Natural History of Mitral Stenosis: A Review
1972; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 45; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/01.cir.45.4.878
ISSN1524-4539
Autores Tópico(s)Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 45, No. 4Natural History of Mitral Stenosis: A Review Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBNatural History of Mitral Stenosis: A Review ARTHUR SELZER and KEITH E. COHN ARTHUR SELZERARTHUR SELZER From the Cardiology Unit, Presbyterian Hospital and the Heart Research Institute, the Institute of Medical Sciences, Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California. and KEITH E. COHNKEITH E. COHN From the Cardiology Unit, Presbyterian Hospital and the Heart Research Institute, the Institute of Medical Sciences, Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California. Originally published1 Apr 1972https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.45.4.878Circulation. 1972;45:878–890 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Misfeld M (2022) Mitralklappenchirurgie der letzten 50 JahreMitral valve surgery over the last 50 years, Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, 10.1007/s00398-021-00477-4, 36:1, (8-18), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022. Cho M, Kim M, Lee S, Lee S, Kim D, Kim J, Song J, Nam G, Kim S, Kang D and Choi K (2022) Comparison of Dabigatran Versus Warfarin Treatment for Prevention of New Cerebral Lesions in Valvular Atrial Fibrillation, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.050, 175, (58-64), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022. Gadioli L, Costa F, Moreira H, Crescêncio J, Bertini C, Marques F, Romano M, Junior L and Schmidt A (2022) Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Assess Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease: A Comparative Study With Echocardiography, Current Problems in Cardiology, 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101230, (101230), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2022. Shadrach B, Tiwari D, Deokar K, Shahi S, Agarwal M and Goel R (2021) Post partum dyspnoea: look beyond the lungs , Breathe, 10.1183/20734735.0114-2020, 17:1, (200114), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021. Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, Pepi M, Tsang T, Gerber B, Soulat-Dufour L, Habib G, Lancellotti P, Evangelista A, Cujec B, Fine N, Andrade M, Sprynger M, Dweck M, Edvardsen T, Popescu B, Bertrand P, Galderisi M, Haugaa K, Sade L, Stankovic I and Cosyns B (2021) EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.1093/ehjci/jeab008, 22:6, (e24-e57), Online publication date: 10-May-2021. Kasamsetty S, Suranagi M, Ramalingam R and Subramani K (2021) Early Assessment of Left Atrial Appendicular Velocities in Patients Undergoing Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty, Journal of The Indian Academy of Echocardiography & Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.4103/jiae.jiae_65_20, 5:3, (190), . Hauge S, Dalen H, Estensen M, Persson R, Abebe S, Mekonnen D, Nega B, Solholm A, Farstad M, Bogale N, Graven T, Nielssen N, Brekke H, Vikenes K and Haaverstad R (2021) Short-term outcome after open-heart surgery for severe chronic rheumatic heart disease in a low-income country, with comparison with an historical control group: an observational study, Open Heart, 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001706, 8:2, (e001706), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2021. John B and Lau C (2021) Atrial Fibrillation in Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, 10.1016/j.ccep.2020.11.007, 13:1, (113-122), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021. Fu J, Li Y, Zhang H, Han J, Jiao Y, Du J and Meng X (2021) Outcomes of mitral valve repair compared with replacement for patients with rheumatic heart disease, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.01.053, 162:1, (72-82.e7), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2021. Zabolotskikh I, Bautin A, Bayalieva A, Grigoriev S, Zamyatin M, Kirov M and Lebedinskii K (2020) Perioperative management of patients with valvular heart disease, Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya, 10.17116/anaesthesiology20200416:4, (6), . Ghosh A, Kapoor A, Khanna R, Sahu A, Kumar S, Garg N, Tewari S and Goel P (2020) A pilot study on the acute conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in rheumatic atrial fibrillation using oral flecainide, Indian Heart Journal, 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.07.004, 72:5, (383-388), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2020. Coulter S, Lew J and Jenny B (2020) Heart Disease in Pregnancy Valvular Heart Disease, 10.1007/978-1-4471-2840-3_12, (237-283), . Asgar A, Ducharme A, Pellerin M, Garceau P, Basmadjian A, Bouchard D and Bonan R (2020) The Evolution of Transcatheter Therapies for Mitral Valve Disease: From Mitral Valvuloplasty to Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement, Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.018, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Murphy S, Ward J, Smith J, Gall A and Olds J (2020) Long-term management of congestive heart failure secondary to mitral stenosis in a ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) , Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 10.2460/javma.257.8.849, 257:8, (849-854), Online publication date: 15-Oct-2020. Salih M, Ferrer R, Gabra G, Soliman M, Ghalib H and Bader F (2020) Severe Right Atrial Dilation in a Case of Severe Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2020. Wunderlich N, Dalvi B, Ho S, Küx H and Siegel R (2019) Rheumatic Mitral Valve Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Options, Current Cardiology Reports, 10.1007/s11886-019-1099-7, 21:3, Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019. Krishnaswamy A and Griffin B (2019) Valvular Heart Disease Cardiovascular Hemodynamics, 10.1007/978-3-030-19131-3_17, (271-288), . Preston S (2019) Valvular Heart Disease Cardiac Pathology, 10.1007/978-3-030-24560-3_9, (167-184), . Tharakan J (2018) Clinical features of mitral stenosis Mitral Stenosis, 10.1201/9781315166735-5, (47-62) Capodanno D, Barbanti M and Tamburino C (2018) Mitral Stenosis Percutaneous Treatment of Left Side Cardiac Valves, 10.1007/978-3-319-59620-4_2, (13-47), . Telila T, Mohamed E and Jacobson K (2018) Endovascular Therapy for Rheumatic Mitral and Aortic Valve Disease: Review Article, Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.1007/s11936-018-0647-6, 20:7, Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Ragosta M (2018) Mitral Valve Disorders Textbook of Clinical Hemodynamics, 10.1016/B978-0-323-48042-0.00004-X, (66-87), . Conti C Mitral Stenosis: A Review, Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications, 10.15212/CVIA.2016.0041, 2:4, (459-465) Korzan S, Jones E, Mutneja R and Grover P (2018) Mitral stenosis due to rheumatic heart disease - A rare cause of massive hemoptysis, Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.03.007, 24, (35-39), . Goette A, Kalman J, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera J, Chen S, Chugh S, Corradi D, D'Avila A, Dobrev D, Fenelon G, Gonzalez M, Hatem S, Helm R, Hindricks G, Ho S, Hoit B, Jalife J, Kim Y, Lip G, Ma C, Marcus G, Murray K, Nogami A, Sanders P, Uribe W, Van Wagoner D and Nattel S (2017) EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: Definition, characterization, and clinical implication, Heart Rhythm, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.05.028, 14:1, (e3-e40), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017. Laskar M, Ghosh S, Dasgupta S and Kundu D (2017) Optimized bio-mems design for heart signal acquisition — A novel hardware implementation 2017 Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC), 10.1109/DEVIC.2017.8073961, 978-1-5090-4724-6, (321-325) Goette A, Kalman J, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera J, Chen S, Chugh S, Corradi D, D'Avila A, Dobrev D, Fenelon G, Gonzalez M, Hatem S, Helm R, Hindricks G, Ho S, Hoit B, Jalife J, Kim Y, Lip G, Ma C, Marcus G, Murray K, Nogami A, Sanders P, Uribe W, Van Wagoner D and Nattel S (2016) EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterization, and clinical implication, Europace, 10.1093/europace/euw161, 18:10, (1455-1490), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016. Ragosta M (2016) Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty for Mitral Stenosis Catheter Based Valve and Aortic Surgery, 10.1007/978-1-4939-3432-4_11, (149-163), . Lempel J, Bolen M, Renapurkar R, Azok J and White C (2016) Radiographic Evaluation of Valvular Heart Disease With Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Correlation, Journal of Thoracic Imaging, 