THE ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE OF LAND IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY SOUTHERN ONTARIO
1975; Wiley; Volume: 19; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1541-0064.1975.tb01869.x
ISSN1541-0064
Autores Tópico(s)Archaeology and Natural History
ResumoCanadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennesVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 279-298 THE ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE OF LAND IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTHERN ONTARIO KENNETH KELLY, KENNETH KELLY University of GuelphSearch for more papers by this author KENNETH KELLY, KENNETH KELLY University of GuelphSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1975.tb01869.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES 1 K. Kelly, “The Evaluation of Land for Wheat Cultivation in Early Nineteenth Century Ontario,” Ont. Hist., 62 (1970), 61– 2. 2 See, for example, John Lynch, “Agricultural Report on the County of Peel, 1853,” Journal and Transactions of the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada (henceforth to be cited as JTBAUC), 1 (185158), 348; and. 3 Thomas Shaw, “ Essay on the Best Method of Under-draining the Different Soils of Ontario,” Ann. Rep. Agric. and Arts Assoc. Ont. (1885), p. 78. 3 George Smart, “Essay on Thorough Drainage,” Canadian Agriculturalist (to be cited as Can. Ag.), 13 (1861), 596 and 600– 1. 4 Thomas Shaw, “ Essay on the Best Method of Underdraining …,” p. 78. 5 Martin Doyle, Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada, 2nd ed. (Dublin, 1832), pp. 52– 3. 6 Draining Wet Lands,” Canada Farmerx, 2nd ser.,” 2 (1870), 408. This source will be cited as 2nd Can. Farm, in future references. 7 John Lynch, “ Agricultural Report on the County of Peel, 1853, “p. 348. 8 Ibid. 9 Underdraining was the removal of surplus water through covered drains. It allowed artificial drainage without the ridges and furrows and open ditches which impeded cultivation and farm mechanization. 10 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” p. 598. 11 Thorough drainage was achieved by the construction of a system of interconnected drains which removed the surplus water from an entire field or farm. It comprised at the least a main drain with a number of lateral or branch drains. A field could be thoroughly drained using ridges and furrows with some open ditches, but the term normally was used in connection with a system of underdrains. 12 James F.W. Johnston, “Drainage,” JTBAUC, 1 (185158), 85– 6. 13 J.B. Marks, “The Annual Address, 1851,” JTBAUC, 1 (185158), 171. 14 C. P. Treadwell, “President's Address,” JTBAUC, 1 (185158), 421. 15 See, for example, “Land Drainage,” Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 94– 95. 16 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” p. 603. 17 See, for example, J.B. Marks, “On Draining Land,” Can. Ag., 7 (1855), 19. 18 The Drainage of Land,” Canada Farmer, 1st sen, 5 (1868), 209. Hereafter this source will appear as 1st Can. Farm.. 19 The British American Cultivator, 3 (1847), 26. This in future will be cited as Brit. Am. Cult.. 20 Draining - The Advantages It Confers and Its Cost,” Farmer's Advocate (F. Adv.), 11 (1876), 43. 21 J. B. Marks. On Draining Land,” p. 19. 22 The length of time a drain lasted, or functioned effectively, depended to a large degree on how well it was constructed. The shortest-lived wood drains were those made with cedar. They collapsed after about 15 years. The longest-lasting were built with hemlock poles. They, and most stone drains, remained effective for about 50 years. 23 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” p. 597. 24 Practical Drainage,” 2nd Can. Farm., 2 (1870), 42. 25 Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 96. 26 F. Adv., 28 (1883), 145. 27 Advantages of Draining,” by a York township farmer, 1st Can. Farm., 1 (1864), 67. 28 James F.W. Johnston, “ Drainage,” p. 86. 29 J. B. Marks, “ On Draining Land,” pp. 18– 19. 30 1st Can. Farm., 1 (1864), 175. 31 K. Kelly, “Wheat Farming in Simcoe County in the Mid-nineteenth Century,” Can. Geog., 15 (1971), 100. 32 The fall wheat varieties generally available in Ontario had become degenerate, low yielding, and particularly susceptible to injury from rust. The spring Club variety gave farmers similar problems but the newly introduced spring Fife wheat yielded well. 33 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” pp. 599 and 602. 34 F. Adv., 11 (1876), 43; and 36 F. Adv. 27 (1882), 292. 35 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” p. 599. 36 Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 93; 39 “Draining,” F. Adv., 28 (1883), 8. 