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Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores that Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase

2011; Elsevier BV; Volume: 132; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1038/jid.2011.367

1523-1747

Mikhail Geyfman, William Gordon, Ralf Paus, Bogi Andersen,

melanin and skin pigmentation

adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 hair follicle TO THE EDITOR In contrast to the dynamic and striking changes in hair follicle (HF) morphology during the anagen and catagen phases of the hair cycle, the telogen follicle appears static. However, it has been argued that the quiescent appearance of telogen HFs is deceptive (Davis, 1962Davis B.K. Phases of the hair-growth cycle.Nature. 1962; 194: 694Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar; Stenn and Paus, 2001Stenn K.S. Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling.Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 449-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (1033) Google Scholar; Higgins et al., 2009Higgins C.A. Westgate G.E. Jahoda C.A. From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber.J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129: 2100-2108Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar. For example, the expression of some genes clearly peaks during telogen (Greco et al., 2009Greco V. Chen T. Rendl M. et al.A two-step mechanism for stem cell activation during hair regeneration.Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 155-169Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar. Also, functionally distinct subphases of telogen have been identified ("competent" versus "refractory telogen") based on the ability to initiate anagen after plucking (Plikus et al., 2008Plikus M.V. Mayer J.A. de la Cruz D. et al.Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration.Nature. 2008; 451: 340-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (477) Google Scholar. To gain further insights into the biological activities of telogen and to further probe the concept that telogen represents an important hair cycle–regulatory phase, we profiled skin mRNA expression patterns in mid- (P54) and late (P59) second telogen in C57BL6 male mice with highly synchronized HF cycling. These data were analyzed in combination with previously published hair cycle gene expression profiling data that included an early telogen sample (P44; Lin et al., 2009Lin K.K. Kumar V. Geyfman M. et al.Circadian clock genes contribute to the regulation of hair follicle cycling.PLoS Genet. 2009; 5: e1000573Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar. Microarray hybridization and data analyses are described in Supplementary Methods online. As RNA was prepared from whole skin, subtle transcriptional changes occurring in a small population of follicular cells may not be detected and opposite changes in different cell populations may cancel each other. Also, skin samples used in our study contain subcutaneous adipose tissue, recently identified as critical for extrinsic modulation of HF behavior (Festa et al., 2011Festa E. Fretz J. Berry R. et al.Adipocyte lineage cells contribute to the skin stem cell niche to drive hair cycling.Cell. 2011; 146: 761-771Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (361) Google Scholar; Plikus et al., 2011Plikus M.V. Baker R.E. Chen C.C. et al.Self-organizing and stochastic behaviors during the regeneration of hair stem cells.Science. 2011; 332: 586-589Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar. Download .pdf (.79 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary Information While many genes reach their highest or lowest expression in telogen skin, we defined the telogen gene expression signature more rigorously as genes with expression 1.5-fold higher or lower in each of the three telogen time points compared with all anagen and catagen time points and P-value less than 0.001 (Supplementary Figure S1 online). The 1.5-fold cutoff was chosen to minimize false positivity due to changes in tissue composition. Following these selection criteria, our microarray analysis revealed 425 differentially expressed genes (Supplementary Table S1 online). The 425 genes thus defined reflect the uniqueness of telogen skin, demonstrating that telogen is a highly dynamic hair cycle phase at the level of transcriptional regulation, providing new insights into previously unexplored biological processes that may drive this pseudo-quiescent hair cycle stage. Observed over the whole second hair cycle, the expression of the telogen signature genes fell into three major clusters (Figure 1a), each with unique, significant (P<0.01) functional categories (Figure 1b). Cluster I contains genes upregulated in telogen; the most prominent gene ontology categories in this cluster are proteolysis, rhythmic process, cholesterol metabolic process, and actinomyosin structure organization. The proteolysis category contains several proteases functioning in shedding of membrane-associated cytokines and in macrophage activation. The latter is consistent with data showing hair cycle–related expression of innate immunity modulators (Stenn and Paus, 2001Stenn K.S. Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling.Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 449-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (1033) Google Scholar. Proteases with enhanced expression in telogen may also have a role in active hair fiber detachment during exogen (Higgins et al., 2009Higgins C.A. Westgate G.E. Jahoda C.A. From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber.J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129: 2100-2108Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar. The identification of "rhythmic process" which includes circadian target genes extends previous findings, showing that prominent circadian clock gene expression is a stable feature throughout the extended second telogen; clock genes are required for the correct timing of the initiation of the second anagen (Lin et al., 2009Lin K.K. Kumar V. Geyfman M. et al.Circadian clock genes contribute to the regulation of hair follicle cycling.PLoS Genet. 2009; 5: e1000573Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar. Overrepresentation of cholesterol metabolic processes is intriguing as pilosebaceous units both synthesize and metabolize steroid hormones such as estrogens, androgens, and cortisol, all of which profoundly modulate hair growth. Locally produced steroid hormones such as estrogens, which arrest murine HFs in telogen, may have a role in either maintaining telogen or in preparing the HF for anagen activation (Stenn and Paus, 2001Stenn K.S. Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling.Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 449-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (1033) Google Scholar. Among the genes in cluster I, the most intriguing example is adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (Aebp1), known to regulate cholesterol efflux and MAPK signaling (Majdalawieh and Ro, 2010Majdalawieh A. Ro H.S. PPARgamma1 and LXRalpha face a new regulator of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responsiveness, AEBP1.Nucl Recept Signal. 2010; 8: e004Crossref Google Scholar, with at least 7-fold higher expression in telogen compared with all other hair cycle stages (Figure 1c). Absent in anagen skin, the Aebp1 protein is expressed most prominently in the lower telogen HF epithelium (bulge, secondary hair germ) pointing to Aebp1 as a potential regulator, to our knowledge, previously unreported, of telogen HFs (Figure 1d); Aebp1 is also expressed in basal epidermal keratinocytes. Another intriguing gene in cluster I is Keratin 24; its prominent upregulation in telogen (Figure 1c) is unexpected as most previously investigated hair keratins show minimal telogen expression. While the Keratin 24 protein is expressed at a low level in anagen VI HFs (Figure 1e), its expression in the infundibulum, isthmus, bulge, and secondary hair germ of telogen HF increases dramatically compared with anagen; also epidermal Keratin 24 expression appears to increase during telogen. This telogen-enriched expression pattern suggests new hair cycle–regulatory functions for this "structural" protein, perhaps comparable to those already identified for K17 (Tong and Coulombe, 2006Tong X. Coulombe P.A. Keratin 17 modulates hair follicle cycling in a TNFalpha-dependent fashion.Genes Dev. 2006; 20: 1353-1364Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar. Two additional clusters encompass the downregulated telogen signature genes. Cell cycle–regulatory genes comprise the major functional category in Cluster II. Some of the downregulated genes include key components of G2-M progression: Cdk1, Cdca2, Nek2, Cenpf, Cenpn, and SMC2. Although the cell cycle is essentially shut down in the terminal anagen hair matrix immediately prior to catagen initiation (most cell cycle regulators are already very low in catagen) (Lin et al., 2009Lin K.K. Kumar V. Geyfman M. et al.Circadian clock genes contribute to the regulation of hair follicle cycling.PLoS Genet. 2009; 5: e1000573Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar, it is intriguing to note that G2-M transition seems to be further inhibited in telogen. Possibly, this is due to the arrest of some bulge stem cells in G2, perhaps to enable fast anagen activation (Morris et al., 2004Morris R.J. Liu Y. Marles L. et al.Capturing and profiling adult hair follicle stem cells.Nat Biotechnol. 2004; 22: 411-417Crossref PubMed Scopus (1009) Google Scholar. Cluster III contains genes related to general RNA processing and skin morphogenesis. Among genes involved in RNA processing are splicing factors including Ppil1 and Sfrs1, and RNA degradation factors including Eri1. Interestingly, Ppil1 has been shown to promote epithelial cellular proliferation in vitro (Obama et al., 2006Obama K. Kato T. Hasegawa S. et al.Overexpression of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase-like 1 is associated with the growth of colon cancer cells.Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 70-76Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar. Its downregulation in telogen may relate to its yet unexplored effects on keratinocyte proliferation in anagen. The expression of this gene is highest in anagen, going down more than 2-fold in late catagen. Eri1, expressed most highly in the nucleolus, has an important role in ribosomal RNA processing (Ansel et al., 2008Ansel K.M. Pastor W.A. Rath N. et al.Mouse Eri1 interacts with the ribosome and catalyzes 5.8S rRNA processing.Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008; 15: 523-530Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar. Its reduced telogen expression may relate to overall reduced translational activity in telogen. Sfrs1 is a splicing factor with many diverse RNA targets including mRNAs, miRNAs, snoRNAs, and ncRNAs (Sanford et al., 2009Sanford J.R. Wang X. Mort M. et al.Splicing factor SFRS1 recognizes a functionally diverse landscape of RNA transcripts.Genome Res. 2009; 19: 381-394Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar. Downregulation of this gene possibly reflects overall reduction in transcriptional activity in telogen. Several differentially regulated genes lie outside these functional categories, suggesting additional biological processes in telogen. For example, we show here that Fgf18, a recently identified inhibitor of anagen initiation secreted by K6-positive bulge residents (Hsu et al., 2011Hsu Y.C. Pasolli H.A. Fuchs E. Dynamics between stem cells, niche, and progeny in the hair follicle.Cell. 2011; 144: 92-105Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (396) Google Scholar, is upregulated in telogen (Supplementary Table S1 online). This is consistent with its role in maintaining bulge quiescence (Hsu et al., 2011Hsu Y.C. Pasolli H.A. Fuchs E. Dynamics between stem cells, niche, and progeny in the hair follicle.Cell. 2011; 144: 92-105Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (396) Google Scholar. In addition, we show that a member of the β-defensin family, Defb8, is upregulated more than 300-fold during the second telogen (Figure 1c). This suggests new growth-inhibitory functions of this antimicrobial peptide, and raises the question whether Defb8 participates in the marked signaling shift from a predominantly immunoinhibitory signaling milieu of murine anagen skin to one that greatly facilitates the elicitation of type IV immune responses in telogen skin (Stenn and Paus, 2001Stenn K.S. Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling.Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 449-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (1033) Google Scholar. In the second part of this project, we tested whether whole skin gene expression is dynamic over the second telogen; analysis of variance was performed to define genes exhibiting differential expression over the three telogen time points (P44, P54, and P59), thus identifying 376 genes (Supplementary Methods online, Supplementary Figure S1 online, and Supplementary Table S2 online). These genes fell into six major clusters (Figure 1f) featuring enrichment of specific biological categories (Figure 1g). We validated the expression of three of these genes by quantitative PCR. Placenta-specific 9 (cluster 2), a placenta enriched gene with unknown functions in skin, has highest expression in early telogen (Figure 1h). Thrombospondin-2 (cluster 5), an extracellular matrix regulator, has highest expression in mid- and late telogen (Figure 1h). Interestingly, Thrombospondin-1 had already been found to be instrumental for inducing the catagen-associated regression of the HF vasculature, and Thbs-1 knockout mice showed prolonged anagen duration (Yano et al., 2003Yano K. Brown L.F. Lawler J. et al.Thrombospondin-1 plays a critical role in the induction of hair follicle involution and vascular regression during the catagen phase.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 14-19Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar. von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 2 (cluster 6), an extracellular matrix–associated protein implicated in cell adhesion, has striking upregulation in mid-telogen (Figure 1h). It is tempting to speculate that latter may be involved in β1-integrin-dependent signaling through RGD motif containing ligands that keep bulge and SHG stem cells in a state of relative quiescence during telogen (Brakebusch et al., 2000Brakebusch C. Grose R. Quondamatteo F. et al.Skin and hair follicle integrity is crucially dependent on beta 1 integrin expression on keratinocytes.EMBO J. 2000; 19: 3990-4003Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar. In summary, it is timely to abandon the often reverberated notion that telogen constitutes the HF's "resting stage". By defining a unique gene expression signature for telogen mouse skin, the current work fully supports the concept that, despite its deceptively "quiescent" morphological appearance, telogen represents a biologically, very active phase of HF cycling (Davis, 1962Davis B.K. Phases of the hair-growth cycle.Nature. 1962; 194: 694Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar; Stenn and Paus, 2001Stenn K.S. Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling.Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 449-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (1033) Google Scholar; Plikus et al., 2008Plikus M.V. Mayer J.A. de la Cruz D. et al.Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration.Nature. 2008; 451: 340-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (477) Google Scholar; Greco et al., 2009Greco V. Chen T. Rendl M. et al.A two-step mechanism for stem cell activation during hair regeneration.Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 155-169Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar; Higgins et al., 2009Higgins C.A. Westgate G.E. Jahoda C.A. From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber.J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129: 2100-2108Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar. More specifically, our data indicate that telogen is characterized by enhanced cholesterol and steroid metabolism, skin immune status, and circadian clock function (Supplementary Figure S2 online). We also identify AEBP1, keratin 24, Thsb-2, and Defb8 as promising new markers and potential regulators of telogen. This study was supported by the Irving Weinstein foundation and NIH grant 5R01AR56439 (to BA), and NIH training program T32-HD60555 (to WG). Supplementary material is linked to the online version of the paper at http://www.nature.com/jid