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000225, 31:5, (273-284), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Goette A, Kalman J, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera J, Chen S, Chugh S, Corradi D, D׳Avila A, Dobrev D, Fenelon G, Gonzalez M, Hatem S, Helm R, Hindricks G, Ho S, Hoit B, Jalife J, Kim Y, Lip G, Ma C, Marcus G, Murray K, Nogami A, Sanders P, Uribe W, Van Wagoner D and Nattel S (2016) EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on Atrial cardiomyopathies: Definition, characterisation, and clinical implication, Journal of Arrhythmia, 10.1016/j.joa.2016.05.002, 32:4, (247-278), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2016. Lauten A and Figulla H (2015) Mitralstenose SpringerReference Innere Medizin, 10.1007/978-3-642-54676-1_485-1, (1-17), . Harvey L, Liao K and John R (2015) Heart Valve Disease Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices, 10.1007/978-3-319-19464-6_34, (635-657), . Beig J, Tramboo N, Rather H, Hafeez I, Ananth V, Lone A, Yaqoob I, Bhat I and Ali M (2015) Immediate effect of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy on atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with severe mitral stenosis, Indian Heart Journal, 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.10.375, 67, (S46-S54), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Johal K, Lau L and Card M (2015) Mitral Stenosis Learning Cardiac Auscultation, 10.1007/978-1-4471-6738-9_11, (135-149), . Davila C and Forfia P (2015) Management of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Surgery, Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.1007/s11936-015-0382-1, 17:6, Online publication date: 1-Jun-2015. Mayer P (2015) At the Heart of the Matter, Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 10.1177/8756479315571165, 31:4, (221-232), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2015. Howlett P, Hatch F, Alexeenko V, Jabr R, Leatham E and Fry C (2015) Diagnosing Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Are Biomarkers the Solution to This Elusive Arrhythmia?, BioMed Research International, 10.1155/2015/910267, 2015, (1-10), . Cruz-Flores S (2014) Neurologic complications of valvular heart disease Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part I, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00006-0, (61-73), . Nunes M, Handschumacher M, Levine R, Barbosa M, Carvalho V, Esteves W, Zeng X, Guerrero J, Zheng H, Tan T and Hung J (2014) Role of LA Shape in Predicting Embolic Cerebrovascular Events in Mitral Stenosis, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.01.013, 7:5, (453-461), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. Steinberg D, Castillo-Sang M and Powers E (2014) Advances in Transcatheter Valve Therapies, Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 10.1007/s12265-014-9561-9, 7:4, (375-386), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014. Lowe B, Kusunose K, Motoki H, Varr B, Shrestha K, Whitman C, Tang W, Thomas J and Klein A (2014) Prognostic Significance of Left Atrial Appendage "Sludge" in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A New Transesophageal Echocardiographic Thromboembolic Risk Factor, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 10.1016/j.echo.2014.08.016, 27:11, (1176-1183), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014. Kernan W, Ovbiagele B, Black H, Bravata D, Chimowitz M, Ezekowitz M, Fang M, Fisher M, Furie K, Heck D, Johnston S, Kasner S, Kittner S, Mitchell P, Rich M, Richardson D, Schwamm L and Wilson J (2014) Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack, Stroke, 45:7, (2160-2236), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014. Tadele H, Mekonnen W and Tefera E (2013) Rheumatic mitral stenosis in Children: more accelerated course in sub-Saharan Patients, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 10.1186/1471-2261-13-95, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2013. Krishnaswamy A and Griffin B (2013) Valvular Heart Disease Cardiovascular Hemodynamics, 10.1007/978-1-60761-195-0_11, (215-240), . Boudoulas K, Ravi Y, Garcia D, Saini U, Sofowora G, Gumina R and Sai-Sudhakar C Type of Valvular Heart Disease Requiring Surgery in the 21st Century: Mortality and Length-of-Stay Related to Surgery, The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal, 10.2174/1874192420130902001, 