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Negating the Legacy of Jihad in Palestine

2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 13; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13537120701445265

1743-9086

Andrew G. Bostom,

African history and culture analysis

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Edward W. Said, The Question of Palestine, New York, 1980, pp. 89–90. 2. Jacques Ellul, Foreword to Les Chretientes d'Orient entre Jihad et Dhimmitude. VIIe–XXe siecle, Paris, 1991, pp. 18–19. 3. Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk), Vol. 12, The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, trans. Yohanan Friedman, Albany, NY, 1992, p. 167. 4. The Noble Qur'an, available at http:// www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/; translation by Sahih Bukhari, available at http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/; translation by Sahih Muslim, available at http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/. 5. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqudimmah. An Introduction to History, Vol. 1, trans. Franz Rosenthal, New York, 1958, p. 473. 6. The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali, trans. W.M. Watt, Oxford, 1953, p. 13. 7. Al-Ghazali, Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi'i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190–191, 199–200, 202–203. English translation by Dr. Michael Schub in Andrew G. Bostom (ed.), The Legacy of Jihad—Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims, Amherst, NY, 2005, p. 199. 8. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, especially pp. 24–124, 368–681. 9. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 190–195. 10. Cited in Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 31. 11. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 29–37. 12. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 199. 13. Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, trans. Ethel Broido, Cambridge and New York, 1992, p. 11. 14. Gil, A History of Palestine, p. 11. 15. Richard Bell, The Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment, London, 1926, pp. 134–135, 151, 159–161. 16. Demetrios Constantelos, ‘Greek Christian and Other Accounts of the Moslem Conquests of the Near East’, in Demetrios Constantelos (ed.), Christian Hellenism: Essays and Studies in Continuity and Change, New Rochelle, NY, 1998, pp. 125–126. 17. Gil, A History of Palestine, p. 2. 18. Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 15, 20; Constantelos, ‘Greek Christian and Other Accounts of the Moslem Conquests of the Near East’, pp. 126–130. 19. Bat Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, Cranbury, NJ, 1996, p. 44; Bat Ye'or, ‘Islam and the Dhimmis’, Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol. 42 (1987), p. 85; Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 61, 169–170; Naphtali Lewis, ‘New Light on the Negev in Ancient Times’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Vol. 80 (1948), pp. 116–117; Constantelos, ‘Greek Christian and Other Accounts of the Moslem Conquests of the Near East’, pp. 127–128; Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitah Futuh al-Buldan), trans. Philip K. Hitti, London, 1916, p. 217. 20. Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 471–474; Constantelos, ‘Greek Christian and Other Accounts of the Moslem Conquests of the Near East, p. 135. 21. Gil, A History of Palestine, p. 474. 22. Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, p. 74. 23. Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahre, part 4, trans. Jean-Baptiste Chabot, Paris, 1895, p. 112. English translation in Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, p. 74. 24. Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 474–475. 25. Gil, A History of Palestine, p.159; Q16:63—‘By God, We [also] sent [Our apostles] to peoples before thee; but Satan made, [to the wicked] their own acts seem alluring: he is also their patron today, but they shall have a most grievous penalty’; Q5:72—‘They do blaspheme who say: “Allah is Christ the son of Mary.” But said Christ: “O Children of Israel! worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever joins other gods with Allah,—Allah will forbid him the garden, and the Fire will be his abode. There will for the wrong-doers be no one to help.’ Q58:19—‘The devil hath engrossed them and so hath caused them to forget remembrance of Allah. They are the devil's party. Lo! is it not the devil's party who will be the losers?’; Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, p. 84. 26. Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 371–379. 27. Moshe Gil, ‘Dhimmi Donations and Foundations for Jerusalem (638–1099)’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 37 (1984), pp. 166–167. 28. Gil, A History of Palestine, pp. 412–416. 29. Julius Greenstone, in his essay, ‘The Turcoman Defeat at Cairo’, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 22 (1906), pp. 144–175, provides a translation of this poem (excerpted, pp. 164–165) by Solomon ha-Kohen b. Joseph (believed to be a descendant of the Geonim, an illustrious family of Palestinian Jews of priestly descent), which includes the poet's recollection of the previous Turcoman conquest of Jerusalem during the eighth decade of the eleventh century. Greenstone comments (p. 152), ‘As appears from the poem, the conquest of Jerusalem by Atsiz was very sorely felt by the Jews. The author dwells at great length on the cruelties perpetrated against the inhabitants of the city’. 30. For example, Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge, 1951, pp. 286–287; Gil, A History of Palestine, p. 827 notes, ‘The Christians violated their promise to the inhabitants that they would be left alive, and slaughtered some 20,000 to 30,000 people, a figure which may be an exaggeration. 31. Isaac b. Samuel of Acre. Osar Hayyim (Treasure Store of Life) (Hebrew). Ms. Gunzburg 775 fol. 27b. Lenin State Library, Moscow, (English translation in, Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, Cranbury, NJ, 1985, pp. 352–354.) 32. Samuel b. Ishaq Uceda, Lehem dim'ah (The Bread of Tears) (Hebrew), Venice, 1606. (English translation in Ye'or, The Dhimmi, p. 354. 33. Bat Ye'or, Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide, Cranbury, NJ, 2001, p. 318. 34. Gedaliah of Siemiatyce, Sha'alu Shelom Yerushalayim (Pray for the Peace of Jerusalem), (Hebrew), Berlin, 1716, (English translation in, Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, pp. 377–380.) 35. Edouard Engelhardt, La Turquie et La Tanzimat, 2 Vols., 1882, Paris, Vol. 1 p. 111, Vol. 2 p. 171; English translation in, Bat Ye'or, Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide, Cranbury, NJ, 2001, pp. 431–432; Reports from Her Majesty's Consuls Relating to the Condition of the Christians in Turkey, 1867 vol., pp. 5, 29. See also other related reports by various consuls and vice-consuls, in the 1860 vol., p. 58; the 1867 vol., pp. 4–6, 14–15; and the 1867 vol., part 2, p. 3 (all cited in, Vahakn Dadrian, Warrant for Genocide, New Brunswick, NJ, Chapter 2, pp. 26–27, n. 4); see also extensive excerpts from these reports in Ye'or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam, pp. 409–433; and Roderick Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian–Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century’, American Historical Review, Vol. 59, pp. 848, 855, 859, 864. 36. Published in Albert M. Hyamson, The British Consulate in Jerusalem (in relation to the Jews of Palestine), London, 1939, p. 261. 37. Tudor Parfitt, The Jews of Palestine, 1800–1882, Suffolk, 1987, pp. 168, 172–173. 38. Yair Auron, The Banality of Indifference, New Brunswick, NJ, 2000, p. 77. 39. Musa Kazem el-Husseini (President Palestinian Arab Congress), to High Commissioner for Palestine, 10 December 1920 (trans. 2 January 1921), Israel State Archives, R.G. 2, Box 10, File 244. 40. Shai Lachman, ‘Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929–39: The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement’, in Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds.), Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel, London, 1982, p. 72. 41. Joseph B. Schechtman, The Mufti and the Führer, New York, 1965; Zvi Elpeleg, The Grand Mufti Haj Amin Al-Hussaini, trans. David Harvey, London, 1993; Yossef Bodansky, Islamic Anti-Semitism as a Political Instrument, Houston, TX, 1999, p. 29; Jennie Lebel, Hajj Amin ve Berlin (Hajj Amin and Berlin), Tel Aviv, 1996; Jan Wanner, ‘Amin al-Husayni and Germany's Arab Policy in the Period 1939–1945’, Archiv Orientalni, Vol. 54 (1986), p. 244, observes, ‘His appeals... addressed to the Bosnian Muslims were... close in many respects to the argumentation used by contemporary Islamic fundamentalists... the Mufti viewed only as a new interpretation of the traditional concept of the Islamic community (umma) sharing with Nazism common enemies’. 