner, Friedrich II., 2: 96; Perry, John of Brienne, 133.77 Clausen, Papst Honorius III., 203–5; Mann, Lives of the Popes, 13: 77–8; Donovan, Pelagius and the Fifth Crusade, 109; Van Cleve, Emperor Frederick II, 165, 167; Abulafia, Frederick II, 153; Perry, John of Brienne, 124.78 Ross, ‘Frederick II’, 152. See also Olaf B. Rader, Friedrich II., der Sizilianer auf dem Kaiserthron: eine Biographie (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2010), 398; Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, 160.79 Ross, ‘Frederick II’, 153. See also Edbury, John of Ibelin, 41.80 Ross, ‘Frederick II’, 152–3.81 See above and Jacques de Vitry, Lettres de la Cinquième Croisade, 164.82 Perry, John of Brienne, 137; Claverie, Honorius III et l'Orient, 116.83 Rudolf Hiestand, ‘Ierusalem et Sicilie rex – Zur Titulatur Friedrichs II.’, Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 52 (1996): 181, 184; Van Cleve, Emperor Frederick II, 167; Perry, John of Brienne, 139, 156.84 Pressutti, 2: 5967, 6202.85 Perry, John of Brienne, 139.86 Reg. Vat. 13, ff. 124r–26r; Pressutti, 2: 5967.87 Pressutti, 2: 5967. Compare with the text given in the note directly below.88 Reg. Vat. 13, ff. 125v–26r: ‘Ad hec de viro egregio socero tuo si ad nostram pervenisset notitiam quod de hiis que tibi facere debuit obmisisset, nostra eum non preteriret monitio quem tibi desideramus acceptum et te illi potissime gratiosum. In quo movet multorum corda miratio, qui cum consueverint alii crescere ex affinitate maiorum, iste non sine multorum scandalo, non sine Terre Sancte dispendio, non sine tui nominis lesione decrevisse videtur. Et quidem hiis similia magnificorum principum gesta non continent, sublimium mores ignorant, liberalium largitas non acceptat. Non sic illius Terre procuratur utilitas, non sic ad eius subsidium bellatores strenui advocantur’ (my emphasis); Pressutti, 2: 5967.89 Morton, Teutonic Knights, 52.90 Reg. Vat. 13, f. 164r: ‘Denique per factum inter te ac ipsum regem dissidium multorum devotio circa Terre Sancte subsidium, ut dicitur refrigescit, quam facies recalescere, si ad ipsum regem tuum ut decet vultum et animum curaveris serenare. Desiderantes ergo hanc quasi quandam nebulam a tui serenitate nominis removere, ac simul pro ipsius Terre Sancte subsidio cui tua et eisdem regis reconciliatio est plurimum necessaria satagentes, serenitatem tuam monemus, rogamus, et obsecramus in Domino Ihesu Christo postulantes pro munere speciali, quatinus tecum ipse recogitans quam absurdum sit tantum et talem virum occasione affinitatis tue magnificentie deprimi, cum solam familiaritatem tue sublimitatis adeptos, per eam deceat exaltari, ac sepedicte Terre Sancte utilitatem attendens, dictum regem in imperialis gratie plenitudinem reassumas, eumque tibi sic efficaciter reconcilies, quod tui serenitatem animi erga eum ipsa exhibitione operis manifestes'; Pressutti, 2: 6202.91 Translated in Perry, John of Brienne, 141.92 Reg. Vat. 13, f. 164r: ‘Omnes qui hec audiunt vehementer admirantur et dicunt … [rhetorical questions on the Holy Land] … Hec et similia parvi loquuntur et magni, admirantes super huiusmodi facto, et illud ut loquamur verius detestantes'; Pressutti, 2: 6202.93 Pressutti, 2: 6203, 6204.94 Perry, John of Brienne, 139.95 See also Claverie, Honorius III et l'Orient, 116.96 Hiestand, ‘Zur Titulatur Friedrichs II.’, 181, 184; Van Cleve, Emperor Frederick II, 167; Abulafia, Frederick II, 153; Perry, John of Brienne, 139, 156.97 Reg. Vat. 13, f. 157; Pressutti, 2: 6145.98 Abulafia, Frederick II, 154–7.99 Perry, John of Brienne, 140.100 Björn K.U. Weiler, Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216–1272 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006), 29.101 Marco Rainini, ‘Guala da Bergamo e la curia romana (1219–1230): relazioni, incarichi e problemi di definizione’, in Legati e delegati papali: profili, ambiti d'azione e tipologie di intervento nei secoli XII–XIII, eds. Maria Pia Alberzoni and Claudia Zey (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2012), 139 n. 36.102 Stürner, Friedrich II., 2: 113.103 My italics. Reg. Vat. 13, f. 157r; Pressutti, 2: 6145.104 On the importance of the use of the correct style, Pierre Chaplais, English Diplomatic Practice in the Middle Ages (London: Hambledon Press, 2003), 102–3.105 Pressutti, 2: 6142, 6145.106 Reg. Vat. 13, f. 157r: ‘… Fredericum Romanorum imperatorem illustrem [superscript insertion; different hand?] semper [gap] semper [sic] augustum et regem Sicilie …’; Pressutti, 2: 6145. This scribal error is not mentioned in Carl Rodenberg's (generally reliable) printed edition, which has seen much greater use by scholars than the register manuscripts: Carl Rodenberg, ed., Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum Romanorum, vol. 1. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1 (Berlin: apud Weidmannos, 1883), 250–1 (no. 331).107 Reg. Vat. 13, f. 157v; Pressutti, 2: 6144.108 See Pressutti, 2: 4792, 4831, 4839, 4903, 4904, 4919, 4920, 4979, 4980, 5044, 5081, 5102, 5566, 5575, 5610, 5655, 5799, 5828, 5967, 5983, 6023, 6031, 6036, 6058, 6059, 6060, 6132, 6133, 6147, 6149, 6155, 6156, 6160, 6202, 6271, 6280.109 Pressutti, 2: 5974.110 See, for instance, the common use of oral messages to supplement written documents regarding secret or sensitive political matters: Chaplais, English Diplomatic Practice, 78.111 Under Innocent III Gerald of Wales was permitted to examine the registers and, on another occasion, a thief gained access to the registers and cut out an entire leaf. See respectively: H.E. Butler, ed. and trans., The Autobiography of Gerald of Wales. New edn. (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005), 192–4; Uta-Renate Blumenthal, ‘Papal Registers in the Twelfth Century’, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Medieval Canon Law, Cambridge 23–27 July 1984, ed. Peter Linehan. Monumenta Iuris Canonici, Series C, Subsidia 8 (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1988), 146–7.112 Ignoti monachi Cisterciensis, 38: ‘Ex consilio vero quidem pape Honorii atque curie Romane idem imperator accepit in matrimonium filiam dicti Iohannis regis Ierosolimitani sibi unicam cum eodem regno sibi pertinenti. Quod cum idem rex nollet ipsum in possexionem civitatum Acri et Suri et aliarum civitatum ipsius regni et imperator vellet eas accipere, versa est amicitia in inimicitiam.’Additional informationThomas W. Smith holds a PhD from Royal Holloway, University of London, where he wrote a thesis entitled ‘Pope Honorius III and the Holy Crusades, 1216–1227: a Study in Responsive Papal Government’. Between 2012 and 2013 he held a Scouloudi Junior Research Fellowship at the Institute of Historical Research, London. He is currently pursuing postdoctoral research into thirteenth-century papal petitions at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, funded by a Leverhulme Trust Study Abroad Studentship (2013–15).
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