7:1, (104-109) Wunderlich N, Beigel R and Siegel R (2013) Management of Mitral Stenosis Using 2D and 3D Echo-Doppler Imaging, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.07.008, 6:11, (1191-1205), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2013. Demirkan B, Guray Y, Guray U, Ege M, Kisacik H, Sasmaz H and Korkmaz S (2012) The acute effect of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty on atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with mitral stenosisAkute Wirkung perkutaner Mitralklappen-Ballondilatation auf atriale elektromechanische Verzögerung und P-Wellen-Dispersion bei Patienten mit Mitralstenose, Herz, 10.1007/s00059-012-3672-3, 38:2, (210-215), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. CHEN H, YANG B, JU W, ZHANG F, GU K, LI M, WANG J, CAO K and CHEN M (2013) Long-Term Outcome Following Ablation of Atrial Tachycardias Occurring after Mitral Valve Replacement in Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 10.1111/pace.12153, 36:7, (795-802), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2013. John R and Liao K (2013) Heart Valve Disease Heart Valves, 10.1007/978-1-4614-6144-9_6, (121-158), . Hughes S (2013) Valvular Heart Disease Cardiac Pathology, 10.1007/978-1-4471-2407-8_9, (147-161), . Nunes M, Hung J, Barbosa M, Esteves W, Carvalho V, Lodi-Junqueira L, Fonseca Neto C, Tan T and Levine R (2013) Impact of Net Atrioventricular Compliance on Clinical Outcome in Mitral Stenosis, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 6:6, (1001-1008), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2013. Rubino A, Onorati F, Santarpia G, Achille F, Lorusso R, Santini F and Renzulli A (2012) Impact of increased transmitral gradients after undersized annuloplasty for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation, International Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.006, 158:1, (71-77), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012. Tamburino C and Ussia G (2012) Mitral Valve Diseases Percutaneous Treatment of Left Side Cardiac Valves, 10.1007/978-88-470-2631-5_2, (15-135), . Gopal R, Harikrishnan S, Sivasankaran S, Ajithkumar V, Titus T and Tharakan J (2012) Once weekly azithromycin in secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, Indian Heart Journal, 10.1016/S0019-4832(12)60004-2, 64:1, (12-15), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012. You Z, Yang W, Chen J and Lin C (2011) Giant atrial thrombus, Internal Medicine Journal, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02386.x, 41:1a, (67-68), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011. Kimura M, Ogawa H, Wakeyama T, Takaki A, Iwami T, Hadano Y, Mochizuki M, Hiratsuka A, Shimizu A and Matsuzaki M (2011) Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone on atrial conduction and remodeling in patients with heart failure, Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.11.006, 57:2, (208-214), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011. Pomar J and Pereda D (2010) Mitral Stenosis Mitral Valve Surgery, 10.1007/978-1-84996-426-5_12, (117-129), . Gutierrez-Bernal J and Zamorano Gomez J (2011) Mitral Valve Dynamic Echocardiography, 10.1016/B978-1-4377-2262-8.00011-6, (48-56), . Cook D, Housmans P and Rehfeldt K (2011) Valvular Heart Disease Kaplan's Cardiac Anesthesia: The Echo Era, 10.1016/B978-1-4377-1617-7.00026-1, (570-614), . Tamburino C and Ussia G (2010) Mitral Valve Disease Percutaneous Treatment of Left Side Cardiac Valves, 10.1007/978-88-470-1424-4_2, (15-124), . Warth A, Herpel E and Schnabel P (2010) Pathology of Mitral Stenosis Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice, 10.1002/9781444316704.ch16, (159-162) RIFAIE O, ISMAIL M and NAMMAS W (2010) Immediate and Long-Term Outcome of Redo Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty: Comparison with Initial Procedure in Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Restenosis, Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00508.x, 23:1, (1-6), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2010. Fehske W (2010) Echocardiography of Mitral Stenosis Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice, 10.1002/9781444316704.ch17, (163-178) Chen J, Manning M, Frazier A, Jeudy J and White C (2009) CT Angiography of the Cardiac Valves: Normal, Diseased, and Postoperative Appearances, RadioGraphics, 10.1148/rg.295095002, 