42. Schechtman, The Mufti and the Führer, p. 151. 43. Schechtman, The Mufti and the Führer, pp. 152–163; Jan Wanner, in his 1986 analysis (‘Amin al-Husayni and Germany's Arab Policy’, p. 243) of the Mufti's collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II, concluded,br/>the darkest aspect of the Mufti's activities in the final stage of the war was undoubtedly his personal share in the extermination of Europe's Jewish population. On May 17, 1943, he wrote a personal letter to Ribbentrop, asking him to prevent the transfer of 4,500 Bulgarian Jews, 4,000 of them children, to Palestine. In May and June of the same year, he sent a number of letters to the governments of Bulgaria, Italy, Rumania, and Hungary, with the request not to permit even individual Jewish emigration and to allow the transfer of Jews to Poland where, he claimed they would be ‘under active supervision.’ The trials of Eichmann's henchmen, including Dieter Wislicency who was executed in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, confirmed that this was not an isolated act by the Mufti. 44. Efraim Karsh, Arafat's War, New York, 2003. 45. Walid Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, Boulder, CO, 1995; Farid El-Khazen, The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon—1967–1976, Cambridge, 2000. 46. Karsh, Arafat's War, p. 117. A decade and one half earlier, upon Khomeini's rise to power in Iran, Arafat immediately cabled the Ayatollah relaying these shared jihadist sentiments (13 February 1979): ‘I pray Allah to guide your step along the path of faith and Holy War (jihad) in Iran, continuing the combat until we arrive at the walls of Jerusalem, where we shall raise the flags of our two revolutions.’ Quote from, Bat Ye'or, ‘Aspects of the Arab-Israeli Conflict’, Wiener Library Bulletin, Vol. 32 (1979), p. 68. 47. Raphael Israeli, Islamikaze: Manifestations of Islamic Martyrology, London, 2003. 48. For example, see Ye'or, The Dhimmi, pp. 391–394, and Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis (Galleys), Cranbury, NJ, 2005, pp. 288–290, 295. 49. Excerpts from Ye'or, Eurabia, pp. 314–319. 50. Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), ‘Muslim–Christian Tensions in the Israeli-Arab Community’, 2 August 1999, available at memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page = archives&Area = sd&ID = SP4199; MEMRI, ‘A Friday Sermon on PA TV:... We Must Educate our Children on the Love of Jihad’, 11 July 2001, available at memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page = archives&Area = sd&ID = SP24001. 51. ‘Muslim–Christian Tensions in the Israeli–Arab Community’, available at memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page = archives&Area = sd&ID = SP4199. 52. Ibn Warraq, ‘Edward Said and the Saidists: Or, Third World Intellectual Terrorism’, in Robert Spencer (ed.), The Myth of Islamic Tolerance, Amherst, NY, 2004, p. 511. 53. Warraq, ‘Edward Said and the Saidists’, p. 511. 54. Warraq, ‘Edward Said and the Saidists’, p. 511. 55. Warraq, ‘Edward Said and the Saidists’, p. 476. The original 1979 edition as well as the 1994 reissued edition of Orientalism both contain this howler, supporting the notion that the use of the word ‘eschatological’ instead of the appropriate ‘scatological’ was not a mere typographical error. Here is the relevant paragraph from p. 68 of both editions: ‘Mohammed's punishment, which is also his eternal fate, is a peculiarly disgusting one: he is endlessly being cleft in two from his chin to his anus like, Dante says, a cask whose staves are ripped apart. Dante's verse at this point spares the reader none of the eschatological [sic: should be “scatological”] detail that so vivid a punishment entails: Mohammed's entrails and his excrement are described with unflinching accuracy.’ 56. Ye'or, The Dhimmi, p. 116. 57. Ye'or, The Dhimmi, pp. 122–123. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAndrew G. BostomAndrew G. Bostom is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.