Biomedical science and technology in China
2008; Elsevier BV; Volume: 372; Issue: 9648 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61352-5
ISSN1474-547X
Autores Tópico(s)Biomedical and Engineering Education
ResumoAdvances in medicine in the 20th century, along with an ageing population and changes in lifestyles, have altered the nature of diseases. Malnutrition and traditional infectious diseases have been replaced by chronic non-communicable diseases and emerging infectious diseases. In China, more than 80% of deaths are caused by chronic non-communicable diseases. These increasing worldwide needs have placed biomedicine centre stage. The development of biomedical research in China, a country with 1·3 billion people, is a massive and unique challenge.1Chen Z Wang HG Wen ZJ Wang Y Life sciences and biotechnology in China.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007; 362: 947-957Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar Initially when China opened its doors via policy reform, economic issues were the major concern and Deng Xiaoping advocated the notion of "science and technology constituting a primary productive force".2Deng X Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.in: Den X Selected works of Deng Xiaoping. vol 3. People's Press, Beijing1993: 274-276Google Scholar In the mid-1980s, when the national high-technology programme (863) was launched,3Office of 863, Ministry of Science and TechnologyIntroduction of 863 Program.http://www.863.org.cn/863_105/863brief/863introduction/200405080289.htmlGoogle Scholar biotechnology was the main priority. Since the mid-1990s, China has used science and education to improve its international competitiveness,4Jiang Z Implementing the strategy of developing the country through Science and education.in: Jiang Z Selected works of Jiang Zemin. vol 1. People's Press, Beijing2006: 425-439Google Scholar with an increase in expenditure on research and development from 0·6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1996 to 1·4% in 2006 (a period during which the annual rate of growth in GDP reached more than 9%).5China Science and Technology StatisticsData book 2002.http://www.sts.org.cn/sjkl/kjtjdt/data2002/2002-2.htmGoogle Scholar At the same time, China set up policies to develop its talent pool in biomedical research, and is ranked fourth internationally in 2005 for patents granted and publications in indexed journals.6China Science and Technology StatisticsData book 2007.http://www.sts.org.cn/sjkl/kjtjdt/data2007/2007-6.htmGoogle Scholar More than 20% of the Government's research and development budget was spent on life science and biotechnology, including health-related domains. While encouraging investigator-initiated projects by augmenting the budget of the National Natural Science Foundation (a five-fold increase over the past decade, rising to 4·3 billion Renminbi [about £0·32 billion] in 2007), China has also launched the national key basic research programme (973) and established major scientific facilities, including synchrotron light-sources and centres for genomics or protein science, drug screening, and biodiversity conservation. By combining resources in human genetics and traditional Chinese and western medicine, a comprehensive medical research system has been developed. In addition to the contribution to sequencing of the human genome and the HapMap Project,7The International HapMap ConsortiumA haplotype map of the human genome.Nature. 2005; 437: 1299-1320Crossref PubMed Scopus (4858) Google Scholar scientists sequenced the genomes of several important species (including rice, chicken, the domesticated silk-moth, and Schistosoma japonicum). The molecular pathogenesis of infectious outbreaks, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)8Chinese SMEC Molecular evolution of the SARS coronavirus during the course of the SARS epidemic in China.Science. 2004; 303: 1666-1669Crossref PubMed Scopus (573) Google Scholar and avian influenza,9Liu J Xiao H Lei F et al.Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds.Science. 2005; 309: 1206Crossref PubMed Scopus (671) Google Scholar and several chronic diseases has also been analysed.1Chen Z Wang HG Wen ZJ Wang Y Life sciences and biotechnology in China.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007; 362: 947-957Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar The development of selective differentiation or apoptosis induction in acute promyelocytic leukaemia is an example of how functional genomics can promote targeted cancer therapy.10Wang ZY Chen Z Acute promyelocytic leukemia: from highly fatal to highly curable.Blood. 2008; 111: 2505-2515Crossref PubMed Scopus (1059) Google Scholar China has joined international research efforts in proteomics and structural genomics. Crystal structures of several protein complexes, including mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, have been characterised,11Sun F Huo X Zhai Y et al.Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II.Cell. 2005; 121: 1043-1057Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (653) Google Scholar and the first human proteome catalogue for the liver has been generated.12Human Proteome OrganisationHuman Liver Proteome Project.http://hupo.org/research/hlppGoogle Scholar Advances in other domains have also been made—eg, the effect of lymphoid microenvironments on dendritic cells13Zhang M Tang H Guo Z et al.Splenic stroma drives mature dendritic cells to differentiate into regulatory dendritic cells.Nat Immunol. 2004; 5: 1124-1133Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar and signal transduction, such as the involvement of β arrestin in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor signalling.14Kang J Shi Y Xiang B et al.A nuclear function of beta-arrestin1 in GPCR signaling: regulation of histone acetylation and gene transcription.Cell. 2005; 123: 833-847Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (276) Google Scholar Biochips have been applied to clinical medicine and food safety. China is the first country to issue approval through the Government's regulator (the State Food and Drug Administration [SFDA]) for the use of biochips to screen for diseases such as hepatitis C. China approved the world's first gene-therapy product (recombinant human serotype 5 adenovirus, Gendicine) for TP53 tumour suppressor.15Guo J Xin H Chinese gene therapy: splicing out the West?.Science. 