China and the United Nations: The Stakeholder Spectrum
2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 34; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0163660x.2011.587980
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)Climate Change Policy and Economics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Greg Picker and Fergus Green, “Comprehending Copenhagen: a guide to the international climate change negotiations,” Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2009, p. 4: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1177. 2. “Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1965–2009: United States and China,” http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/carbon-dioxide-emissions-1965-2009-US-China.jpg; “Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand metric tons of CO2 (CDIAC),” Millennium Development Goals Indicators, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid=. 3. James Fallows, “China's Silver Lining,” The Atlantic, June 2008, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/06/china-8217-s-silver-lining/6808/; Deborah Seligsohn, Rob Bradley, and Jonathan Adams, “Fact Sheet: Energy and Climate Policy Action in China (Update),” World Resources Institute, November 5, 2009, http://www.wri.org/stories/2009/11/fact-sheet-energy-and-climate-policy-action-china-update; Thomas Friedman, “The New Sputnik,” The New York Times, September 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/opinion/27friedman.html; Michael Fullilove and Fergus Green, “Talks should at least be a big step on the way,” The Sydney Morning Herald, December 8, 2009, p 11. 4. “Climate change after Copenhagen: China's thing about numbers,” The Economist, December 30, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/15179774?story_id=15179774; “Copenhagen Accord faces first test,” International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Comments 16, January 2010, http://www.iiss.org/EasySiteWeb/GatewayLink.aspx?alId=40511; Fareed Zakaria, “Clash of the Titans: How the Democratic Republic of Google is testing China's appetite for democracy itself,” Newsweek, January 15, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/01/14/clash-of-the-titans.html; Jonathan Watts, “Speculation over change in role for Chinese climate negotiator,” The Guardian, January 5, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/05/he-yafei-china-climate-negotiator. 5. Ed Miliband, “The road from Copenhagen,” The Guardian, December 20, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/20/copenhagen-climate-change-accord; for Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's response to the British accusation that China “hijacked” negotiations at the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, see http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t647058.htm. 6. Mark Lynas, “How do I know China wrecked the Copenhagen deal? I was in the room,” The Guardian, December 22, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/22/copenhagen-climate-change-mark-lynas. 7. Robert B. Zoellick, “Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility?” (speech, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, New York, September 21, 2005), http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_7358-544-1-30.pdf. 8. Xiaochao Li, “Further expanding momentum of China's economic recovery in the first quarter of 2010,” National Bureau of Statistics of China, April 15, 2010; “Gross domestic product 2009,” World Bank, December 15, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf; “Gross domestic product 2009, PPP,” World Bank, December 15, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf; “GDP growth (annual %),” World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG; “World trade developments in 2008,” World Trade Organization, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its09_world_trade_dev_e.htm; Fareed Zakaria, “The Recession's Real Winner: China turns crisis into opportunity,” Newsweek, October 17, 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/10/17/the-recession-s-real-winner.html; Kevin Yao and Langi Chiang, “China FX reserves soar past $3 trillion, add to inflation,” Reuters, April 14, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/14/us-china-economy-reserves-idUSTRE73D1T620110414; Hugh White, “Power Shift: Australia's Future between Washington and Beijing,” Quarterly Essay 39, September 2010, pp. 11–13; Paul Kennedy, The Parliament of Man: the United Nations and the Quest for Global Government (London, Allen Lane, 2006), p. 245. 