Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Antibiotics and chemoprophylaxis

2008; Wiley; Volume: 46; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00246.x

1600-0757

Robin A Seymour, Stephen Hogg,

Orthopedic Infections and Treatments

Periodontology 2000Volume 46, Issue 1 p. 80-108 Antibiotics and chemoprophylaxis Robin A. Seymour, Robin A. SeymourSearch for more papers by this authorStephen D. Hogg, Stephen D. HoggSearch for more papers by this author Robin A. Seymour, Robin A. SeymourSearch for more papers by this authorStephen D. Hogg, Stephen D. HoggSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 January 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00246.xCitations: 18Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Addy LD, Martin MV. Clindamycin and dentistry. Br Dent J 2005: 199: 23–26. 2 Ainscow DA, Denham RA. The risk of haematogenous infection in total joint replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1984: 66: 580–582. 3 American Dental Association; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients with total joint replacements. J Am Dent Assoc 2003: 134: 895–899. 4 Arber N, Pras E, Copperman Y, Schapiro JM, Meiner V, Lossos IS, Militianu A, Hassin D, Pras E, Shai A. Pacemaker endocarditis. Report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994: 73: 299–305. 5 Ball P. Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection? J Antimicrob Chemother 2000: 46(Suppl. T1): 17–24. 6 Baltch AL, Pressman HL, Schaffer C, Smith RP, Hammer MC, Shayegani M, Michelsen P. Bacteremia in patients undergoing oral procedures. Study following parenteral antimicrobial prophylaxis as recommended by the American Heart Association, 1977. Arch Intern Med 1988: 148: 1084–1088. 7 Bayliss R, Clarke C, Oakley C, Somerville W, Whitfield AG. The teeth and infective endocarditis. Br Heart J 1983: 50: 506–512. 8 Berlin JA, Abrutyn E, Strom BL, Kinman JL, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Feldman RS, Kaye D. Incidence of infective endocarditis in the Delaware Valley, 1988–1990. Am J Cardiol 1995: 76: 933–936. 9 Binahmed A, Stoykewych A, Peterson L. Single preoperative dose versus long-term prophylactic antibiotic regimens in dental implant surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005: 20: 115–117. 10 Blomgren G. Hematogenous infection of total joint replacement. An experimental study in the rabbit. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1981: 187: 1–64. 11 Borthen Svinhufvud L, Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Effect of topical administration of vancomycin versus chlorhexidine on alpha-hemolytic streptococci in oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988: 66: 304–309. 12 Bottomley WK, Cioffi RF, Martin MV. Dental management of the patient treated by renal transplantation: preoperative and postoperative considerations. J Am Dent Assoc 1972: 85: 1330–1335. 13 British National Formulary. London: British Medical Journal and Royal Pharmaceutic Journal Publishing Group, Vol. 53, 2007: 278. 14 British National Formulary. London: British Medical Journal and Royal Pharmaceutic Journal Publishing Group, Vol. 54, 2007: 285. 15 Brodersen DE, Clemons WM Jr, Carter AP, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V. The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin, and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell 2000: 103: 1143–1154. 16 Callis S, Lemmer J, Touyz LZ. Antibiotic prophylaxis in periodontal surgery. A retrospective study. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1996: 51: 806–809. 17 Carl W, Schaaf NG, Sako K. Oral surgery and the patient who has had radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973: 36: 651–659. 18 Carlier JP, Sellier N, Rager MN, Reysset G. Metabolism of a 5-nitroimidazole in susceptible and resistant isogenic strains of Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997: 41: 1495–1499. 19 Checchi L, Trombelli L, Nonato M. Postoperative infections and tetracycline prophylaxis in periodontal surgery: a retrospective study. Quintessence Int 1992: 23: 191–195. 20 Cherubin CE, Neu HC. Infective endocarditis at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City from 1938 to 1967. Am J Med 1971: 51: 83–96. 21 Ching DW, Gould IM, Rennie JA, Gibson PH. Prevention of late haematogenous infection in major prosthetic joints. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989: 23: 676–680. 22 Chopra I, Roberts M. Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001: 65: 232–260. 23 Connell SR, Tracz DM, Nierhaus KH, Taylor DE. Ribosomal protection proteins and their mechanism of tetracycline resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003: 47: 3675–3681. 24 Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. Clin Infect Dis 1997: 25: 1448–1458. Recently, these guidelines have been updated (Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc 2007:138: 739–745; 747–760. 