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Between Social Reformism and Conservatism: Soviet women under the Finnish occupation regime, 1941–1944

2012; Routledge; Volume: 37; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/03468755.2012.680298

1502-7716

Alexey Golubev,

Communism, Protests, Social Movements

Abstract The article deals with the Finnish gender policies during the occupation of Soviet Karelia in 1941–1944. It explores the wartime occupation of Soviet Karelia as a clash of Bolshevik and Finnish visions of the woman's position in society, including the level of visual propaganda. Based on oral history interviews and former Soviet archival materials, it also demonstrates how the local population reacted to social visions imposed from above, thus combining the approaches from ‘above’ and from ‘below’. Keywords: Second World WarSoviet KareliaFinnish occupation regimegender politicsvisual propagandacross-ethnic relations Acknowledgements I would like to thank Irina Takala and Ilja Solomeshch (both of Petrozavodsk State University), Laura Adams (Harvard University), William French (University of British Columbia) and anonymous peer-reviewers for their valuable comments on drafts of this article. Notes 1 Buckley, Women and Ideology; Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution; and Wood, The Baba and the Comrade. 2 Northrop, Veiled Empire. 3 Schrand, ‘The Five-Year Plan’; Goldman, Women at the Gates. 4 Sihvo, Karjalan kuva. 5 Vehviläinen, Finland in the Second World War, 105. 6 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot. 7 Makurov, Po obe storony, 153. 8 Ibid. 9 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia. 10 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot; Morozov, Kareliia v gody; Seppälä, Suomi miehittäjänä; Vehviläinen, Finland in the Second World War; Kulomaa, Finskaia okkupatsiia Petrozavodska; and Verigin, Kareliia v gody. 11 Hölsä, Itäkarjalaisopettajia Suomessa jatkosodan aikana; Koponen, ‘Sexual Relations’. 12 Buckley, Women and Ideology; Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution; Goldman, Women at the Gates; and Wood, The Baba and the Comrade. 13 Paynich, ‘Gibel i apofeoz’, 56–63; Nikonova, ‘“Davaite prygat”’, 38–55. 14 Tinkova, ‘Massovoie vovlecheniie’, 65–87. 15 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 487. 16 Morozov, Kareliia v gody, 10. 17 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 106. 18 Seppälä, Suomi miehittäjänä, 34. 19 Vehviläinen, Finland in the Second World War, 120–21. 20 Kulomaa, Finskaia okkupatsiia Petrozavodska, 9. 21 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 119, 489. 22 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot. 23 Seppälä, Suomi miehittäjänä, 40–1. 24 Makurov, Po obe storony, 153. 25 Ibid., 414; Kulomaa, Finskaia okkupatsiia Petrozavodska, 138. 26 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 164; Kostin and Niuppieva, Plenionnoe detstvo, 70. 27 Tinkova, ‘Massovoie vovlecheniie’, 71. 28 Ibid., 83. 29 Reid, ‘All Stalin's Women’. 30 Paynich, ‘Gibel i apofeoz’, 56–63; Nikonova, ‘“Davaite prygat”’, 38–55. 31 Engel, Women in Russia, 209–22. 32 Sevander, Skitaltsy, 171. 33 Central State Archive, V groznyie gody. 34 Ibid., 73. 35 Kostin and Niuppieva, Plenionnoe detstvo, 21. 36 Central State Archive, V groznyie gody, 71. 37 Vehviläinen, Finland in the Second World War, 104–5. 38 Makurov, Po obe storony, 293. 39 Ibid., 292. 40 National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (hereafter NARK). F. P-20, op. 1, d. 285, l. 19. Report of the Sheltozero office of NKVD, October 1944. 41 Makurov, Po obe storony, 406. 42 NARK. F. P-21, op. 1, d. 299, l. 25–6. Report of the First Secretary of the Priazha Communist Party organization at the organization assembly on 29 September 1944. 43 Seppälä, Suomi miehittäjänä. 44 Makurov, Po obe storony, 166–7. 45 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 55–6, 69, 88; Makurov, Po obe storony, 382–3. 46 Makurov, Po obe storony, 285. 47 Nikolaeva, ‘Politika nemetskikh’. 48 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 168; Makurov, Po obe storony, 494. 49 Hölsä, Itäkarjalaisopettajia Suomessa jatkosodan aikana. 50 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 174–5. 51 Lonin, Detstvo, opalennoie voinoi, 28–9. 52 Ibid., 27. 53 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 73, 94. 54 Ibid., 51. 55 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 489. 56 Kulomaa, Finskaia okkupatsiia Petrozavodska, 9. 57 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 127. 58 Ibid., 54, 77–80 59 Ibid., 51–2. 60 Ibid., 135, 139, 152. 61 Ibid., 56, 81; NARK. F. R-792, op. 1, d. 4, l. 71–2. Interrogation minutes of Maria Potasheva, from village Ryshkola of Olonets district on the Finnish occupation regime, 9 September 1944. 62 NARK. F. P-20, op. 1, d. 299, l. 31. Memorandum of the First Secretary of the Priazha Communist Party organization on the situation in the district, 29 September 1944. 63 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 51–2, 84. 64 Bourdieu, Practical Reason. 65 Lonin, Detstvo, opalennoie voinoi, 20. 66 Kupriianov, Zverstva belofinskikh kholopov, 24–5, 43. 67 Gusarov, Za chertoi miloserdiia, 20–3. 68 Makurov, Po obe storony, 494, 499. 69 Marjo Koponen provides documental evidence of this fact in his article, see: Koponen, ‘Sexual Relations’, 163. 70 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 78–80. 71 Ibid., 47, 72, 80, 90, 106. 72 Makurov, Po obe storony, 412. 73 Ibid., 521. 74 NARK. F. P-33, op. 1, d. 265, l. 104–5. Enquiry concerning choice and [social] structure of officials in the district of Kondopoga, 25 October 1944. 75 I owe this information to Prof. Sergei Verigin from Petrozavodsk State University who has access to restricted documents in the archive of Karelian office of Federal Security Service, the contemporary successor body of NKVD and KGB. 76 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 170. 77 Koponen, ‘Sexual Relations’. 78 Makurov, Po obe storony, 552. 79 Laine, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 291. 80 Verigin, Kareliia v gody, 413. 81 Golubev and Osipov, Ustnaia istoriia, 55, 72, 179. 82 NARK. F. P-1230, op. 40, d. 19, l. 12. Telegram of the Head of the Karelian government, Prokkonen, to the district authorities, 6 August 1944; F. P-33, op. 1, d. 265, l. 29. A letter to the First Secretary of the Kondopoga Communist Party organization from the authorities of the kolkhoz named in honour of Komintern, 27 August 1944; F. P-1230, op. 40, d. 12, l. 40. Report of the First Secretary of the Belomorsk municipal Communist Party organization, 10 October 1944.