9. U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, February 2010, p. 31, http://www.defense.gov/qdr/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf; U.S. Department of Defense, Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2008, p. i, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dod/china_report_2008.pdf; M. Taylor Fravel, “China's Search for Military Power,” The Washington Quarterly 31, no. 3 (Summer 2008), http://twq.com/08summer/docs/08summer_fravel.pdf. 10. Josef Joffe, “The Default Power: The False Prophecy of America's Decline,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 5 (September/October 2009): p. 5; Steven Mufson and John Pomfret, “There's a new Red Scare. But is China really so scary?” Washington Post, February 28, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/26/AR2010022602601.html. 11. Deng Xiaoping quote from Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt and Andrew Small, “China's New Dictatorship Diplomacy: Is Beijing Parting with Pariahs?” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 1 (January/February 2008): p. 41. 12. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 3, 2010. 13. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Global Governance 2025: At a Critical Juncture, September 2010, p iii, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Governance.pdf. 14. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 4, 2010. 15. Confidential interview, Washington, D.C., October 7, 2009. 16. David Shambaugh, “The Chinese tiger shows its claws,” Financial Times, February 17, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d55d5578-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a.html; Michael Fullilove, “Frustrated US struggles to open dialogue with China,” The Sydney Morning Herald, February 22, 2010; Josh Rogin, “Gates snub raises tough questions about China ties,” Foreign Policy, June 4, 2010, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/06/03/gates_snub_raises_tough_questions_about_china_ties; Sachiko Sakamaki and Takashi Hirokawa, “Kan, Wen move to resolve China-Japan dispute,” Bloomberg, October 6, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-05/kan-wen-meeting-positive-for-japan-china-s-bilaterial-ties-sengoku-says.html. 17. Linda Jakobson and Dean Knox, “New Foreign Policy Actors in China,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Policy Paper 26, September 2010, pp. vi-vii, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP26.pdf; Fareed Zakaria, “The Beijing Blues,” Newsweek, June 4, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/04/the-beijing-blues.html; Zakaria, “Clash of the Titans”; Fareed Zakaria, “Growing Pains,” Newsweek, February 5, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/02/04/growing-pains.html; Kerry Brown, “The Power Struggle among China's Elite,” Foreign Policy, October 14, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/14/the_power_struggle_among_chinas_elite. 18. Samuel S. Kim, “China and the United Nations,” in China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, eds. Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999); Bates Gill and Chin-hao Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping: prospects and policy implications,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Policy Paper no. 25, November 2009, p. 4, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP25.pdf; “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” International Crisis Group, Asia Report no. 166, April 17, 2009, pp. 3–5, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/166_chinas_growing_role_in_un_peacekeeping.ashx. 19. Rosemary Foot, “Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging,” International Affairs 82, no. 1 (January 2006): p. 82. 20. David Shambaugh, “Reforming China's diplomacy,” Asia Research Centre, January 31, 2010, http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/8013/Hele_discussion_paper.pdf?sequence=1; Kim's report of representative's quote reproduced in Michel Oksenberg and Elizabeth Economy, Shaping US-China relations: a long-term strategy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997), p. 29. 21. Confidential interviews, New York, October 1, 2009 and September 30, 2009. 22. Colum Lynch, “Exclusive: China's John Bolton,” Foreign Policy, September 9, 2010, http://turtlebay.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/08/chinas_john_bolton; “UN diplomat Sha Zukang sorry for rant,” The Australian, September 15, 2010, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/un-diplomat-sha-zukang-sorry-for-rant/story-e6frg6so-1225922928310. 23. Confidential interviews, New York, September 30, 2009 and October 1, 2010. 24. Tiewa Liu, “Marching for a more open, confident and responsible great power: explaining China's involvement in UN peacekeeping operations,” Journal of International Peacekeeping 13, no. 1–2 (January 2009): pp. 121–122. See also International Crisis Group, “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” pp. 3–5. 25. International Crisis Group, “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” pp. 5–10; Gill and Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping,” pp. 4–5. 26. International Crisis Group, “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” pp. 2–3, 19–25. 