25 De Rossi SS, Glick M. Dental considerations for the patient with renal disease receiving hemodialysis. J Am Dent Assoc 1996: 127: 211–219. 26 Deng S, Stein RA, Higgins NP. Organization of supercoil domains and their reorganization by transcription. Mol Microbiol 2005: 57: 1511–1521. 27 Dent CD, Olson JW, Farish SE, Bellome J, Casino AJ, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of preoperative antibiotics on success of endosseous implants up to and including stage II surgery: a study of 2,641 implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997: 55: 19–24. 28 Diniz CG, Farias LM, Carvalho MA, Rocha ER, Smith CJ. Differential gene expression in a Bacteroides fragilis metronidazole-resistant mutant. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004: 54: 100–108. 29 Drlica K, Zhao X. (1997) DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997: 61: 377–392. 30 Durack DT. Prevention of infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med 1995: 332: 38–44. 31 Duval X, Alla F, Hoen B, Danielou F, Larrieu S, Delahaye F, Leport C, Briancon S. Estimated risk of endocarditis in adults with predisposing cardiac conditions undergoing dental procedures with or without antibiotic prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2006: 42: e102–e107. 32 Edwards DI, Dye M, Carne H. The selective toxicity of antimicrobial nitroheterocyclic drugs. J Gen Microbiol 1973: 76: 135–145. 33 Edwards DI. Nitroimidazole drugs – action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993: 31: 9–20. 34 Esposito M, Hirsch JM, Lekholm U, Thomsen P. Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (II) Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci 1998: 106: 721–764. 35 Essack SY. The development of beta-lactam antibiotics in response to the evolution of beta-lactamases. Pharm Res 2001: 18: 1391–1399. 36 Etchells SA, Hartl FU. The dynamic tunnel. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004: 11: 391–392. 37 Garrison PK, Freedman LR. Experimental endocarditis I. Staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits resulting from placement of a polyethylene catheter in the right side of the heart. Yale J Biol Med 1970: 42: 394–410. 38 Gellert M, Mizuuchi K, O’dea MH, Itoh T, Tomizawa JI. Nalidixic acid resistance: a second genetic character involved in DNA gyrase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977: 74: 4772–4776. 39 Ghuysen JM. Serine beta-lactamases and penicillin-binding proteins. Annu Rev Microbiol 1991: 45: 37–67. 40 Glick M, Abel SN, Muzyka BC, DeLorenzo M. Dental complications after treating patients with AIDS. J Am Dent Assoc 1994: 125: 296–301. 41 Goffin C, Ghuysen JM. Biochemistry and comparative genomics of SxxK superfamily acyltransferases offer a clue to the mycobacterial paradox: presence of penicillin-susceptible target proteins versus lack of efficiency of penicillin as therapeutic agent. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002: 66: 702–738. 42 Goodwin A, Kersulyte D, Sisson G, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Berg DE, Hoffman PS. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase. Mol Microbiol 1998: 28: 383–393. 43 Gosney MA, Preston AJ, Corkhill J, Millns B, Martin MV. Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia from an oral source. Br Dent J 1999: 187: 639–640. 44 Greenwood M. Medical emergencies in the dental practice. Periodontol 2000 2008: 46: 27–41. 45 Guntheroth WG. How important are dental procedures as a cause of infective endocarditis? Am J Cardiol 1984: 54: 797–801. 46 Hall G, Hedstrom SA, Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Prophylactic administration of penicillins for endocarditis does not reduce the incidence of postextraction bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 1993: 17: 188–194. 47 Hersh V, Moore PA. Adverse drug interactions in dentistry. Periodontol 2000 2008: 46: 109–142. 48 Holdsworth RJ, Irving AD, Cuschieri A. Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg 1991: 78: 1031–1038. 49 Hopkins CC. Recognition of endemic and epidemic prosthetic device infections: the role of surveillance, the hospital infection control practitioner, and the hospital epidemiologist. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989: 3: 211–220. 50 Ings RM, McFadzean JA, Ormerod WE. The mode of action of metronidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms. Biochem Pharmacol 1974: 23: 1421–1429. 51 Jacobson JJ, Millard HD, Plezia R, Blankenship JR. Dental treatment and late prosthetic joint infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986: 61: 413–417. 52 Jacobson JJ, Schweitzer SO, Kowalski CJ. Chemoprophylaxis of prosthetic joint patients during dental treatment: a decision–utility analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991: 72: 167–177. 53 Jacoby GA. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2005: 41(Suppl. 2): S120–S126. 