37 Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 93. 38 Brit. Am. Cult., 3 (1847), 26; and 42 F. Adv., 11 (1876), 43. 39 F. Adv., 27 (1882), 318, and 44 F. Adv. 28 (1883), 7; and 45 J.B. Marks, “ On Draining Land,” p. 18. 40 F. Adv., 27 (1882), 292. 41 See K. Kelly, “The Changing Attitude of Farmers to Forest in Nineteenth Century Ontario,” Ont. Geog., 8 (1974), 73– 6 for an outline of some of this damage. 42 Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 96. 43 F. Adv., 27 (1882), 130. 44 Thomas Shaw, “ Essay on the Best Method of Underdraining …,” p. 78. 45 Can. Ag., 12 (1860), 96. 46 F. Adv., 2 (1871), 243. 47 George Smart, “ Essay on Thorough Drainage,” pp. 594 and 600. 48 2nd Can. Farm., 1 (1869), 404 and 445. 49 Drainage and the Statute Relating Thereto,” by a South Dumfries farmer, 1st Can. Farm., 4 (1867), 136. 50 Report of the Commissioner of Public Works for the Province of Ontario for 1869,” Sessional Papers 1868–69, vol. 1, part 3, p. 8. These sources now will be abbreviated as “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” and Sess. Paps, respectively. 51 An Act to authorize the advance of Public Money to a limited amount, to promote the improvement of land in Ontario by works of Drainage. 52 The Act was amended in February of 1871 (34 Vic. cap. 22) to permit benefited farmers to pay off the total rent charge at any one time, thus saving on interest charges. 53 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1869, p. 19. 54 Sess. Paps. 1873, vol. 5, part 3, paper 58, pp. 28– 9. 55 The Drainage Act,” 2nd Can. Farm., 2 (1870), 277. 56 Report of the Drainage Commission for the Province of Ontario,” Sess. Paps. 1893, vol. 25, paper 32, p. 19. In future references this source will be given as “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893.”. 57 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1870, Sess. Paps. 1870–71. vol. 3, paper 29, p. 31. 58 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1869, p. 19. 59 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” p. 25. 60 Sess. Paps. 1873, vol. 5, part 3, paper 58, p. 29. 61 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” p. 19. 62 Sess. Paps. 1873, vol. 5, part 3, paper 58, p. 29. 63 An Act to authorize the investment of certain moneys in debentures to be issued for the construction of drainage works by Municipalities. 64 Under 42 Vic. cap. 7(1879) this fund was increased to $250,000. 65 An Act to authorize a further expenditure of public money for drainage works. 66 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” pp. 98– 101. 67 Communications between the Government and municipalities related to the Drainage Act,” Sess. Paps. 1873, vol. 5, part 3, paper 46, pp. 27– 8. 68 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1874, Sess. Paps. 1875, vol. 6, part 2, p. 18. 69 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1875, Sess. Paps. 1875–76, vol. 8, part 3, p. 10. 70 Ibid., p. 11. 71 “Rept. Comm. Pub. Wks.” for 1874, p. 19. 72 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” pp. 21 and 38. 73 K. Kelly, “Damaged and Efficient Landscapes in Rural Southern Ontario 1880–1900,” Ont. Hist., 66 (1974), 1– 4. 74 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” pp. 26– 7. 75 C. Harniman, “Development of Artificial Drainage Systems in Kent and Essex Counties, Ontario,” Ont. Geog., 2 (1968), 21– 2. 76 “Rept. Dr. Comm. 1893,” pp. 21 and 27. 77 Ontario Agricultural Commission, Report of the Commissioners, 5 vols. (1881) 1: 393. Henceforth to be cited as Rept. Ont. Ag. Comm. 1881. 78 Rept. Ont. Ag. Comm. 1881, p. 394. 79 K. Kelly, “ The Changing Attitude of Farmers to Forest in Nineteenth Century Ontario,” p. 73. 80 Rept. Ont. Ag. Comm. 1881, p. 394. 81 Rept. Ont. Ag. Comm. 1881, p. 393. 82 An Act respecting investment in Tile Drainage Debentures.”. 83 An Act to authorize Investments in Municipal Debentures issued in Aid of Stone and Timber Drainage.” Thereafter the two Acts together were referred to as “The Ontario Tile, Stone, and Timber Drainage Acts.”. 84 Sess. Paps. 1881, vol. 13, part 3, paper 29, pp. 2– 3. 85 C. Ferguson, “Underdrainage in Ontario,” Sci. Ag., 15 (193435), 623. 86 R. W. Invin, A Review of Land Drainage in Ontario (Guelph, 1961); Ontario Agricultural College Engineering Technical Publication no. 7, p. 19. 87 An Act respecting Ditches and Watercourses. 88 Statutes of Ontario 46th Vic. 1883, sections 3 and 4, p. 378, and section 9, p. 380. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue4December 1975Pages 279-298 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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