27. Gill and Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping,” pp. 13–14; United Nations, “UN Mission's Summary detailed by Country,” September 30, 2010, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2010/sept10_3.pdf. China had a sizeable contingent of riot police in Haiti but it withdrew them in the weeks following the January 2010 earthquake: see Colum Lynch, “In surprise move, China withdraws riot police from Haiti,” Foreign Policy, March 25, 2010, http://turtlebay.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/25/in_surprise_move_china_withdraws_riot_police_from_haiti. 28. United Nations, “Ranking of military and police contributions to UN operations,” September 30, 2010, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2010/sept10_2.pdf; Gill and Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping,” pp. 5–7 and 26–27. 29. Gill and Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping,” p. 11; Weidi Xu, “Yaobai yu Panghuang zhong de Tansuo: Lianheguo Weihe Xingdong Mianlin de Kunnan yu Tiaozhan. [Exploration in vacillation and hesitation: the difficulties and challenges facing U.N. peacekeeping operations],” World Economics and Politics, no. 5, p. 9; United Nations, “Ranking of military and police contributions to UN operations”; International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 110 (Routledge, 2010), p. 465; International Crisis Group, “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” pp. 27–30. 30. Sarah Teitt, “China and the Responsibility to Protect,” Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, December 19, 2008, pp. 2, 9, 10, http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/files/China_and_R2P%5B1%5D.pdf; “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Asia-Pacific in the 2009 General Assembly Dialogue,” Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, October 2009, p. 18, http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/component/content/article/172-asia-pacific/2667-implementing-the-responsibility-to-protect-asia-pacific-in-the-2009-ga-dialogue-. 31. Alex J. Bellamy, “The Responsibility to Protect: Libya and Beyond,” e-International Relations, March 30, 2011, http://www.e-ir.info/?p=7912; “Security Council approves ‘no-fly zone’ over Libya,” SC/10200, March 17, 2011, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm; Douglas H. Paal, “China: Mugged by Reality in Libya, Again,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 11, 2011, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=43554. 32. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Remarks on Multinational Military Strike against Libya,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, March 21, 2011, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t808094.htm; “Chinese President says force is no solution to Libyan issue,” March 30, 2011, Chinese Embassy in the United States, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t811054.htm. 33. Samuel S. Kim, “China in world politics,” in Does China Matter? A Reassessment, eds. Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 43–46. In his analysis of voting records of the permanent five, Kim excludes a 1981 volley of U.S. and Chinese vetoes during deliberations on nominations for Secretary-General on the grounds that these “behind-the-scenes” votes are not included in official UNSC documentation. 34. Confidential interview, New York, October 1, 2009. 35. Bates Gill, “China Becoming a Responsible Stakeholder,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 11, 2007, p. 5, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Bates_paper.pdf. 36. Jenny Page, “Chinese billions in Sri Lanka fund battle against Tamil Tigers,” The Times, May 2, 2009; Security Council Report, “Sri Lanka,” Update Report no. 1, June 4, 2009, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Update%20Report%204%20June_Sri%20Lanka.pdf. 37. Confidential interview, New York, October 1, 2009. 38. Kleine-Ahlbrandt and Small, “China's New Dictatorship Diplomacy.” 39. Kleine-Ahlbrandt and Small, “China's New Dictatorship Diplomacy.”, p. 42. 40. Kleine-Ahlbrandt and Small, “China's New Dictatorship Diplomacy.”, pp. 46–47. See also Gill and Huang, “China's expanding role in peacekeeping,” p. 14; International Crisis Group, “China's growing role in UN peacekeeping,” pp. 20–21. 41. Peter Ford, “China dismisses UN report that Chinese bullets were used in Darfur,” Christian Science Monitor, October 21, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2010/1021/China-dismisses-UN-report-that-Chinese-bullets-were-used-in-Darfur. 42. Confidential interview, New York, September 30, 2009. 43. Confidential interview, New York, October 2, 2009. 44. Anthony Bubalo and Michael Fullilove, “Iran, the international community and the nuclear issue: where to next?” Lowy Institute for International Policy, December 2005, p. 3, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=330. 45. Confidential interview, New York, October 1, 2009. 