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Early Embryonic Lethality of H Ferritin Gene Deletion in Mice

2000; Elsevier BV; Volume: 275; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.275.5.3021

1083-351X

Chrystophe Ferreira, Danièle Bucchini, Marie-Elise Martin, Sonia Levi, Paolo Arosio, Bernard Grandchamp, Carole Beaumont,

Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders

Ferritin molecules play an important role in the control of intracellular iron distribution and in the constitution of long term iron stores. In vitro studies on recombinant ferritin subunits have shown that the ferroxidase activity associated with the H subunit is necessary for iron uptake by the ferritin molecule, whereas the L subunit facilitates iron core formation inside the protein shell. However, plant and bacterial ferritins have only a single type of subunit which probably fulfills both functions. To assess the biological significance of the ferroxidase activity associated with the H subunit, we disrupted the H ferritin gene (Fth) in mice by homologous recombination.Fth +/− mice are healthy, fertile, and do not differ significantly from their control littermates. However,Fth −/− embryos die between 3.5 and 9.5 days of development, suggesting that there is no functional redundancy between the two ferritin subunits and that, in the absence of H subunits, L ferritin homopolymers are not able to maintain iron in a bioavailable and nontoxic form. The pattern of expression of the wild type Fth gene in 9.5-day embryos is suggestive of an important function of the H ferritin gene in the heart. Ferritin molecules play an important role in the control of intracellular iron distribution and in the constitution of long term iron stores. In vitro studies on recombinant ferritin subunits have shown that the ferroxidase activity associated with the H subunit is necessary for iron uptake by the ferritin molecule, whereas the L subunit facilitates iron core formation inside the protein shell. However, plant and bacterial ferritins have only a single type of subunit which probably fulfills both functions. To assess the biological significance of the ferroxidase activity associated with the H subunit, we disrupted the H ferritin gene (Fth) in mice by homologous recombination.Fth +/− mice are healthy, fertile, and do not differ significantly from their control littermates. However,Fth −/− embryos die between 3.5 and 9.5 days of development, suggesting that there is no functional redundancy between the two ferritin subunits and that, in the absence of H subunits, L ferritin homopolymers are not able to maintain iron in a bioavailable and nontoxic form. The pattern of expression of the wild type Fth gene in 9.5-day embryos is suggestive of an important function of the H ferritin gene in the heart. ferritin H ferritin locus internal ribosome entry site embryonic stem cells transferrin receptor locus 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-d-galactopyranoside base pair kilobase polymerase chain reaction Iron is essential to all living organisms, but to prevent its toxicity it must be associated to specialized molecules. Of those, ferritins (Fts)1 play special roles because of their ubiquitous distribution in all tissues, to the tight iron-dependent gene expression, and to their capacity to store large amounts of iron (up to 4,000 Fe atoms per molecule) inside a large protein shell, in a nontoxic and bioavailable form (reviewed in Ref.1). Mammalian ferritins are heteropolymers made of two different subunit types named H and L. The H chain carries a ferroxidase center which appears to be essential for iron incorporation (2.Levi S. Luzzago A. Cesareni G. Cozzi A. Franceschinelli F. Albertini A. Arosio P. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 18086-18092Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), whereas the L chain facilitates iron mineralization inside the cavity (3.Levi S. Santambrogio P. Cozzi A. Rovida E. Corsi B. Tamborini E. Spada Albertini A. Arosio P. J. Mol. Biol. 1994; 238: 649-654Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar). In prokaryotes and plants, ferritins are made of 24 identical subunits which all carry the ferroxidase activity. In mammals, multiple transcriptional regulations operate which modify H ferritin mRNA levels in response to cytokines (4.Tsuji Y. Torti S.V. Torti F.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 2984-2992Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar), heme (5.Marziali G. Perrotti E. Ilari R. Testa U. Coccia E.M. Battistini A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 17: 1387-1395Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 6.Beaumont C. Seyhan A. Yachou A.K. Grandchamp B. Jones R. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20281-20288Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), oncogenes (7.Wu K.J. Polack A. Dalla-Favera R. Science. 1999; 283: 676-679Crossref PubMed Scopus (279) Google Scholar), or to cell proliferation or differentiation (reviewed in Ref 8.Ponka P. Beaumont C. Richardson D.R. Semin. Hematol. 