29:5, (1393-1412), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009. Williams M, Daneshmand M, Jollis J, Horton J, Shaw L, Swaminathan M, Davis R, Glower D, Smith P and Milano C (2009) Mitral Gradients and Frequency of Recurrence of Mitral Regurgitation After Ring Annuloplasty for Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.06.022, 88:4, (1197-1201), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2009. John R and Liao K (2009) Heart Valve Disease Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices, 10.1007/978-1-60327-372-5_31, (527-549), . Moghbeli N and Herrmann H (2009) Mitral Stenosis Valvular Heart Disease, 10.1007/978-1-59745-411-7_9, (207-219), . (2009) Literatur Kompendium der kardiologischen Prävention und Rehabilitation, 10.1007/978-3-211-69390-2_12, (89-98), . Iung B and Vahanian A (2009) Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease Valvular Heart Disease: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease, 10.1016/B978-1-4160-5892-2.00014-3, (221-242), . Bonow R, Carabello B, Chatterjee K, de Leon A, Faxon D, Freed M, Gaasch W, Lytle B, Nishimura R, O'Gara P, O'Rourke R, Otto C, Shah P, Shanewise J, Nishimura R, Carabello B, Faxon D, Freed M, Lytle B, O'Gara P, O'Rourke R and Shah P (2008) 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.007, 52:13, (e1-e142), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008. Ragosta M (2008) Mitral Valve Disorders Textbook of Clinical Hemodynamics, 10.1016/B978-141604000-2.10004-0, (50-67), . Koshy T, Tambe S, Sinha P, Karmarkar V, Bhupali A, Tempe D and Koch C (2008) Case 2—2008 Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Associated With Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.12.006, 22:2, (302-310), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. Rozsíval V, Žáček P and Hemžský L (2007) Mitral stenosis and regurgitation., Cor et Vasa, 10.33678/cor.2007.162, 49:12, (467-480), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007. Enriquez-Sarano M and Frye R (2007) Mitral Valve Diseases Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_17, (397-430), . Gallegos R (2006) Selection of prosthetic heart valves, Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.1007/s11936-006-0032-8, 8:6, (443-452), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006. Bonow R, Carabello B, Chatterjee K, de Leon A, Faxon D, Freed M, Gaasch W, Lytle B, Nishimura R, O'Gara P, O'Rourke R, Otto C, Shah P, Shanewise J, Smith S, Jacobs A, Adams C, Anderson J, Antman E, Faxon D, Fuster V, Halperin J, Hiratzka L, Hunt S, Lytle B, Nishimura R, Page R and Riegel B (2006) ACC/AHA 2006 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.030, 48:3, (598-675), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006. Fawzy M, Shoukri M, Sergani H, Fadel B, ElDali A, Amri M and Canver C (2006) Favorable effect of balloon mitral valvuloplasty on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with severe mitral stenosis, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 10.1002/ccd.20770, 68:4, (536-541), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2006. Manios E, Mavrakis H, Kanoupakis E, Kallergis E, Kafarakis P and Vardas P (2006) Evidence of mechanoelectric feedback in the atria of patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology, 10.1007/s10840-006-9019-3, 16:1, (51-57), Online publication date: 10-Nov-2006. Bonow R, Carabello B, Chatterjee K, de Leon A, Faxon D, Freed M, Gaasch W, Lytle B, Nishimura R, O'Gara P, O'Rourke R, Otto C, Shah P, Shanewise J, Smith S, Jacobs A, Adams C, Anderson J, Antman E, Faxon D, Fuster V, Halperin J, Hiratzka L, Hunt S, Lytle B, Nishimura R, Page R and Riegel B (2006) ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.021, 48:3, (e1-e148), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006. Kabukçu M, Arslantas E, Ates I, Demircioglu F and Ersel F (2016) Clinical, Echocardiographic, and Hemodynamic Characteristics of Rheumatic Mitral Valve Stenosis and Atrial Fibrillation, Angiology, 10.1177/000331970505600206, 56:2, (159-163), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2005. Gallegos R and Bolman R (2005) Heart Valve Disease Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices, 10.1007/978-1-59259-835-9_27, (385-404), . Baur L (2004) Preoperative Evaluation of Mitral Valve Stenosis: What Do We Need? Valve Surgery at the Turn of the Millennium, 10.1007/1-4020-7848-X_1, (3-14), . Reis