Which State for Lebanon in the Aftermath of the Hizbullah–Israeli War of July–August 2006? A Critical Analysis
2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 17; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10669920802172346
ISSN1473-9666
Autores Tópico(s)Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Editorial, Daily Star (Beirut), 15 August 2006, p. 1. 2 See further Roupen CitationAvsharian, ‘The Taif Accord and the Armenians of Lebanon,’ paper presented at international conference on the Armenians of Lebanon: Past and Present, Department of Armenian Studies, Haigazian University, Beirut, 13–15 September 2005. 3 CitationDonald Rothchild and Philip G. Roeder, ‘Dilemmas of state-building in divided societies,’ in: Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild (Eds.) Sustainable Peace, Power and Democracy after Civil Wars (Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 8. 4 Daily Star, 20 July 2006, p. 7. 5 CitationDavid A. Lake and Donald Rothchild, ‘Containing fear: the origins and management of ethnic conflict,’ in: Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (Eds.) Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press, 1996–97), p. 103. 6 CitationDavid A. Lake and Donald Rothchild, ‘Containing fear: the origins and management of ethnic conflict,’ in: Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (Eds.) Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press, 1996–97), p. 103 7 Lebanon's Finance Minister, Jihad Azour, estimated that ‘indirect losses total far more than the direct losses which he put in the range of $3 billion to $3.5 billion. Some business groups have estimated the value of indirect losses at more than $7 billion.’ Quoted in Daily Star, 7 September 2006, p. 6. 8 Sayyed Hassan CitationNasrallah, ‘We will consider any hand that tries to seize our weapons as an Israeli hand,’ in: N. Noe (Ed.) Voice of Hezbollah, The Statements of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah (London/New York: Verso, 2007), p. 347. 9 Daily Star, 22 July 2006, p. 7. 10 A large coalition of prominent anti-Syria politicians and a majority of members of parliament, including parliamentary deputy (MP) Saad Hariri, leader of the Future Movement, MP Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Samir Geagea, leader of the Lebanese Forces, and many other leaders of the ‘Cedar Revolution,’ the movement that mobilized over one million Lebanese into the streets of Beirut to protest the February 2005 assassination of Rafiq Hariri and to demand the withdrawal of Syrian troops, who had been stationed in Lebanon since 1976. 11 Daily Star, 21 October 2006, p. 1. 12 Daily Star, 3 August 2006, p. 3. 13 Daily Star, 18 August 2006, p. 1. 14 Daily Star 15 Daily Star 16 Naim CitationQassem, Hizbullah, the Story from Within (London: SAQI, 2005), p. 236. 17 Naim CitationQassem, Hizbullah, the Story from Within (London: SAQI, 2005), p. 31. 19 Al Nahar Concerning military cooperation between Iran and Hizbullah, Kashly also claims in his article that Hizbullah's decision to abduct Israeli soldiers was made at a 4 July 2006 joint meeting between Hizbullah representatives and Iranian officials in Damascus. Kashly argued that Iran wanted to play the Hizbullah card as a bargaining chip in the negotiations concerning its nuclear program with the international community. 18 Al Nahar, 4 October 2006, p. 9. 20 Daily Star, 29 August 2006, p. 12. 21 Roeder and Rothchild, Sustainable Peace, p. 43. 22 Marie-Joelle CitationZahar, ‘Power sharing in Lebanon: foreign protectors, domestic peace, and democratic failure,’ in: Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild (Eds.) Sustainable Peace, Power and Democracy after Civil Wars (Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 239. 23 Paul CitationSalem, ‘The future of Lebanon,’ Foreign Affairs, 85(6) (2006), pp. 13–22 (at p. 21). 24 International Crisis Group (hereafter CitationICG) Middle East Report No 59, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon: Avoiding Renewed Conflict, 1 November 2006, p. 3. 25 Al Nahar, 28 September 2006, p. 17. 26 Al Nahar, 28 September 2006, p. 17 28 Daily Star, 1 September 2006, p. 1 27 Daily Star, 1 September 2006, p. 1. 29 Daily Star, 26 July 2006, p. 7. 30 Al Nahar, 14 September 2006, p. 6. 31 Interview with Ibrahim Amin Al-Sayyed by journalist May Shidyak, Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC), 5 September 2006. 32 Interview with Ibrahim Amin Al-Sayyed by journalist May Shidyak, Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC), 5 September 2006 33 Al Nahar, 14 September 2006, p. 6. Also, see Interview with Ibrahim Amin Al-Sayyed by journalist May Shidyak, Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC), 5 September 2006, 7 September 2006, p. 7. 