Evaluación del estrés laboral en trabajadores de un hospital público español. Estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del modelo «Desequilibrio Esfuerzo-Recompensa»
2003; Elsevier BV; Volume: 120; Issue: 17 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/s0025-7753(03)73799-3
ISSN1578-8989
AutoresMaría Dolores Macías Robles, Juan Antonio Fernández-López, Radhamés Hernández-Mejía, Antonio Cueto-Espinar, Iván Rancaño, Johannés Siegrist,
Tópico(s)Employment and Welfare Studies
ResumoActualmente se usan dos modelos para evaluar los factores psicosocialesen el trabajo: el modelo Demand-Control (DC), de Karasek, y el modelo Effort-Reward Imbalance(ERI), de Siegrist. El modelo DC ha sido adaptado al español, no así el modelo ERI. El objetivode este trabajo es explorar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del modeloERI en términos de consistencia interna, de validez de construcción y discriminante. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra representativa (n =298) de los trabajadores del hospital comarcal de Avilés (Asturias). La versión española delcuestionario ERI (23 ítems) se obtuvo por el método de traducción-contratraducción y se aplicóautoadministrado. El análisis factorial exploratorio investigó la validez de construcción y el cálculodel coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, la consistencia interna. La validez discriminante porsexo, edad y nivel educativo se estableció mediante la prueba de la t para grupos independientesy el ANOVA, respectivamente. El analisis factorial de la escala «Esfuerzo extrinseco» extrae dos factores, no confirmandola estructura unidimensional esperada. En las escalas «Recompensa» y «Sobreimplicacion» se extraen tres factores (estima, estatus financiero y seguridad en el trabajo) y un factor,respectivamente, como era de esperar. La consistencia interna fue satisfactoria, con uncoeficiente alfa de Cronbach mayor de 0,80, excepto en la escala «Esfuerzo extrinseco» (α = 0,63). En cuanto al sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo se han podido reproducir diferencias. La evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del modeloERI es satisfactoria. La estructura factorial de la escala «Esfuerzo extrínseco» no pudo serreproducida, lo que obliga a una aplicación más extensa del cuestionario. Two main models are currently used to evaluate the psychosocial factorsat work: the Demand-Control (or «job strain») model developed by Karasek and the Effort-Reward Imbalance model, developed by Siegrist. A Spanish version of the first model has beenvalidated, yet so far no validated Spanish version of the second model is available. The objectiveof this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance model in terms of internal consistency, factorial validity, and discriminatevalidity. A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of 298 workers of theSpanish public hospital San Agustin in Asturias was performed. The Spanish version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (23 items) was obtained by a standard forward/backwardtranslation procedure, and the information was gathered by a self-administered application. Exploratoryfactor analysis were performed to test the dimensional structure of the theoretical model.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to estimate the internal consistency reliability.Information on discriminate validity is given for sex, age and education. Differences were calculatedwith the t-test for two independent samples or ANOVA, respectively. Internal consistency was satisfactory for the two scales (reward and intrinsic effort)and Cronbach's Alpha coefficients higher than 0.80 were observed. The internal consistencyfor the scale of extrinsic effort was lower (alpha = 0.63). A three-factor solution was retainedfor the factor analysis of reward as expected, and these dimensions were interpreted as a) esteem,b) job promotion and salary and c) job instability. A one-factor solution was retained for thefactor analysis of intrinsic effort. The factor analysis of the scale of extrinsic effort did not supportthe expected one-dimension structure. The analysis of discriminate validity displayed significantassociations between measures of Effort-Reward Imbalance and the variables of sex,age and education level. This study is the first one supporting satisfactory psychometric properties of theSpanish version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance model. However, the factorial validity of theextrinsic effort could be questioned.
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