G, Motta M, Barbosa M, Esteves W, Souza S and Bocchi E (2004) Dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.037, 43:3, (393-401), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2004. Yetkin E, Erbay A, Turhan H, Ileri M, Ayaz S, Atak R, Senen K and Cehreli S (2003) Decreased platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty, International Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00027-5, 91:2-3, (221-225), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2003. Koch C, Milas B and Savino J (2003) What does transesophageal echocardiography add to valvular heart surgery?, Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0889-8537(03)00046-4, 21:3, (587-611), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003. Glauser J and D'Amore J (2001) Clinicopathological Conference: A Previously Healthy 40-year-old Woman with Hemoptysis, Academic Emergency Medicine, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb02116.x, 8:4, (374-381), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2001. Drucker D and Setaro J (2000) Valvular Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis Textbook of Angiology, 10.1007/978-1-4612-1190-7_22, (318-321), . Simon H (1998) Ätiologie und Diagnostik erworbener Herzklappenfehler Herzerkrankungen und Interventions-möglichkeiten, 10.1007/978-3-642-80404-5_45, (779-794), . Fukada J, Morishita K, Komatsu K, Sato H, Shiiku C, Muraki S, Tsukamoto M and Abe T (1998) Is Atrial Fibrillation Resulting From Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease a Proper Indication for the Maze Procedure?, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00135-0, 65:6, (1566-1569), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1998. Limbu Y, Chen H, Shen X, Pan C and Shi Y (1998) Assessment of mitral valve volume by quantitative three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis, Clinical Cardiology, 10.1002/clc.4960210609, 21:6, (415-418), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1998. Chandra A, Srivastava S and Dilip D (2016) Spirometric Changes following Open-Heart Surgery on Rheumatic Mitral Valves, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, 10.1177/021849239800600106, 6:1, (28-33), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1998. Moreyra A, Wilson A, Deac R, Suciu C, Kostis J, Ortan F, Kovacs T and Mahalingham B (1998) Factors associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with mitral stenosis: A cardiac catheterization study, American Heart Journal, 10.1016/S0002-8703(98)70354-0, 135:1, (138-145), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1998. Bonow R, Carabello B, de Leon A, Edmunds L, Fedderly B, Freed M, Gaasch W, McKay C, Nishimura R, O'Gara P, O'Rourke R, Rahimtoola S, Ritchie J, Cheitlin M, Eagle K, Gardner T, Garson A, Gibbons R, O'Rourke R, Russell R, Ryan T and Smith S (1998) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00454-9, 32:5, (1486-1582), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1998. Bruce C and Nishimura R (1998) CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MITRAL STENOSIS, Cardiology Clinics, 10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70021-7, 16:3, (375-403), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1998. Ikeda U, Yamamoto K and Shimada K (1997) Biochemical markers of coagulation activation in mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and cardiomyopathy, Clinical Cardiology, 10.1002/clc.4960200104, 20:1, (7-10), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1997. Roskamm H, Reindell H, Barmeyer J, Bubenheimer P, Gohlke-Bärwolf C, Gohlke H and Eichstädt H (1996) Mitralstenose Herzkrankheiten, 10.1007/978-3-642-97605-6_36, (917-960), . Sagie A, Freitas N, Padial L, Leavitt M, Morris E, Weyman A and Levine R (1996) Doppler echocardiographic assessment of long-term progression of mitral stenosis in 103 patients: Valve area and right heart disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00153-2, 28:2, (472-479), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1996. Roskamm H, Reindell H, Barmeyer J, Bubenheimer R, Gohlke-Bärwolf C, Gohlke H and Eichstädt H (1996) Mitralinsuffizienz Herzkrankheiten, 10.1007/978-3-642-97605-6_37, (961-992), . Crijns H, Van Gelder I, Van der Woude H, Grandjean J, Tieleman R, Brügemann J, De Kam P and Ebels T (1996) Efficacy of serial electrical cardioversion