The failed Palestinian–Israeli peace process 1993–2011: an Israeli perspective
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 18; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13537121.2012.717389
ISSN1743-9086
Autores Tópico(s)Middle East Politics and Society
ResumoAbstract In memory of Gad Yaakobi This article examines the major developments that have taken place since the signing of the Oslo accords in September 1993. It analyses the major mistakes made along the way by both sides, showing that brinkmanship is a very dangerous policy when one or both sides are willing to pay a high price in blood. Finally, it offers a blueprint for breaking the deadlock roughly based on the Clinton parameters of 2001 and the subsequent Israeli–Palestinian Geneva Accords. Keywords: IsraelPalestinepeacesecurityOslo processCamp David Acknowledgements The author is grateful to the following persons for their useful communications, comments and criticism: Yossi Beilin, Shlomo Ben-Ami, Richard Collin, Efraim Karsh, Amos N. Guiora, Jack Hayward, Sam Lehman-Wilzig, Dan Meridor, Aaron Miller, Robert O'Neill, Yoav J. Tenembaum, Dov Weisglass and Gad Yaakobi. The article is dedicated in memory of Gad Yaakobi, a tireless doer who had devoted his life to promote and secure a peaceful Israel. Notes 1. Main Points of Gaza-Jericho Agreement, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Main%20Points%20of%20Gaza-Jericho%20Agremeent. 2. The Oslo Interim Agreement, http://www.mideastweb.org/meosint.htm. 3. William B. Quandt, "Israeli–Palestinian Peace Talks," in How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate, ed. Tamara Cofman Wittes (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 2005), 26. See also Nadav Morag, "Unambiguous Ambiguity: The Opacity of the Oslo Peace Process," Israel Affairs 6, no. 3/4 (2000), 200–220. 4. "Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel since the Declaration of Principles" (September 1993), http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism- + Obstacle+to+ Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Suicide+and+Other+Bombing+ Attacks+in+Israel+Since.htm. 5. Ben Kaspit, Maariv, special supplement on the Oslo collapse, September 17, 2001. 6. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (London: Phoenix, 2005), 210, 214. 7. Amos Guiora, "Negotiating Implementation of a Peace Agreement: Lessons Learned from Five Years at the Negotiating Table," Cardozo J. Conflict Resolution 11 (2010): 411–436. 8. Raphael Cohen-Almagor, "Call Terror by its Name," Yedioth Aharonot, March 5, 1996. 9. "The Wye River Memorandum," http://www.state.gov/www/regions/nea/981023_interim_agmt.html. See also Efraim Karsh, Arafat's War: The Man and his Battle for Israeli Conquest (New York: Grove, 2003), chap. 4. 10. Barak explained: 'Assad wanted Israel to capitulate in advance to all his demands. Only then would he agree to enter into substantive negotiations. I couldn't agree to this'. Benny Morris, "An Interview with Ehud Barak," New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002. 11. Barak explained: 'Assad wanted Israel to capitulate in advance to all his demands. Only then would he agree to enter into substantive negotiations. I couldn't agree to this'. Benny Morris, "An Interview with Ehud Barak," New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002; Robert Malley and Hussein Agha, "Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors," New York Review of Books, August 9, 2001. 12. Yossi Beilin, The Path to Geneva (New York: RDV Books, 2004), 152. 13. Malley and Agha, "Camp David." 14. Ahron Bregman, Elusive Peace (London: Penguin, 2005), 81–3. 15. From Oslo to Camp David to Taba: Setting the Record Straight, Featuring Dennis Ross, Margaret Warner, and Jim Hoagland, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, August 8, 2001. 16. Myron Aronoff's interview with Gilead Sher, June 20, 2004. See Myron Aronoff, "Camp David Rashomon: Contested Interpretations of the Israel/Palestine Peace Process" (paper presented at the 26 Association for Israel Studies Conference, University of Toronto, May 10–12, 2010). 17. Charles Enderlin, Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995–2002 (New York: Other Press, 2003), 115–16. 18. Dan Meridor, "Camp David Diaries," Haaretz, July 29, 2011. 19. Enderlin, Shattered Dreams, 178. Barak said that he and Arafat met 'almost every day' in Camp David at mealtimes and had one 'two-hour meeting' in Arafat's cottage. Morris, "An Interview with Ehud Barak." 20. From Oslo to Camp David to Taba. 21. Aaron David Miller, The Much Too Promised Land: America's Elusive Search for Arab–Israeli Peace (NY: Bantam, 2008), Chapter 8; personal conversations with the author, Washington DC, 2008. 