54 James J, MacFarlane TW, McGowan DA, MacKenzie D. Failure of post-bacteraemia delayed antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental rabbit endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987: 20: 883–885. 55 Kaczmarek FS, Gootz TD, Dib-Hajj F, Shang W, Hallowell S, Cronan M. Genetic and molecular characterization of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with unusually high resistance to ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004: 48: 1630–1639. 56 Karahalios P., Kalpaxis DL, Fu H, Katz L., Wilson DN, Dinos GP. On the mechanism of action of 9-O-arylalkyloxime derivatives of 6-O-mycaminosyltylonolide, a new class of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics. Mol Pharmacol 2006: 70: 1271–1280. 57 Kato J, Nishmura Y, Imamura R, Niki H, Hiraga S, Suzuki H. New topoisomerase essential for chromosome segregation in E. coli. Cell 1990: 63: 393–404. 58 Kelly JA, Dideberg O, Charlier P, Wery JP, Libert M, Moews PC, Knox JR, Duez C, Fraipont CL, Joris B, Dusart J, Frère JM, Ghuysen JM. On the origin of bacterial resistance to penicillin: comparison of a beta-lactamase and a penicillin target. Science 1986: 231: 1429–1431. 59 Khodursky AB., Zechiedrich EL, Cozzarelli NR. Topoisomerase IV is a target of quinolones in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995: 92: 11 801–11805. 60 Kirkwood KL, Cirelli JA, Rogers JE, Giannobile KL. Novel host response therapeutic approaches to treat periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2007: 43: 294–315. 61 Lambert PM, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate rinses on the incidence of infectious complications and implant success. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997: 55: 25–30. 62 Larsen PE. Antibiotic prophylaxis for placement of dental implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993: 51: 194–195. 63 Leclercq R. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 2002: 34: 482–492. 64 Lin RY. A perspective on penicillin allergy. Arch Intern Med 1992: 152: 930–937. 65 Little JW. Patients with prosthetic joints: are they at risk when receiving invasive dental procedures? Spec Care Dentist 1997: 17: 153–160. 66 Longman LP, Martin MV, Smalley JW. One and two doses of cephradine in the prophylaxis of experimental streptococcal endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987: 20: 557–562. 67 Macfarlane TW, Ferguson MM, Mulgrew CJ. Post-extraction bacteraemia: role of antiseptics and antibiotics. Br Dent J 1984: 156: 179–181. 68 Maderazo EG, Judson S, Pasternak H. Late infections of total joint prostheses. A review and recommendations for prevention. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988: 229: 131–142. 69 Malik M, Zhao X, Drlica K. Lethal fragmentation of bacterial chromosomes mediated by DNA gyrase and quinolones. Mol Microbiol 2006: 61: 810–825. 70 Malinverni R, Francioli PB, Glauser MP. Comparison of single and multiple doses of prophylactic antibiotics in experimental streptococcal endocarditis. Circulation 1987: 76: 376–382. 71 Malinverni R, Overholser CD, Bille J, Glauser MP. Antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis after dental extractions. Circulation 1988: 77: 182–187. 72 Manton SL, Midda M. Renal failure and the dental patient: a cautionary tale. Br Dent J 1986: 160: 388–390. 73 Martinez-Martinez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998: 351: 797–799. 74 Massova I, Mobashery S. Kinship and diversification of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998: 42: 1–17. 75 McGowan DA, Nair S, MacFarlane TW, MacKenzie D. Prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis in rabbits using one or two doses of amoxycillin. Br Dent J 1983: 155: 88–90. 76 Moran E, Masters S, Berendt AR, McLardy-Smith P, Byren I, Atkins BL. Guiding empirical antibiotic therapy in orthopaedics: the microbiology of prosthetic joint infection managed by debridement, irrigation and prosthesis retention. J Infect 2007: 55: 1–7. 77 Moreillon P, Que YA. Infective endocarditis. Lancet 2004: 363: 139–149. 78 Morlot C, Noirclerc-Savoye M, Zapun A, Dideberg O, Vernet T. The d,d-carboxypeptidase PBP3 organizes the division process of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2004: 51: 1641–1648. 79 Murray CG, Herson J, Daly TE, Zimmerman S. Radiation necrosis of the mandible: a 10 year study. Part II. Dental factors: onset, duration and management of necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980: 6: 549–553. 80 Narikawa S, Suzuki T, Yamamoto M, Nakamura M. Lactate dehydrogenase activity as a cause of metronidazole resistance in Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 11 295. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991: 28: 47–53. 81 Naylor GD, Hall EH, Terezhalmy GT. The patient with chronic renal failure who is undergoing dialysis or renal transplantation: another consideration for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988: 65: 116–121. 