Potential, principle and pragmatism in concurrent multinational monitoring: disability rights in the European Union
2013; Routledge; Volume: 17; Issue: 7-8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13642987.2013.834494
ISSN1744-053X
Autores Tópico(s)Healthcare Systems and Practices
ResumoAbstractThis article responds to some of the limitations of traditional human rights monitoring systems by identifying the potential for more dynamic methods of recording and reporting rights-based evidence. The article distinguishes between 'consecutive' and 'concurrent' models of monitoring and between hierarchical and non-hierarchical monitoring systems. Using the example of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a principled framework for systems development in this field is outlined. The practical contingencies of designing and implementing new monitoring tools across 34 European countries are then reviewed. The article concludes that more flexible and dynamic reporting tools can help to make states more accountable for the implementation of their human rights obligations and facilitate policy exchange and the sharing of good practice. Recent developments within the European Union disability field offer potential for adaptation to other human rights fields and to other regions of the world.Keywords: human rights monitoringrights-based measurementdisabilityEuropean Union Notes on contributorsAnna Lawson is Senior Lecturer in the School of Law, and Deputy Director of the Centre for Disability Studies, at the University of Leeds.Mark Priestley is Professor of Disability Policy at the University of Leeds and Scientific Director of the Academic Network of European Disability experts.Notes1. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone and do not represent an official view of the European Commission or any other party.2. P. Gready, 'Reasons to Be Cautious about Evidence and Evaluation: Rights-based Approaches to Development and the Emerging Culture of Evaluation', Journal of Human Rights Practice 1 (2009): 380.3. Ibid.4. For an excellent review of the range of work conducted in this field (together with helpful analysis and critique) see T. Landman and E. Carvalho, Measuring Human Rights (London: Routledge, 2010).5. OHCHR Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation (New York; Geneva: UN, 2012) HR/PUB/12/5; OHCHR, Report on Indicators for Promoting and Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights (New York; Geneva: UN, 2008) HRI/MC/2008/3; OHCHR, Report on Indicators for Monitoring Compliance with International Human Rights Instruments (New York; Geneva: UN, 2006) HRI/MC/2006/7.6. UN, OHCHR Human Rights Indicators; and Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report on Indicators for Promoting and Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights (HRI/MC/2008/3), 20th Meeting of Chairpersons of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies (Geneva: UN, 2008).7. T. Landman, 'Measuring Human Rights: Principle, Practice, and Policy', Human Rights Quarterly 26, no. 4 (2004): 906. See also Landman and Carvalho, Measuring Human Rights.8. OHCHR, Report on Indicators for Promoting and Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights, para. 18.9. Ibid.10. G. de Beco, 'Human Rights Indicators: From Theoretical Debate to Practical Application', Journal of Human Rights Practice 5 (2013): 380.11. R. Archer, 'Introduction to the Special Issue: Where is the Evidence?', Journal of Human Rights Practice 1 (2009): 333.12. E. Felner, 'Closing the "Escape Hatch": A Toolkit to Monitor the Progressive Realization of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights', Journal of Human Rights Practice 1 (2009): 402.13. Landman and Carvalho, Measuring Human Rights, 131.14. See further M. Rioux, P. Pinto and G. Parekh, eds, Advancing Rights: Politics of Disability, Monitoring and Social Change (Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press/Disability Rights Promotion International, forthcoming 2014).15. See generally M. Stein and J. Lord, 'Monitoring the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Innovations, Lost Opportunities, and Future Potential', Human Rights Quarterly 32, no. 2 (2010): 689.16. CRPD, Article 35. See also United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Guidelines on Treaty-Specific Document to be Submitted by States Parties under Article 35(1) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Geneva: UN, 2009).17. CRPD, Article 31.18. CRPD, Article 33. See further A. Hoefmans and G. de Beco, 'The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: An Integral and Integrated Approach to the Implementation of Disability Rights' (background document prepared for the international conference, 'Work Forum for the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities', Brussels, 18–19 November 2010, http://www.socialsecurity.fgov.be/eu/docs/agenda/18-19_11_10_background_document.pdf (accessed July 18, 2013); G. De Beco, 'Article 33(2) of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Another Role for National Human Rights Institutions?', Netherlands Human Rights Law Quarterly 4, no. 1 (2011): 84–106; Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Building