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Early military industry in Denmark-Norway, 1500–1814

2013; Routledge; Volume: 38; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/03468755.2013.818913

1502-7716

Gunner Lind,

Balkan and Eastern European Studies

AbstractFrom the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Danish-Norwegian state sponsored the development of military industry essentially capable of covering all needs of the army and navy. Most establishments continued into the 20th century. This industry was concentrated in Denmark, despite the generally more favourable industrial environment in Norway. The military industry was, however, tightly integrated with the military itself and thus located within reach of the main base in Copenhagen. Despite the importance of private management and, increasingly, private ownership, the industry existed as a spinoff, dependent on the expertise of officers as well as the custom of the army and navy.Keywords: military industryarms productionarms industryabsolutismdockyardsgunpowdergunfoundry Notes1. 1 Size of the armed forces: Lind, ‘Military and Absolutism’, 222.2. 2 See the references at the end of this article.3. 3 Aspects are described in Hoff, Ældre dansk bøssemageri; Dahl, Blant pistolsmeder og bøssemakere.4. 4 Christensen, Tiden indtil 1730, 44, 53, 104–5, 142; Jørgensen, Tiden 1730–1820, 160.5. 5 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri; Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 27–57, 69–83, 99.6. 6 Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 29–56; Jacobsen and Rasmussen, Friderichs Wærk, 7–9.7. 7 Barfod, ‘Donse Krudtværk’, 7–15.8. 8 Ottendal, ‘Arbejdsstyrken på Frederiksværk’, 20.9. 9 Zachariae, ‘Orlogsværftet’, 1–22; Steensen, Flåden, 42–68; Bellamy, Christian IV, 99–185; Johannessen, ‘Byggingen av en norsk galeiflåte’.10. 10 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri; Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’; Blom, ‘Blidemestre’; Blom, Ældre danske Metal og Jern Stykker; Nordentoft, Gjethuset og Artilleriets Kadetskoler; Eriksen, Frederiks-Værk.11. 11 Blom, Ældre danske Metal og Jern Stykker, VIII; Ottendal, ‘Arbejdsstyrken’, 19–20, Eriksen, Frederiks-Værk, 33, 35–6; Christensen, Frederiksværk, 56–8.12. 12 Blom, Ældre danske Metal og Jern Stykker, VIII, 128–59; Opstad, Moss Jernverk, 80–184, Vogt, De gamle norske jernverk, 6–22; Mortensen, Dansk artilleri, 213; Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri, 237.13. 13 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri, 90–3; Valentiner, Den gamle geværfabrik, 9–16; Jensen, Jespersen, and Lind, Danmarks Krigshistorie, 424; Nielsen, Danske Blankvåben, XV; Christensen, Tiden indtil 1730, 77–8.14. 14 Valentiner, Den gamle geværfabrik, 20; Malmberg, Belgierne i Hellebæk, 7; ‘Hammermøllens Historie’; Nielsen, Danske Blankvåben, XVI–XVIII, XX–XXI; Løvschall, Den nye Th. Møller, 18, 20–1; Jørgensen, Tiden 1730–1820, 195.15. 15 Seerup, ‘Søetaten’, 131.16. 16 The authoritative work on this is Redlich, The German Military Enterpriser.17. 17 Seerup, Søetaten, 105–209.18. 18 Løvschall, Den nye Th. Møller, 17–18.19. 19 Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 78–80.20. 20 Larsen, ‘Våbenværket i Broby’, 25; Steensen, Flåden, 60; Opstad, Moss Jernverk, 77–83.21. 21 ‘Hammermøllens Historie’.22. 22 Barfod, ‘Donse Krudtværk’, 9.23. 23 Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 27–83.24. 24 Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’.25. 25 Ibid., 408–10.26. 26 Jacobsen and Rasmussen, Friderichs Wærk, 33–9; Jensen, ‘Det franske kanonværk’, 13–17.27. 27 Vendeldorf, Classens værk, 35–7; Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 58–60.28. 28 Nyrop, Johan Frederik Classen, 421; Christensen, Frederiksværk, 24–50.29. 29 Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’, 393.30. 30 Nyrop, Johan Frederik Classen, 447.31. 31 Ibid., 33–49; Paludan Müller, Generalmajor Classen, 11–15.32. 32 Bricka, Dansk biografisk Lexikon, vol. VII, 45, vol. XI, 140–3.33. 33 Hanssen, Egelands Jernverk, 3–6.34. 34 Seerup, Søetaten, 405–8.35. 35 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri, 91–2.36. 36 Lind, Danmark og Øresund.37. 37 Christensen, Frederiksværk, 56–8.38. 38 Glete, War and the State, 58–9.39. 39 Malmberg, Belgierne i Hellebæk.40. 40 Opstad, Moss Jernverk, 186.41. 41 Ottendal, Arbejdsstyrken, 25–6.42. 42 Barfod and Jensen, Bogen om krudt, 27–57, 78–83; Barfod, ‘Donse Krudtværk’, 6–10.43. 43 Bellamy, Christian IV, 104–14; Steensen, Flåden, vol. 2, 63–4.44. 44 Opstad, Moss Jernverk, 87, 90.45. 45 Ibid., 87, 105.46. 46 Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’, 394–5.47. 47 Aagesen, Bronzeartilleriet, 9; Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’, 413; Ottendal, Arbejdsstyrken, 13.48. 48 Christensen, Frederiksværk, 26–7.49. 49 Ottendal, Arbejdsstyrken, 24.50. 50 Blom, ‘Danske Stykkestøbere’, 381–5, 392–3, 419–20; Aagesen, Bronzeartilleriet, 112.51. 51 Falster, Nogle Fortællinger, 110–87; Ottendal, Arbejdsstyrken, 24; Aagesen, Bronzeartilleriet, 26–7.52. 52 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri, 46; Jacobsen and Rasmussen, Friderichs Wærk, 7–11.53. 53 Blom, Ældre danske Metal, 14, 82–114, 142–248.54. 54 ‘Arma Dania, tidslinjer’; Nielsen, Danske Blankvåben, XVI–XIX.55. 55 Blom, Kristian den Fjerdes Artilleri, 51, 91; Opstad, Moss Jernverk, 81–9; Budde-Lund, Om Geværfabricationen; Budde-Lund, Om Sabelfabrikation; Jacobsen and Rasmussen, Friderichs Wærk, 7, 13; Budde-Lund, Haandskydevaabnenes Historie, 153–4.56. 56 Steensen, Flåden, vol. 2, 61–8; Rasmussen, ‘The Royal Danish-Norwegian Dockyard’; Rasmussen, ‘Henrik Gerner’; Høj, F.C.H. Hohlenberg.57. 57 Lind, ‘Den dansk-norske hær’; Seerup, Søkadetakademiet.Additional informationNotes on contributorsGunner LindGunner Lind (b. 1953) is Professor of early modern history at the University of Copenhagen. Main research interests include the development of the early modern state and the social elites and early modern and modern armies and warfare. Address: SAXO Institute, History Department, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens vej 4, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. [email: lind@hum.ku.dk]