therapy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after valve replacement and implications for surgery to cure atrial fibrillation, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)90067-3, 78:10, (1140-1144), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1996. Porte J, Cormier B, Iung B, Dadez E, Starkman C, Nallet O, Michel P, Acar J and Vahanian A (1996) Early assessment by transesophageal echocardiography of left atrial appendage function after percutaneous mitral commissurotomy, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89137-0, 77:1, (72-76), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1996. Litmanovitch M, Joynt G, Skoularigis J and Lipman J (1995) Emergency Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvotomy in a Patient With Septic Shock, Chest, 10.1378/chest.108.2.570, 108:2, (570-572), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1995. Yamamoto K, Ikeda U, Seino Y, Mito H, Fujikawa H, Sekiguchi H and Shimada K (1995) Coagulation activity is increased in the left atrium of patients with mitral stenosis, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00322-H, 25:1, (107-112), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1995. Harlan B, Starr A, Harwin F and Carpentier A (1995) Mitral Valve Surgery Manual of Cardiac Surgery, 10.1007/978-1-4612-2474-7_12, (148-179), . Gosselink A, Crijns H, Hamer H, Hillege H and Lie K (1993) Changes in left and right atrial size after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: Role of mitral valve disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90593-P, 22:6, (1666-1672), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1993. Yamamoto K, Ikeda U and Shimada K (1993) A Hypercoagulable State in the Left Atrium of Patients with Mitral Stenosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM199304083281415, 328:14, (1043-1044), Online publication date: 8-Apr-1993. Pai S and Torres V (1993) Atrial fibrillation: New management strategies, Current Problems in Cardiology, 10.1016/0146-2806(93)90024-V, 18:4, (237-300), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1993. Scalia D, Rizzoli G, Campanile F, Melacini P, Villanova C, Milano A, Fasoli G, Mazzucco A and Casarotto D (1993) Long-term results of mitral commissurotomy, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)34189-3, 105:4, (633-642), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1993. Eguaras M, Jimenez G, Calleja F, Roman M, Casares J, Fresneda P, Concha M and Caridad J (1993) Early open mitral commissurotomy: Long-term results, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)34074-7, 106:3, (421-426), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1993. Harding M, Harrison J, Davidson C and Kisslo; R.D.M.S. Thomas M. Bashore K (1992) Critical Mitral Stenosis Causing Ischemic Hepatic Failure, Chest, 10.1378/chest.101.3.866, 101:3, (866-869), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1992. Rawles J (1992) Clinical Aspects of Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation, 10.1007/978-1-4471-1898-5_9, (167-197), . Setaro J, Cleman M and Remetz M (1992) The Right Ventricle in Disorders Causing Pulmonary Venous Hypertension, Cardiology Clinics, 10.1016/S0733-8651(18)30261-3, 10:1, (165-183), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1992. Suarez, G, Lampert, S, Ravid, S and Lown, B (1991) Changes in left atrial size in patients with lone atrial fibrillation, Clinical Cardiology, 10.1002/clc.4960140806, 14:8, (652-656), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1991. Pan M, Medina A, De Lezo J, Romero M, Hernandez E, Segura J, Melian F, Pavlovic D, Jimenez F, Vivancos R, Montero A and Valles F (1991) Balloon valvuloplasty for mild mitral stenosis, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis, 10.1002/ccd.1810240102, 24:1, (1-5), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1991. Riecker G (1991) Erworbene Herzklappenfehler Klinische Kardiologie, 10.1007/978-3-662-26806-3_4, (243-315), . John S, Prasad K, Ravikumar E, John C, Jairaj P and Krishnaswamy S (1991) Closed commissurotomy for mitral stenosis: Obsolete or relevant?, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1007/BF02667126, 7:1, (8-12), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1991. Reindell H, Roskamm H, Barmeyer J, Eichstädt H, Bubenheimer P, Gohlke-Bärwolf C and Gohlke H (1989) Mitralinsuffizienz Herzkrankheiten, 10.1007/978-
Referência(s)