the Architecture for Change: Guidelines on Article 33 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Budapest: MDAC, 2011); Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Thematic Study by the OHCHR on the Structure and Role of National Mechanisms for the Implementation and Monitoring of the CRPD. A/HRC/13/29, 22 December 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A-HRC-13-29.pdf (accessed July 21, 2013).19. See CRPD, Articles 4(3) and 33(3) and, for further discussion, G. Quinn, 'Resisting the "Temptation of Elegance": Can the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Socialise States to Right Behaviour?', in The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: European and Scandinavian Perspectives, ed. A. Arnardóttir and G. Quinn (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009), 215–56; Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Building the Architecture for Change: Guidelines on Article 33 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Budapest: MDAC, 2011).20. Mark Priestley is scientific director of the Academic Network of European Disability experts (ANED) and Anna Lawson is a member of its core research team. ANED has been funded 2008–2014 by the EU PROGRESS initiative to the value of €3.95m.21. http://www.disability-europe.net/dotcom (accessed July 17, 2013).22. This distinction bears some similarity to the distinction between 'linear' and 'circular' approaches identified in T. Collins, 'The Significance of Different Approaches to Human Rights Monitoring: A Case Study of Child Rights', The International Journal of Human Rights 12, no. 2 (2008): 159–87.23. http://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/crpd/pages/crpdindex.aspx (accessed July 17, 2013).24. See the articles contained in A. Mukherjee, ed., International Journal of Human Rights: Special Issue on Torture Prevention and Disability 16, no. 6 (2012).25. http://drpi.research.yorku.ca/ (accessed July 17, 2013).26. http://www.freedomhouse.org (accessed July 21, 2013).27. For general discussion of which, see E. Bericat, 'The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues', Social Indicators Research (2011).28. World Health Organisation, The World Health Organisation and the World Bank, The World Disability Report (WHO, 2011), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240685215_eng.pdf (accessed July 20, 2013).29. See, for example, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'Strengthening the Human Rights Treaty Body System' (New York; Geneva: United Nations, 2012) – A/66/860; and, for ongoing developments, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRTD/Pages/TBStrengthening.aspx. More generally, see Human Rights Law Review Special Issue, 'Reform of the UN Human Rights Machinery', 7 (2007); P. Alston and J. Crawford, eds, The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).30. Quinn, 'Resisting the "Temptation of Elegance"'.31. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation (New York; Geneva: UN, 2012), HR/PUB/12/5, 30.32. Ibid. See also T. Landman, 'Measuring Human Rights: Principle, Practice, and Policy', Human Rights Quarterly 26, no. 4 (2004): 906, 909; and R. Barsh, 'Measuring Human Rights: Problems of Methodology and Purpose', Human Rights Quarterly 15 (1993): 87.33. P. Pinto, 'Monitoring Human Rights: A Holistic Approach', in M.H. Rioux, L. Basser and M. Jones, eds, Critical Perspectives on Human Rights and Disability Law (Leiden; Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Brill Academic, 2011), 455–6.34. M. Graziadei, 'Legal Transplants and the Frontiers of Legal Knowledge', Theoretical Inquiries in Law 10, no. 2 (2009): 15.35. Council Decision 2010/48/EC of 26 November 2009 concerning the conclusion, by the European Community, of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [2010] OJ l 303/16.36. See further European Foundation Centre, Study on Challenges and Good Practice in the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities VC/2008/1214 (Brussels: European Commission, 2010); L. Waddington, 'The European Union and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Story of Exclusive and Shared Competences', Maastricht Journal 18 (2011): 411.37. Graziadei, 'Legal Transplants and the Frontiers of Legal Knowledge'.38. Reported in A. Lawson and M. Priestley, Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe: Principles for the Identification and Use of Indicators (ANED, 2009), section 3.1, http://www.disability-europe.net/theme/monitoring-rights/reports-monitoring-rights (accessed July 18, 2013).39. See, generally, M. Stein and J. Lord, 'Jacobus tenBroek, Participatory Justice, and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities', Texas Journal of Civil Liberties and Civil Rights 13 (2008): 167.40. G. de Burca, 'The European Union in the Negotiation of the UN Disability Convention', European Law Review 35, no. 2 (2010): 174; S. Tromel, 'A Personal Perspective on the Drafting History of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities', in European Yearbook of Disability Law, ed. G. Quinn and L. Waddington (Antwerp; Oxford; Portland: Intersentia, 2009): 115–38.41. http://www.ideanet.org/uploads/Flash/IDRM_map_06.swf (accessed July 21, 2013).42. http://www.yorku.ca/drpi (accessed July 17, 2013).43. See generally, T. Degener, 'Intersections Between Disability, Race and Gender in Discrimination Law', in EU Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination, ed. D. Schiek and A. Lawson (London: Ashgate, 2011), 29–46; A. Lawson, 'Disadvantage at the Intersection Between Race and Disability: Key Challenges for Equality Law', in Schiek and Lawson, EU Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality, 47–61; Lawson and Priestley, Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe, section 3.5.44. A point made particularly clearly in O. Arnardóttir, 'A Future of Multidimensional Disadvantage Equality?', in Arnardóttir and Quinn, The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 41–66; A. Hendriks, 'The UN Disability Convention and (Multiple) Discrimination: Should EU Non-Discrimination Law be Modelled Accordingly?', in European Yearbook of Disability Law, ed. L. Waddington and G. Quinn (Antwerp; Oxford; Portland: Intersentia, 2010), 7–27.45. UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Guidelines on Treaty-Specific Document to be Submitted by States Parties under Article 35(1) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Geneva: UN, 2009), para. 3.2(h).46. The EU ratified or, in the language of Article 43 of the CRPD 'formally confirmed', the CRPD in December 2010.47. C. Barnes and G. Mercer, Exploring Disability: A Sociological Introduction, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010); F. Finkelstein, 'Representing Disability', in Disabling Barriers – Enabling Environments, ed. J. Swain, S. French, C. Barnes and C. Thomas (London: Sage, 2004), 13–20; R. Kayess and P. French, 'Out of Darkness into Light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities', Human Rights Law Review 8 (2008): 1; R. Traustadóttir, 'Disability Studies, the Social Model and Legal Developments', in Arnardóttir and Quinn, The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 3–16; M. Oliver and C. Barnes, The New Politics of Disablement (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).48. See, in particular, Article 1.49. For an excellent discussion of the complexities of the manifestation of the social model of disability within the CRPD, see Kayess and French, 'Out of Darkness into Light?'50. OHCHR, Report on Indicators for Promoting and Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights, para. 16.51. Its importance was recognised at the UN International Seminar on Measurement of Disability in New York, June 2001, http://www.unstats.un.org/unsd/disability/Seminar%202001.html (accessed July 21, 2013).52. P. Pinto, M. Dinca-Panaitescu and R. Samson, DRPI National Law and Policy Monitoring Template (Toronto: DRPI, 2011), http://drpi.research.yorku.ca/resources/LawPolicyTemplate (accessed July 21, 2013).53. Lawson and Priestley, Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe, section 3.2.1.54. Disability Rights Promotion International, Moving Forward: Progress in Global Disability Rights Monitoring (Toronto: Disability Rights Promotion International, 2007), http://www.yorku.ca/drpi (accessed July 17, 2013).55. Lawson and Priestley, Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe, section 3.6.56. A potential identified by S. 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For example, incorporating the so-called 'European module on social integration and disability' (EDSIM) in the European Core Health Interview Survey, although no comparative data is yet available for analysis.64. See, for example, P. Abberley, 'Counting us Out: A Discussion of the OPCS Disability Survey', Disability, Handicap and Society 71 (1992): 39; M. Oliver, The Politics of Disablement (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), 7–8; Pinto, 'Monitoring Human Rights'.65. World Health Organisation, 54th World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA 54.21 (WHO, 2001), http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ (accessed July 21, 2013).66. Lawson and Priestley, Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Europe.67. European Commission, European Disability Strategy 2010–2020: A Renewed Commitment to a Barrier-Free Europe, COM(2010)0636 final.68. European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the European Disability Strategy 2010–2020, SEC(2010) 1323 final, section 1.1.69. Directive 2000/78/EC.70. See generally L. Waddington, From Rome to Nice in a Wheelchair: The Development of a European Disability Policy (Groningen: Europa Publishing, 2006); L. Waddington and A. Lawson, Disability Non-Discrimination Law in the European Union: A Thematic Report (European Network of Legal Experts in the Non-Discrimination Field, 2009), http://www.migpolgroup.com/publications_detail.php?id=254 (accessed July 21, 2013).71. M. Priestley, 'Disability Policies and the Open Method of Co-ordination', in European Yearbook of Disability Law, Vol. 3, ed. L. Waddington, G. Quinn and E. Flynn (Antwerp; Oxford; Portland: Intersentia, 2013), 7–33.72. http://www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/ (accessed July 21, 2013).73. 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