1998; 35: 35-54PubMed Google Scholar). In addition, ferritin mRNAs have unique features which allow efficient (9.Schalinske K.L. Chen O.S. Eisenstein R.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 3740-3746Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar) and tissue-specific (10.Ke Y. Wu J. Leibold E.A. Walden W.E. Theil E.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23637-23640Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar) translational regulation according to the iron status of the cell. Therefore, the conservation of the ferritin ferroxidase activity throughout evolution as well as the very complex genetic regulation of ferritin expression suggest that this catalytic activity is essential for ferritin biological function. We disrupted the H ferritin (Fth) gene in mice and found that H subunit-associated ferroxidase is necessary for early embryonic development because no Fth −/− embryos were found after 3.5 days post coitus. Our data also demonstrate that L ferritin gene product cannot substitute for the H subunit. In contrast, heterozygous Fth +/− were healthy and indistinguishable from their control littermates. A 129/Sv genomic library was screened with a radiolabeled probe corresponding to a 483-bpHindIII fragment from intron 1 of the murine Fthgene, and a phage clone containing a 13-kb insert was identified. To construct the targeting vector, a 1.5-kb 5′-homology PCR fragment from the transcription start site to the first 137 nucleotides of exon 2 was subcloned into a pGEM11Z with a modified polylinker upstream of a 4.8-kb IRES β-geo-poly(A) signal cassette (11.Mountford P. Zevnik B. Duwel A. Nichols J. Li M. Dani Robertson M. Chambers I. Smith A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 4303-4307Crossref PubMed Scopus (284) Google Scholar). A HindIII 6.5-kb long-arm 3′-homology fragment starting from intron 2 was then subcloned downstream of the IRES β-geo. The resulting promoterless targeting vector (see Fig. 1 A) was linearized at the 5′-end by SacII, and 20 μg of plasmid DNA was introduced into CK35 ES cells (gift from C. Babinet, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France) by electroporation. After 10 days of G418 selection, surviving colonies were picked, expanded, and screened for homologous recombinants by Southern blotting using a 5′-external probe and a 3′-internal probe. The 5′-probe was a 900-bpEcoRI-SacII fragment excised from theFth proximal promoter region, and the 3′-probe was an 800-bpNsiI-SacI fragment from the region immediately downstream of exon 4. Two positive ES cell clones among 77 were identified and injected into C57BL/6 blastocysts. Chimeric male mice obtained were then bred to C57BL/6 females to produce F1 heterozygous mice which were then interbred. DNA from mice tails and 9.5-day post coitus embryos were prepared by overnight lysis in a proteinase K-containing buffer followed by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. Genotyping on mouse tails was performed using two independent PCR: one designed to amplify wild-type allele between intron 1 and exon 3 and the other designed to amplify the Neo selection marker in the transgene. Primers used for these PCR were for wild-type: sense primer, 5′-TGCGGTGCCTTGCAGTGGAGAT-3′; and antisense primer, 5′-ATTGCATTCCAGCCCGCTCT-3′; and for Neo transgene: sense primer, 5′-GTGTTCCGGCTGTCAGCGCA-3′ and antisense primer, 5′-GTCCTGATAGCGGTCCGCCA-3′. These PCR results were randomly verified by Southern blot analysis. Genotyping of 9.5-day post coitus embryos was performed by Southern blot as described above. For 3.5-day embryo genotyping, blastocysts were flushed out of uterus, washed with water, and then transferred into Eppendorf cups containing 10 μl of water and 7 μl of phosphate-buffered saline. Cell DNA was released by successive dry ice freezing and boiling steps followed by a 30-min incubation at 56 °C in the presence of 3 μl of proteinase K (10 mg/ml). A final incubation was done at 95 °C for 10 min, and samples were kept at −80 °C. The whole lysate was used for multiplex PCR under standard conditions using the following primers: 5′-AGCATGCCGAGAAACTGATGAAG-3′ (5′ common exon 2 sense primer); 3′-antisense, 5′-TGAATGAAACATCGGGTCAAGTC-3′ (binding to intron 2 of the wild type allele); and 3′-antisense, 5′-AATTCTCTAGAGCGGCCGGACTA-3′ (binding to the selection cassette polylinker of the recombined allele). With the simultaneous addition of these three primers, all possible genotypes can be identified by the size of reaction products (299 bp for wild type allele and 139 bp for mutated sequence) on agarose gel electrophoresis. Total RNA from cell pellets and tissues was isolated using RNAZole B (Bioprobe systems, France). For quantification of L-Ft mRNA, a genomic fragment containing exon 1 from the mouse L ferritin gene and 60 bp of promoter region was used to generate a 190-b antisense RNA probe, using SP6 polymerase in the presence of [32P]UTP. Two different probes were used for quantification of H-Ft mRNA. The first probe, H1, was synthesized from a template consisting in exon 1 and 300 bp of promoter region, as described previously (6.Beaumont C. Seyhan A. Yachou A.K. Grandchamp B. Jones R. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20281-20288Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The second probe, H2, was generated from a PCR fragment encompassing the last 116 bp from exon 2 and 17 bp of intron 2. Five μg total RNA were hybridized with 3.105cpm of each probe in 80% formamide-hybridization buffer overnight at 55 °C. Following RNase A+T1 and proteinase K digestion, the protected fragments were separated on a denaturating 8% polyacrylamide gel. Radioactivity associated with the bands was quantified using an Instant Imager (Packard Instrs.) Tissues were homogenized in a 20 mmTris-HCl, pH 7.4, buffer with protease inhibitors and sonicated three times for 2 min. After centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted in 0.05% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline. The same polyclonal H-Ft specific anti-mouse subunit antibody was used for coating the plate and for labeling with horse-radish peroxidase. Standard curve was made with recombinant mouse H ferritin polymers. Heparinized blood was obtained by direct aortic puncture under anesthesia. Blood cell counts and erythrocyte parameters were determined using an automated Technicon H1 analyzer. For bone marrow cell count, femoral cavity from adult mice (12- to 26-week-old) were washed with 10 μl of physiological serum. Cell suspensions were spread on slides and stained by May-Grünwald Giemsa coloration, and cell types were scored microscopically according to their morphology. A total of 300 cells was counted for each bone marrow. Whole mount embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer saline at 4° C for 30 min. They were then rinsed for 45 min in three successive baths of 50 mm phosphate buffer containing 2 mmMgCl2, 0.1% deoxycholate, and 0.02% Nonidet P-40. After a final rinse in phosphate buffered saline, β galactosidase activity was revealed by incubating the embryos in the dark for various periods of time in phosphate buffer saline containing X-gal at 1 mg/ml, 5 mm K3[Fe(CN6)], 5 mmK4[Fe(CN6)], 3H2O, 2 mm MgCl2, and 20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. A nullFth allele was generated by deleting the second half of exon 2 and part of intron 2 with the simultaneous “knock-in” of a promoterless internal ribosome entry site (IRES) β-geo-poly(A) signal cassette (11.Mountford P. Zevnik B. Duwel A. Nichols J. Li M. Dani Robertson M. Chambers I. Smith A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 4303-4307Crossref PubMed Scopus (284) Google Scholar). This gene-targeting strategy allows the expression of a bi-cistronic mRNA under the control of the target gene promoter region and the IRES of the encephalomyocarditis virus allows cap-independent translation of the β-geo fusion gene containing the β-galactosidase (Lac Z) and the neomycin resistance (Neor) markers (Fig.1 A). The choice of a promoterless targeting vector was based on the observation made by RNase protection assay (Fig. 1 B), that the Fthgene is actively transcribed in embryonic stem (ES) cells. The amount of H mRNA in ES cells is comparable with that in mouse erythroleukemia cells, where the Fth gene transcription is high (6.Beaumont C. Seyhan A. Yachou A.K. Grandchamp B. Jones R. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20281-20288Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 12.Coccia E.M. Profita V. Fiorucci G. Romeo G. Affabris E. Testa U. Hentze M.W. Battistini A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 3015-3022Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar). CK35 ES cells were electroporated and selected in G418, and cells carrying the disrupted allele were identified by Southern blotting (Fig. 1 C) and used to produce mice heterozygous for the Fth mutation in a mixed (129/sv × C57BL/6) genetic background. Quantification of H and L ferritin mRNAs by RNase protection assay performed on several organs confirmed that the disrupted allele is nonfunctional. There was a 2-fold reduction in H-Ft mRNA in all tissues of Fth +/− mice as compared with their wild type littermates, whereas L-Ft mRNA was not modified (Fig. 2 A). Considering that ferritin synthesis is under the control of an iron-mediated translational regulation (reviewed in Ref.13), it was important to confirm that Fth haploinsufficiency resulted in a reduced amount of H-Ft protein. We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on tissue extracts using H-Ft specific anti mouse ferritin antibodies and recombinant H-Ft homopolymers for calibration. The results demonstrate that the amount of H-Ft subunit which accumulates in mouse tissues is also decreased inFth +/− mice as compared with wild type littermates. Fth +/− mice were generally indistinguishable from their control littermates; they were fertile and grew normally. Furthermore, no gross tissue abnormality nor obvious sign of fibrosis or oxidative stress damage was observed in any tissue, as shown by extensive histopathological studies. These analyses included the liver, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, duodenum, brain, pancreas, ovaries, stomach, and femur bone marrow, at different stages up to six month of age. A fine regulation of iron homeostasis is also essential for erythropoiesis. H-Ft has been shown to be up-regulated during erythroid cell differentiation (12.Coccia E.M. Profita V. Fiorucci G. Romeo G. Affabris E. Testa U. Hentze M.W. Battistini A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 3015-3022Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 14.Beaumont C. Dugast I. Renaudie F. Souroujon M. Grandchamp B. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 7498-7504Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and to be necessary to maintain iron bioavailability for hemoglobin synthesis (15.Picard V. Renaudie F. Porcher C. Hentze M.W. Grandchamp Beaumont C. Blood. 1996; 87: 2057-2064Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Thus, we measured blood and bone marrow hematological parameters (TableI), but no obvious difference was observed between Fth +/− andFth +/+ mice.Table IHematological parameters of Fth +/− mice and wild type littermatesGenotypeBlood parametersBone marrow differential countsRBCWBCHbHtCGranulocytesErythroid cellsLymphocytesMonocytesWild type8.9 ± 0.32.6 ± 0.713.9 ± 0.643.7 ± 1.566 ± 1018.5 ± 3.813 ± 91 ± 1Fth +/−8.8 ± 0.31.9 ± 0.613.8 ± 0.442.8 ± 1.773 ± 6.615.5 ± 6.48.6 ± 1.52.4 ± 0.6Values are mean ± S.E. We determined blood cell indices on 6- to 26-week-old wild type (n = 14) andFth +/− (n = 20) animals. RBC, red blood cells number (× 106/ml); WBC, white blood cells (× 103/ml); Hb, hemoglobin (g/dl); HtC, hematocrit (%). Bone marrow differential counts are expressed as % of total bone marrow cells ± S.E., after counting 300 cells for wild type (n = 7) and Fth +/− (n = 8) mice. Open table in a new tab Values are mean ± S.E. We determined blood cell indices on 6- to 26-week-old wild type (n = 14) andFth +/− (n = 20) animals. RBC, red blood cells number (× 106/ml); WBC, white blood cells (× 103/ml); Hb, hemoglobin (g/dl); HtC, hematocrit (%). Bone marrow differential counts are expressed as % of total bone marrow cells ± S.E., after counting 300 cells for wild type (n = 7) and Fth +/− (n = 8) mice. Mice heterozygous for the non-functional Fth allele were intercrossed, but no homozygous mutant mice were found of 323 pups born, suggesting embryonic lethality. We then genotyped embryos at different time points during development to determine the stage of lethality. At embryonic day 9.5, no Fth −/−embryos were found (Fig. 3 A). However, multiplex PCR genotyping of blastocysts at 3.5 days of development revealed that Fth −/− embryos were present (Fig. 3 B) at the expected Mendelian frequency and displayed a normal morphology. These results indicate that theFth −/− embryos die during 3.5 and 9.5 days of development, showing that there is no functional redundancy of H-Ft biological activity with other proteins, including L ferritin. The targeting construct used for homologous recombination was designed to produce a fusion β-geo protein under the control of the regulatory sequences of the H ferritin gene and independently of the iron status of the cell. Therefore, we followed the β-galactosidase reporter gene expression during embryonic development to assess the transcriptional activity of the H ferritin locus. At 9.5 days of development, X-gal staining was low, but easily detectable after 3 h of incubation, mostly in the developing heart and in the central nervous system (Fig.4). A longer incubation period did not noticeably change the pattern of expression. At later stages of development, X-gal staining was ubiquitous, the strongest staining being observed in the heart and in brown fat tissue (not shown). This paper demonstrates that H ferritin subunit is nondispensable for embryonic development because a complete lack of this protein leads to early embryonic death. In addition, there is no redundancy between the H ferritin biological function and either the L subunit or any other protein. In Fth +/− mice, there was no evidence that the remaining wild type allele was up-regulated either at the transcriptional or translational level, to compensate for the disrupted allele. The tight regulation of the Fth gene transcription which operates in multiple conditions is assumed to protect cells against iron-mediated oxidative injury (16.Ryan T.P. Aust S.D. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1992; 22: 119-141Crossref PubMed Scopus (247) Google Scholar), through rapid chelation of the labile iron pool (17.Picard V. Epsztejn S. Santambrogio P. Cabantchik Z.I. Beaumont C. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 15382-15386Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). We therefore expected that H ferritin deficit might result in increased intracellular labile iron pool and tissue damage. The lack of obvious phenotype ofFth +/− mice could be because of the synthesis of H subunit in amounts sufficient to ensure the formation of functional ferritins. In vitro studies indicated that the ferroxidase activity conferred by 1–2 H subunits per ferritin molecule is sufficient to make it functional, and the ferroxidase activity conferred by 8–9 H subunits per molecule is enough to reach a maximum rate of iron incorporation (18.Santambrogio P. Levi S. Cozzi A. Rovida E. Albertini A. Arosio P. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 12744-12748Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This implies that the physiological amount of H subunits in tissues is not limiting. Death of Fth −/− embryos could result from a modification of intracellular iron availability during the critical period, which spreads developmental stages of implantation, gastrulation, and early organogenesis. The autonomous growth of the embryo from fertilization to the 3.5 day blastocysts may rely on the use of maternal ferritin-iron present in the oocyte. Ferritin is a very stable molecule, and rat liver ferritin has a half-life of 1–2 days (19.Munro H. Linder M. Physiol. Rev. 1978; 58: 317-396Crossref PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar). Because Fth −/− embryos survive at least to the 62-cell stage, they should have enough iron to ensure DNA replication and heme synthesis. Indeed, disruption of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, an intermediate enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, is lethal between 2- and 4-cell stage, suggesting that heme synthesis takes place at very early stages (20.Bensidhoum M. Larou M. Lemeur M. Dierich A. Costet P. Raymond S. Daniel J.Y. De Verneuil H. Ged C. Transgenics. 1998; 2: 275-280Google Scholar). However, after degradation of all maternal ferritin, the newly synthesized ferritins will lack the H-linked ferroxidase activity and will consist in L subunit homopolymers which are not competent for iron incorporation (21.Levi S. Girelli D. Perrone F. Pasti M. Beaumont C. Corrocher R. Albertini A. Arosio P. Blood. 1998; 91: 4180-4187Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Thus, the absence of a functional intracellular ferritin compartment is lethal to embryonic cells, possibly because iron entering into the cells cannot be sequestered and detoxified, leading to the catalytic Fenton-driven overproduction of reactive oxygen species which are deleterious for all cell components including membranes and DNA (16.Ryan T.P. Aust S.D. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1992; 22: 119-141Crossref PubMed Scopus (247) Google Scholar). In addition, the H-containing ferritins may be essential for making iron available to essential enzymes and to DNA replication. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive because ferritin-deficient mutants of Campylobacter jejuni have impaired growth because of iron deficiency and are more sensitive to killing by H2O2 (22.Wai S.N. Nakayama K. Umene K. Moriya T. Amako K. Mol. Microbiol. 1996; 20: 1127-1134Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar). During organogenesis, the absence of functional ferritins will also impair iron storage. Early in development, the primitive embryonic erythroid cells in the yolk-sac are the site of iron deposition and contain high amounts of ferritins (23.Theil E.C. Br. J. Haematol. 1976; 33: 437-442Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 24.Theil E.C. Brenner W.E. Dev. Biol. 1981; 84: 481-484Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar), before the liver becomes the major site of iron storage at a later stage. However, our observation that the highest level of H ferritin gene expression at 9.5 days of gestation is found in the heart suggests that the embryos could also die of heart failure because of massive iron deposition. To date, from the various mouse models with disrupted genes of iron metabolism, embryonic lethality seems to result from iron deficiency associated with impaired iron storage (Fth) or transport because transferrin receptor (Trfr) knock-out embryos die between 8.5 and 12.5 days of development, mostly from defective erythropoiesis and neurological abnormalities (25.Levy J.E. Jin O. Fujiwara Y. Kuo F. Andrews N.C. Nat. Genet. 1999; 21: 396-399Crossref PubMed Scopus (456) Google Scholar). Taken together with the fact that H-type ferritins are present in plants and throughout the animal kingdom, our results demonstrate that the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin molecule, which is the only known cytoplasmic activity which can transform the more toxic Fe(II) into a less toxic Fe(III), is essential for detoxification of iron and/or for maintaining its bioavailability. The benefit of having two different H and L subunits, as it is the case in humans and other vertebrates, remains to be analyzed, and the study of L ferritin knock-out mice might bring some information on this point. We thank S. Vaulont for the kind gift of the IRES β-geo plasmid, C. Babinet for providing ES cells, and B. Incerti for advice on ES culture. We also thank V. Andrieu for bone marrow cell count and D. Henin for histopathological interpretation.