34 Daily Star, 7 September 2006, p. 1. 35 Concerning the destruction caused in the wake of war, the ICG report stated that ‘in Lebanon, 1,191 people were killed and several thousand injured. Up to one million were displaced. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and runways at Beirut international airport was damaged or destroyed. Some 15,000 homes and 900 factories, markets, farms, shops and other commercial buildings were wrecked.’ Quoted from ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon, p. 1. 36 President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States first proclaimed this doctrine in a speech to Congress on 5 January 1957. He stated, ‘In order to preserve the integrity and independence of nations of the Middle East the United States is prepared to use armed forces to assist any nation or group of nations requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by International Communism.’ Quoted from Caroline Attie, Struggle in the Levant: Lebanon in the 1950s (London/New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004), p. 109. 37 Al Nahar, 7 September 2006, pp. 1, 12. 38 Al Nahar, 7 September 2006, pp. 1, 12 39 Daily Star, 7 September 2006, p. 1. 40 Daily Star, 7 September 2006, p. 1 41 Lake and Rothchild, ‘Containing fear,’ p. 108. 42 Daily Star, 18 August 2006, p. 2. 43 See the stance of Walid Jumblatt and Samir Geagea in Daily Star, 4 September 2006, p. 7. 44 Al Nahar, 19 October 2006, p. 5. 45 Abi-Nasr, ‘We live the Federalism of the Sects’, Al Nahar, 28 September 2006, p. 8. 46 Abi-Nasr, Al Nahar, 28 September 2006, p. 8 49 Daily Star, 25 August 2006, p. 1. In this context, ‘Seniora's comments came in response to Syrian President Bashar Assad's declaration that any deployment of international troops along the border would be considered an act of aggression.’ Daily Star 47 Daily Star, 28 August 2006, p. 2. 48 Daily Star, 5 August 2006, p. 1. Mottaki, during a visit to Lebanon, ‘expressed implicit reservations about Seniora's seven-point plan to bring peace to Lebanon, saying there was no rush to discuss questions beyond an immediate cease-fire.’ Ibid. 50 Daily Star, p. 3. 51 On the stance of Auon toward Hizbullah, see Daily Star 56 ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon, pp. 8–9. 52 ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon, p. 8. 53 Daily Star, 6 September 2006, p. 3. 54 ‘Nasrallah at the victory rally,’ Citation Monday Morning , 35(1761) (2006), pp. 12–15 (at pp. 12–13). 55 ‘Nasrallah at the victory rally,’ Citation Monday Morning , 35(1761) (2006), p. 15. 57 Daily Star, 16 August 2006, p. 1. 58 Daily Star, 8 September 2006, p. 1. 59 Al Nahar, 25 September 2006, pp. 1, 12. 60 Al Nahar, 25 September 2006, pp. 1, 12 61 Al Nahar, 23 September 2006, p. 13. 63 See ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon, p. 2. Resolution 1559 was adopted in 2004 and Resolution 1680 was adopted in 2006. Both resolutions require the disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon. 62 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006), S/RES/1701, 11 August 2006. According to the ICG, ‘Resolution 1701 is most successful when it addresses short-term objectives: an immediate cessation of hostilities followed by new security arrangements—the dual deployment of an expanded UNIFIL and Lebanese Army Forces in the south and a simultaneous withdrawal of Israeli troops across the official border, the “Blue Line”.’ See ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon, pp. 1–4. 64 See ICG, Israel/Hizbullah/Lebanon It is important to clarify that the original UNIFIL was established by Security Council Resolution 426 in 1978 following an Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon. The original UNIFIL is known as UNIFIL I. The new international force that was deployed after August 2006 is known as UNIFIL II. 65 Daily Star, 21 September 2006, p. 4. 66 Daily Star, 20 July 2006, p. 7. 67 Interview with Naim Qassem by Al Jazira, 21 August 2006. Qassem also said that their aim is also not to change the Seniora government, but rather to strengthen the Lebanese Army, to support participation of Michel Aoun in the government, and to continue the national dialogue with the other groups concerning the future status of the resistance. See N. El-Hashim, ‘Resignation of Shiite Ministers: deadlock,’ Monday Morning, 35 (1768) (2006), pp. 11–14. 68 Nadim el-Hashem, ‘Resignation of Shiite ministers: deadlock,’ Monday Morning, 35(1768) (2006), pp. 11–14 (at p. 11). 69 Al Nahar, 21 September 2006, p. 4, quoted in David CitationChandler, Empire in Denial: Politics of State-Building (London: Pluto Press, 2006).
Referência(s)