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Kidney Injury From Alternative Medicines

2005; Elsevier BV; Volume: 12; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.ackd.2005.03.006

ISSN

1548-5609

Autores

Conny R.D. Colson, Marc E. De Broe,

Tópico(s)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies

Resumo

In the developing world, up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine for primary health care. In industrialized countries, adaptations of traditional medicine, termed "complementary" or "alternative" medicine (CAM), are used by a growing number of patients for preventive or palliative care. However, alternative medicine (AM) may be an important risk for the development of acute and chronic kidney injury because of several factors: nonconventional preparations rarely meet the required essential standards of consistency in composition and biological activity; many of these products contain undisclosed over-the-counter or prescription drugs or can be adulterated with hormones and glandular extracts; herbal preparations can be contaminated by pesticides and heavy metals; and because of errors in plant identification and confusing terminology, opportunities for mistakes and deliberate substitution can occur. Furthermore, there is a lack of reports of adverse events and drug interactions because of a lack of professional surveillance, and specific data on systemic and kidney toxicity are not easily available. Kidney injury/kidney syndromes caused by AM consist of acute tubular necrosis/toxicity (eg, Fanconi's syndrome), acute interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis, hypertension, kidney stones, urinary retention, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with fibrosis, urinary tract carcinoma, and acute rejection of the kidney transplant. To improve the care for patients using AM, extension of physicians' knowledge about its possible hazards and toxicity is essential. This review deals with acute and chronic kidney toxicity caused by animal-, plant-, and mineral-based, nonconventional medicine and kidney failure caused by drug interactions with AM. In the developing world, up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine for primary health care. In industrialized countries, adaptations of traditional medicine, termed "complementary" or "alternative" medicine (CAM), are used by a growing number of patients for preventive or palliative care. However, alternative medicine (AM) may be an important risk for the development of acute and chronic kidney injury because of several factors: nonconventional preparations rarely meet the required essential standards of consistency in composition and biological activity; many of these products contain undisclosed over-the-counter or prescription drugs or can be adulterated with hormones and glandular extracts; herbal preparations can be contaminated by pesticides and heavy metals; and because of errors in plant identification and confusing terminology, opportunities for mistakes and deliberate substitution can occur. Furthermore, there is a lack of reports of adverse events and drug interactions because of a lack of professional surveillance, and specific data on systemic and kidney toxicity are not easily available. Kidney injury/kidney syndromes caused by AM consist of acute tubular necrosis/toxicity (eg, Fanconi's syndrome), acute interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis, hypertension, kidney stones, urinary retention, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with fibrosis, urinary tract carcinoma, and acute rejection of the kidney transplant. To improve the care for patients using AM, extension of physicians' knowledge about its possible hazards and toxicity is essential. This review deals with acute and chronic kidney toxicity caused by animal-, plant-, and mineral-based, nonconventional medicine and kidney failure caused by drug interactions with AM. In the developing world, up to 80% of the population uses traditional medicine for primary health care. Traditional medicine has been fully integrated into the health systems of China, North and South Korea, and Vietnam. In industrialized countries, adaptations of traditional medicine are termed "complementary" or "alternative" medicine (CAM), and a growing number of patients rely on this kind of medicine for preventive or palliative care. According to the World Health Organization, over 50% of the population in Europe, North America, and other industrialized regions has used CAM at least once. For instance, the global market for herbal medicines currently stands at over US $60 billion annually and is steadily growing.1Traditional medicine. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en. Accessed January 15, 2005Google Scholar Of particular concern is that nearly 1 in 5 adults regularly taking conventional (prescription) medication reports concurrent use of at least 1 herbal product, high-dose vitamin, or both, but less than 40% of these alternative therapies are disclosed to the physician.2Dahl N.V. Herbs and supplements in dialysis patients Panacea or poison?.Semin Dial. 2001; 14: 186-192Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Several factors make the kidneys particularly vulnerable to toxic insults including their high blood flow rate, large endothelial area and high metabolic activity, the active uptake by tubular cells, and medullary interstitial concentration of toxins.3Jha V. Chugh K.S. 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