2006; 314: 1232-1235Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar Almost 100 new drugs have either been introduced into the market or are in late-phase clinical trials, such as analogues of artemisinin (a key component in combination therapy for malaria, and recommended by WHO), and quick-test diagnostic reagents for HIV/AIDS. Especially noteworthy are achievements in vaccines for SARS and avian influenza, and the establishment of important platforms for antibody studies. In stem-cell research, there have been patents and the setting of standards for animal cloning, generation of human embryonic stem-cell lines, nuclear transfer of somatic cells, somatic stem-cell isolation or characterisation, expansion and directed differentiation of stem or progenitor cells, and tissue or organ engineering. For example, the use of mesenchymal stem cells to support haemopoiesis during bone-marrow transplantation is now in clinical trials, and the SFDA has recently ratified a certificate for a novel artificial skin. Yet China faces several challenges, including: the need to develop a sound infrastructure for health-care insurance; a lack of effective partnership between the academic and industrial sectors; insufficient investment in drug research and development; and unsatisfactory support for the oversight of food and drug safety. With the move towards the Outlook of Scientific Development and the aim of developing an equitable society, China has placed public health at the top of its agenda, with the aim of Health for All by 2020.16Hu J Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress. 17th CPC Congress.http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/24/content_6938749_7.htmDate: Oct, 24, 2007Google Scholar At present, the country is concentrating on primary health care in rural areas and community medicine in cities. The initial goal is a framework for delivery of health care and an insurance system that will cover most people by 2010, in which governmental funding will take the lead. By the end of 2008, the New Rural Cooperative Medicare Scheme, with an 80% contribution from public coffers, will cover all 860 million farmers in China. New initiatives to cover all urban citizens have also been launched. To use biomedicine to boost accessibility and equal provision of health care, a strategy of "walking on two legs" has been advocated. This strategy suggests that excellence in cutting-edge technologies should be pursued along with a serve-all approach. In the Guidelines on National Medium- and Long-term Program for S&T Development (2006–2020), drug innovation and prevention and control of major emerging infectious diseases have been listed as two of 16 mega projects.17State Council, People's Republic of ChinaGuidelines on national medium- and long-term program for science and technology development (2006–2020).http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htmDate: Feb 9, 2006Google Scholar In line with the notion of predictive, preventive, personalised, and participatory medicine, disease prevention should be a priority, with importance attached to provision of clean drinking water, environmental health, natural disasters and disaster preparedness, large-scale production of good-quality food, drug, and vaccine production and regulation, production of reliable reagents for diagnosis and screening, and development of an e-health-care system to manage chronic non-communicable diseases. Moreover, modernisation of traditional Chinese medicine will be strengthened by multicentre clinical trials to evaluate efficacy, and to implement standardisation and quality control, and also by studying systems biomedicine.18Eastern Forum of Science and TechnologySystems Biology and Medicine. 53rd Eastern Forum of Science and Technology.http://www.efst.sh.cn/showMeet.do?id=145Date: 2004Google Scholar China's translational research capacity will be improved by combining its clinical resources and research strength, while creating an environment that considers ethical, legal, and societal input. While encouraging indigenous innovation, China needs to further extend international collaboration through personal exchanges and joint projects. We believe that all these factors will contribute to the improvement of public health in the 21st century. This Comment benefited considerably from constructive discussion with Zhan Qimin, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. I declare that I have no conflict of interest. Health-system reform in China2008 has been a watershed for China. The aftermath of the Sichuan earthquake showed the Government's commitment to its citizens, and the will to set priorities and rapidly mobilise resources on a profound scale for public welfare. The Olympic Games in Beijing proved a showcase of architectural imagination, dazzling entertainment, and athletic prowess. More recently, China has launched and safely returned astronauts from space. Empowered by a strong economy and a talented population, there seems little that this extraordinary country cannot achieve. Full-Text PDF Chen Zhu: from barefoot doctor to China's Minister of HealthEven by the standards of the construction site that is 21st-century China, Chen Zhu has embarked on an ambitious architectural project. By 2010, the country's non-communist Minister of Health aims to have laid, supported by the State Council, the foundations of a stronger public health-care system for China's 1·3 billion people. Not only does this mean investing billions in infrastructure, training millions of health workers, and new medical-insurance schemes, it also involves the difficult task of persuading hospital directors, pharmacists, and bureaucrats that health-care services are primarily public goods rather than markets. Full-Text PDF
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