82 Netzer RO, Zollinger E, Seiler C, Cerny A. Infective endocarditis: clinical spectrum, presentation and outcome. An analysis of 212 cases 1980–1995. Heart 2000: 84: 25–30. 83 Norden CW. Prevention of bone and joint infections. Am J Med 1985: 78: 229–232. 84 Oakley CM. Controversies in the prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: a cardiological view. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987: 20: 99–104. 85 Oliver R, Roberts GJ, Hooper L. Penicillins for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: 2: CD003813. 86 Pack PD, Haber J.J. The incidence of clinical infection after periodontal surgery. A retrospective study. Periodontology 1983: 54: 441–443. 87 Pallasch TJ, Slots J. Antibiotic prophylaxis and the medically compromised patient. Periodontol 2000 1996: 10: 107–138. 88 Paluzzi RG. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery. Med Clin North Am 1993: 77: 427–441. 89 Pan XS, Fisher LM. Targeting of DNA gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae by sparfloxacin: selective targeting of gyrase or topoisomerase IV by quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997: 41: 471–474. 90 Payot S, Bolla JM, Corcoran D, Fanning S, Megraud F, Zhang Q. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter spp. Microb Infect 2006: 8: 1967–1971. 91 Pioletti M, Schlunzen F, Harms J, Zarivach R, Gluhmann M, Avila H, Bashan A, Bartels H, Auerbach T, Jacobi C, Hartsch T, Yonath A, Franceschi F. Crystal structures of complexes of the small ribosomal subunit with tetracycline, edeine and IF3. EMBO J 2001: 20: 1829–1839. 92 Poole K. Efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000: 44: 2233–2241. 93 Poole K. Efflux-mediated multiresistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004: 10: 12–26. 94 Poole K. Efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gram-positive bacteria and the mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000: 44: 2595–2599. 95 Poole K. Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005: 56: 20–51. 96 Poole K. Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004: 61: 2200–2223. 97 Porter SR, Scully C, Luker J. Complications of dental surgery in persons with HIV disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993: 75: 165–167. 98 Poulsen SM, Kofoed C, Vester B. Inhibition of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase reaction by the mycarose moiety of the antibiotics carbomycin, spiramycin and tylosin. J Mol Biol 2000: 304: 471–481. 99 Powell CA, Mealey BL, Deas DE, McDonnell HT, Moritz AJ. Post-surgical infections: prevalence associated with various periodontal surgical procedures. J Periodontol 2005: 76: 329–333. 100 Ramakrishnan V. Ribosome structure and the mechanism of translation. Cell 2002: 108: 557–572. 101 Read RC, Finch RG. Prophylaxis after splenectomy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994: 33: 4–6. 102 Reysset G, Haggoud A, Sebald M. Genetics of resistance of Bacteroides species to 5-nitroimidazole. Clin Infect Dis 1993: 16(Suppl. 4): S401–S403. 103 Roberts GJ, Gardner P, Simmons NA. Optimum sampling time for detection of dental bacteraemia in children. Int J Cardiol 1992: 35: 311–315. 104 Roberts GJ. Dentists are innocent!“Everyday” bacteremia is the real culprit: a review and assessment of the evidence that dental surgical procedures are a principal cause of bacterial endocarditis in children. Pediatr Cardiol 1999: 20: 317–325. 105 Roberts MC, Sutcliffe J, Courvalin P, Jensen LB, Rood J, Seppala H. Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 2823–2830. 106 Roberts MC. Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005: 245: 195–203. 107 Rodnina MV, Beringer M, Wintermeyer W. How ribosomes make peptide bonds. Trends Biochem Sci 2007: 32: 20–26. 108 Ruiz J, Sierra JM, De Anta MT, Vila J. Characterization of sparfloxacin-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus obtained in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001: 18: 107–112. 109 Ruiz J. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003: 51: 1109–1117. 110 Sandhu SS, Lowry JC, Reuben SF, Morton ME. Who decides on the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with major arthroplasties requiring dental treatment: is it a joint responsibility? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997: 79: 143–147. 111 Scheffers DJ, Pinho MG. Bacterial cell wall synthesis: new insights from localization studies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005: 69: 585–607. 112 Scully C, Epstein JB. Oral health care for the cancer patient. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1996: 32b: 281–292. 113 Seymour RA, Rudralingham M. Oral and dental adverse drug reactions. Periodontol 2000 2008: 46: 9–26. 114 Shaw MJ, Kumar ND, Duggal M, Fiske J, Lewis DA, Kinsella T, Nisbet T. Oral management of patients following oncology treatment: literature review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000: 38: 519–524. 