22. Ben-Ami, Scars of War, 263. 23. Robert Malley and Hussein Agha, "Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors," NY Review of Books, August 9, 2001, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2001/aug/09/camp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors/?pagination = false. 24. President William J. Clinton, Statement on the Middle East Peace Talks at Camp David, The White House, Washington, DC, July 25, 2000, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/21st_century/mid027.asp. 25. Jane Perlez, "Impasse at Camp David," New York Times, July 26, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/26/world/impasse-at-camp-david-the-overview-clinton-ends-deadlocked-peace-talks.html?pagewanted = all&src = pm. 26. Karsh, Arafat's War, 171. 27. Morris, "An Interview with Ehud Barak." 28. Private conversation with the author. See also Ben-Ami, Scars of War, 261. This is not altogether accurate. On Jerusalem, the Palestinians conceded Israeli sovereignty over the Wailing Wall, the Jewish Quarter and the Jewish neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem. Concessions were made also on borders, security arrangements and refugees. See Dan Meridor, "Camp David Diaries," Haaretz, July 29, 2011; Ahron Bregman, Elusive Peace, 97. 29. Omar M. Dajani, "Surviving Opportunities," in How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate (see note 3), 61, 71. See also Jerome Slater, "What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process," Political Science Quarterly 116, no. 2 (2001): 171–99. 30. Dennis Ross, The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 40. 31. Ron Pundak, "From Oslo to Taba: What Went Wrong?," Survival 43, no. 3 (2001): 40; Gilead Sher, The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach (London: Routledge, 2006). 32. Enderlin, Shattered Dreams, 163. 33. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/history_teaches_us_that_men_and_nations_behave/221146.html. 34. Asaf Siniver, "Power, Impartiality and Timing: Three Hypotheses on Third Party Mediation in the Middle East," Political Studies 54, no. 4 (2006): 806–26. 35. Aaron Klieman, "Israeli Negotiating Culture," in How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate (see note 3), 98. 36. Ben-Ami, Scars of War, 256, 263. 37. "Israeli PM Survives No-confidence Vote," Guardian, July 10, 2000. 38. Karsh, Arafat's War, 211–12. 39. Karsh, Arafat's War, 211–12, 209–11; Israeli Response RE Refugees, The Taba Proposals and the Refugee Problem, http://www.mideastweb.org/taba.htm. 40. Beilin, The Path to Geneva, 246. See also: "Israeli Position on Three Main Points at Taba Talks," January 21, 2001, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/1/Israeli%20Position%20on%20Three%20Main%20Points%20at%20Taba%20Talk. 41. Morris, "An Interview with Ehud Barak." 42. Ross, The Missing Peace, 13; Dennis Ross, "Arafat Rejected Deal that would Give the Palestinians 97% of West Bank and 3% of Israel," Transcript excerpt from Fox News Sunday, April 21, 2002, http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2002/05/08/1266411.php. 43. Raphael Cohen-Almagor, "An Israeli's Shift from Peace Activist to War Backer," The Washington Post, March 31, 2002, B1. 44. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1 = 3&p2 = 4&k = 5a&case = 131&code = mwp&p3 = 6/. 45. See R. Cohen-Almagor, "The Best First Step," The Baltimore Sun, December 18, 2003. 46. For further discussion, see Raphael Cohen-Almagor and Sharon Haleva-Amir, "The Israel–Hezbollah War and the Winograd Committee," in Violence and War, ed. Athina Karatzogianni (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 171–87. 47. What was the 2007 Annapolis Peace Conference? http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID = 001742. 48. Israeli Confidence Building Measures towards the Palestinians, November 14, 2007, https://www.procon.org/files/IsraelConfidenceBuildingMeasures.pdf. 49. Aluf Benn, "Haaretz Exclusive: Olmert's Plan for Peace with the Palestinians," Haaretz, December 17, 2009; Ehud Olmert interview with Stephen Sackur, BBC HARDtalk, September 24, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8273336.stm. 50. Efraim Karsh, Palestine Betrayed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 256–7. 51. Address by PM Netanyahu at Bar-Ilan University, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2009/Address_PM_Netanyahu_Bar-Ilan_University_14-Jun-2009.htm. 52. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Speech by PM Netanyahu to a Joint Meeting of the US Congress," May 24, 2011. 53. For pertinent maps see http://www.geneva-accord.org/mainmenu/static-maps/.
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