46. Willem van Kemenade, “China vs. the Western Campaign for Iran Sanctions,” The Washington Quarterly 33, no. 3 (July 2010): p. 108, http://twq.com/10july/docs/10jul_vanKemenade.pdf; Michael D. Swaine, “Beijing's tightrope walk on Iran,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, China Leadership Monitor, no. 33, June 28, 2010, pp. 7–8, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CLM33MS.pdf; “The Iran nuclear issue: the view from Beijing,” International Crisis Group, Asia Briefing no. 100, February 17, 2010, p. 13, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/north-east-asia/china/B100-the-iran-nuclear-issue-the-view-from-beijing.aspx; “Factbox: EU, U.N. and U.S. sanctions against Iran,” Reuters, September 23, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/23/us-thyssen-iran-sanctions-idUSTRE68M26320100923. 47. Swaine, “Beijing's tightrope walk on Iran,” p. 8. 48. John Pomfret, “U.S. says Chinese businesses and banks are bypassing U.N. sanctions against Iran,” The Washington Post, October 18, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/17/AR2010101703364.html. 49. International Crisis Group, “The Iran nuclear issue: the view from Beijing,” pp. 5, 11 n. 103; Swaine, “Beijing's tightrope walk on Iran,” pp. 1–2; van Kemenade, “China vs. the Western Campaign for Iran Sanctions,” p. 103. 50. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 3, 2010. 51. Swaine, “Beijing's tightrope walk on Iran,” p. 3. 52. Confidential interview, New York, October 1, 2009. 53. Marc Lanteigne, Chinese foreign policy: an introduction (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 114. 54. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 2, 2010. 55. Korea Airports Corporation aviation statistics, http://www.airport.co.kr/doc/www_eng/info/E040105.jsp; Korea Konsult, International timetables to/from North Korea, http://www.koreakonsult.com/hur-tar-man-sig-dit_eng.html; International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook: 2010. 56. Kleine-Ahlbrandt and Small, “China's New Dictatorship Diplomacy,” pp. 44–45. 57. “Shades of red: China's debate over North Korea,” International Crisis Group, Asia Report no. 179, November 2, 2009, p. i, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/north-east-asia/china/179-shades-of-red-chinas-debate-over-north-korea.aspx. 58. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 3, 2010. 59. Andrew Jacobs and David E. Sanger, “China returns U.S. criticism over sinking of Korean ship,” The New York Times, June 29, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/world/asia/30korea.html. 60. “Security Council Blinks,” The New York Times, July 10, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/opinion/11sun3.html. 61. Peter S. Green and Frances Yoon, “China declines to condemn North Korean shelling as South prepares drill,” Bloomberg, December 19, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-19/china-declines-to-condemn-north-korean-shelling-as-south-prepares-drill.html. 62. Thomas Lum and Hannah Fischer, “Human rights in China: trends and policy implications,” CRS Report for Congress, renowned RL34729, January 25, 2010, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34729.pdf; Human Rights Watch, “UN: Nations show true colors at rights review,” February 13, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/13/un-nations-show-true-colors-rights-review. 63. Richard Gowan and Franziska Brantner, “A global force for human rights? An audit of European power at the UN,” European Council on Foreign Relations, 2008, p. 37, http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/documents/30b67f149cd7aaa888_3xm6bq7ff.pdf; Sarah E. Mendelson, “Dusk or Dawn for the Human Rights Movement?” The Washington Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2009): p. 109, http://twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Mendelson.pdf; “Security Council fails to adopt draft resolution on Myanmar, owing to negative votes by China, Russian Federation,” SC/8939, January 12, 2007, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc8939.doc.htm; Warren Hoge, “U.S. rebuke to Myanmar is defeated by U.N. vetoes,” The New York Times, January 13, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/13/world/asia/13nations.html; Colum Lynch, “U.S. push for Burmese war crimes probe hits Chinese wall,” Foreign Policy, October 24, 2010, http://turtlebay.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/10/24/us_push_for_burmese_war_crimes_probe_hits_chinese_wall. 64. For an excellent analysis of the various schools of Chinese foreign policy thought, see David Shambaugh, “Coping with a Conflicted China,” The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 1 (Winter 2011): pp. 7–27, http://twq.com/11winter/docs/11winter_Shambaugh.pdf. 65. Confidential interview, Beijing, June 3, 2010. 66. Pang Zhongying, “China's Non-Intervention Question,” Global Responsibility to Protect 1, no. 2 (March 2009): pp. 237–252, especially pp. 249–252. Additional informationNotes on contributorsMichael FulliloveMichael Fullilove is the director of the Global Issues Program at the Lowy Institute for International Policy in Sydney, Australia and a Nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C
Referência(s)