115 Slots J, Ting M. Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2002: 28: 106–176. 116 Smith JW, Johnson JE, Cluff LE. Studies on the epidemiology of adverse drug reactions. II. An evaluation of penicillin allergy. N Engl J Med 1966: 274: 998–1002. 117 Smith MA, Edwards DI. Redox potential and oxygen concentration as factors in the susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to nitroheterocyclic drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995: 35: 751–764. 118 Southwood RT, Rice JL, McDonald PJ, Hakendorf PH, Rozenbilds MA. Infection in experimental hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1985: 67: 229–231. 119 Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D. Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based,case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1998: 129: 761–769. 120 Sugarman B, Young EJ. Infections associated with prosthetic devices: magnitude of the problem. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989: 3: 187–198. 121 Sugino A, Peebles CL, Kreuzer KN, Cozzarelli NR. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid: purification of Escherichia coli nalA gene product and its relationship to DNA gyrase and a novel nicking-closing enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977: 74: 4767–4771. 122 Takei M, Fukuda H, Kishii R, Hosaka M. Target preference of 15 quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus, based on antibacterial activities and target inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001: 45: 3544–3547. 123 Taylor DE, Chau A. Tetracycline resistance mediated by ribosomal protection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 1–5. 124 Tenson T, Lovmar M, Ehrenberg M. The mechanism of action of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B reveals the nascent peptide exit path in the ribosome. J Mol Biol 2003: 330: 1005–1014. 125 Thyne GM, Ferguson JW. Antibiotic prophylaxis during dental treatment in patients with prosthetic joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991: 73: 191–194. 126 Tipper DJ, Strominger JL. Mechanism of action of penicillins: a proposal based on their structural similarity to acyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965: 54: 1133–1141. 127 Tong AC, Leung AC, Cheng JC, Sham J. Incidence of complicated healing and osteoradionecrosis following tooth extraction in patients receiving radiotherapy for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Aust Dent J 1999: 44: 187–194. 128 Tong DC, Rothwell BR. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry: a review and practice recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2000: 131: 366–374. 129 Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005: 49: 118–125. 130 Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein QnrA with Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005: 49: 3050–3052. 131 Tran JH, Jacoby GA. Mechanism of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002: 99: 5638–5642. 132 Trinh S, Reysset G. Detection by PCR of the nim genes encoding 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Bacteroides spp. J Clin Microbiol 1996: 34: 2078–2084. 133 Tzukert AA, Leviner E, Benoliel R, Katz J. Analysis of the American Heart Association’s recommendations for the prevention of infective endocarditis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986: 62: 276–279. 134 Tzukert AA, Leviner E, Sela M. Prevention of infective endocarditis: not by antibiotics alone. A 7-year follow-up of 90 dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986: 62: 385–388. 135 Van Bambeke F, Michot JM, Van Eldere J, Tulkens PM. Quinolones in 2005: an update. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005: 11: 256–280. 136 Van der Meer JT, Thomson J, Valkenburg HA, Michel MF. Epidemiology of bacterial endocarditis in the Netherlands. II. Antecedents procedures and use of prophylaxis. Arch Intern Med 1992: 152: 1869–1873. 137 Van der Meer JT, Van Wijk W, Thompson J, Valkenburg HA, Michel MF. Awareness of need and actual use of prophylaxis: lack of patient compliance in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992: 29: 187–194. 138 Van der Meer JT, Van Wijk W, Thompson J, Vandenbroucke JP, Valkenburg HA, Michel MF. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of native-valve endocarditis. Lancet 1992: 339: 135–139. 139 Van Heijenoort J. Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 2001: 11: 25R–36R. 140 Weiss ME, Adkinson NF Jr. Beta-lactam allergy. In: LG Mandell, RG Douglas, JE Bennett, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease, 3rd edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc., 1989: 264–269. 141 Yonath A. Ribosomal crystallography: peptide bond formation, chaperone assistance and antibiotics activity. Mol Cells 2005: 20: 1–16. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue1February 2008Pages 80-108 ReferencesRelatedInformation