“Between Laughter and Weeping”: Criticism of the Education of Ruling Class Spanish Youth in José Cadalso's Moroccan Letter 7
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 84; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07374836.2012.730314
ISSN2164-0564
Autores Tópico(s)History of Education in Spain
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Álvarez Caballero, Historia del cante flamenco, 24. 2. Martínez Mata, “Las redacciones de las Cartas marruecas,” 322. 3. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 7. 4. Betts, “Introduction,” 19. 5. Vallance, “Introduction,” 11. 6. Beebee, Epistolary Fiction in Europe, 90. 7. Valis, The Culture of Cursilería, 142. 8. Dale, Novela innovadora, 39–40. 9. Caravaca, “Notas Sobre,” 6. 10. Glendinning, “New Light,” 51. 11. Arce, “Problemas linguísticos y textuales,” 57. 12. Haidt, Embodying Enlightenment, 176. 13. Smith, The Origin of Nations, 2. 14. Helman, “Caprichos and Monstruos,” 210. 15. Waldroop, José Cadalso's “Lugubrious Nights,” 1. 16. Caballerete: A dandy, a young gentleman, a fashionable fellow. According to the Diccionario de Autoridades (1726–39), the word is the diminutive form of caballero (nobleman, knight or cavalier, gentleman): “El joven Caballéro mozo, que presúme mucho de serlo, aunque tenga poco con que ostentarlo” (Young man who very much thinks that he is a gentleman, although he has little qualification yet for boasting about it). 17. Wearing… . : Cadalso's description of the young dandy's attire depicts that of the majo, in this case that of the son of an upper-class family who is attempting to imitate the lower-class majo—not an uncommon occurrence in eighteenth-century Spain. 18. Cortijo: Variously defined as a “country estate,” a “cattle ranch in Andalusia,” or a “plot of land with houses and accessories in southern Spain.” 19. Comendador: A knight commander of a military order (such as Alcántara, Calatrava or Santiago). 20. Battle of Toulon: On February 11, 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession, a combined French and Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral de la Bruyere de Court left the port of Toulon and headed south, attempting to break a two-year British blockade. The blockading British fleet, under the command of Admiral Thomas Matthews, attacked immediately, since Matthews feared that the Franco-Spanish maneuver was designed to draw him out of position, allowing a troop convoy to reach Italy. The ensuing battle was indecisive, although the British suffered the most damage. Matthews was dismissed from the Navy for failing to obey official instructions for the battle. 21. La princesa: A Spanish ship of the line (battleship) carrying seventy guns which was captured by the British in 1740, renamed Princessa, and sold in 1784. 22. El glorioso: A Spanish ship of the line carrying seventy-four guns which was captured by the British in 1747. 23. Lesso's ships at Cartagena: From March to May 1741 the Spanish Admiral Blas de Lesso successfully defended Cartagena de Indias in Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) with three thousand men against a British force of twenty-eight thousand under the command of Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon. Vernon, expecting a tremendous triumph, had impetuously struck medals commemorating his victory in advance of the battle. However, after losing 65 percent of his forces (fifty ships and eighteen thousand soldiers and sailors), he was obliged to withdraw in disastrous defeat. (George Washington's half-brother Lawrence participated in the attack, and later named his estate in Virginia [Mt. Vernon] in honor of his former commander.) 24. St. Elmo: The patron saint of sailors, St. Erasmus of Formiae (also called St. Elmo, the Italian name for St. Erasmus). St. Elmo's fire is an electrical weather condition in which a luminous plasma sometimes appears on ships during thunderstorms, awing sailors with its glowing ball of light. 25. Marqués de la Victoria: The commander of the Spanish fleet at the battle of Toulon. 26. Don Jorge Juan: Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713–73), Spanish mathematician, scientist, naval officer, and mariner. Jorge Juan was given command of a corvette at the age of twenty-two, and participated in the expedition against Oran and in the campaign of Naples. He was a member of the famous expedition to Peru organized by the Academy of Sciences in Paris, which after nine years of observations determined that the earth is not perfectly round, but instead is oblate (flattened at the poles). 27. It must not be far from here…: The Guadalete River is a small stream located in the Sierra de Grazalema at an elevation of about 1,000 meters. It runs for 172 kilometers into the Bay of Cadiz at El Puerto de Santa María, south of the city of Cadiz. The Battle of Guadalete in July 711 resulted in the Moslem defeat of Don Rodrigo, the last Visigoth king of Spain. Rodrigo's death became the subject of many of the ballads that were collected in the Romancero. 28. King Don Fernando: St. Ferdinand III (1199–1252). He was King of Castile from 1217 and León from 1230. In 1231 he permanently united Castile and León, and in 1248 conquered Seville. He was canonized in 1671, and in Spanish is known as Fernando el Santo, San Fernando, or San Fernando Rey. He was the father of Alfonso X, the famous patron of the arts and learning, who was called Alfonso el Sabio (“Alfonso the Wise”). 29. Carlos II: The Habsburg King Carlos II of Spain (1661–1700) was unfortunately degenerated with an enormous misshapen head, a jaw that jutted out so far that his two rows of teeth could not meet and thus left him unable to chew, and a tongue so large that he could hardly speak. By the age of thirty-five, he was lame, epileptic, and bald. His death in 1700 started the War of the Spanish Succession. 30. Romance: A ballad or tale of chivalry drawing its inspiration from Spanish history and legend, from French chansons de geste, and from Greek and Roman stories. The Spanish romances are noted for their rhythmical sixteen-syllable lines and for their fascinating tales of heroism, honor, treachery, and tragic love. 31. Seguidillas: Flamenco songs and dances. 32. Tío: Spanish for “uncle.” It can mean “sir,” as a title of respect for an elderly man. Translate “tío Gregorio” as “good old Gregorio.” 33. “The noise of the castanets, the dissonance of the guitar, the screeching of the gypsy girls …”: This passage is, according to some, the first description of flamenco in Spanish literature. 34. Polo: A popular Andalusian dance and song. 35. Preciosilla: Preciosa is the name of Cervantes's gypsy girl in the Novelas ejemplares, in the tale “La gitanilla.”
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