The Anatomy of Japan's Shifting Security Orientation
2010; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 33; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0163660x.2010.516653
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)Japanese History and Culture
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Yukio Hatoyama, Democratic Party of Japan's (DPJ) Diet members emergency meeting, June 2, 2010, http://asx.pod.tv/dpj/free/2010/20100602soukai_v56.asx. 2. See Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan-U.S. Security Treaty,” January 19, 1960, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/q&a/ref/1.html. 3. See Kensuke Watanabe, Ozawa Ichiro: Kirawarru Densetsu [Legend to be Hated], (Tokyo: Syougakukan, May 2009), p. 174. 4. The Higuchi Report was released by Japan's latest socialist prime minister, Tomiichi Murayama, and the coalition government with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). See “The Modality for Security and Defense Capability of Japan: The Outlook for the 21st Century,” Japanese Politics and International Relations Database, August 12, 1994, http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPSC/19940812.O1J.html (in Japanese). 5. See Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Web site, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/usa/hosho/kyoryoku.html (in Japanese). 6. For example, a poll reported by Yomiuri Shimbun on December 11, 2009 shows 75 percent supporting ratio for U.S.–Japan alliance among Japanese. See “US–Japan Relations ‘Better’ 17% of Japanese, 30% of U.S.,” Yomiuri Shimbun, December 11, 2009, http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/news/20091211-OYT1T00012.htm (in Japanese). 7. See Watanabe, Ozawa Ichiro: Kirawareru Densetsu, p. 174. 8. See Watanabe, Ozawa Ichiro: Kirawareru Densetsu, p. 174. 9. See Ichiro Ozawa, Nihon Kaizou Keikaku [Japan Reforming Plan] (Tokyo: Koudansya, 1993). 10. According to some former aides close to Hashimoto, Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials were opposed to Hashimoto's suggestion that he request the return of Futenma. Despite the objection, Hashimoto raised the issue to President Bill Clinton when they met in Santa Monica, CA on February 23, 1996. 11. See Tsuyoshi Sunohara, Tanjyo Kokusan Spy Eisei [Birth of Japan‘s First Spy Satellite] (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 2005), p.128. 12. Hashimoto's position on the Yasukuni Shrine and toward China was complicated. Since he counted on many World War II veterans and their families in terms of the election, he tried to pay respect to the shrine by making a private visit to Yasukuni on July 29, 1996. After 1997, he stopped going because of his visits to China. 13. The meeting was controversial among Japanese conservatives since China was too late in officially requesting an audience with the emperor. Ozawa, as well as the Hatoyama government, had overridden Japan's Imperial Household Agency's grand rule in order to make this meeting happen as Xi Jinping wanted on December 15, 2009. 14. Hatoyama said this at a daily stakeout with Japanese press on December 16, 2009. He later backtracked from the comment. See “Alliance without US force stationing,” Asahi Newspaper, December 17, 2009, p. 4 (in Japanese). 15. Ozawa said this at his press conference on February 2, 2009 in Fukuoka City. See “Japan can be Nuclearized at Any Time, Ozawa said to Curb China,” Nihon Keizai Shimnun, April 7, 2002, p. 2. 16. Shinzo Abe made this remark in his speech on May 2002 as Waseda University. Later, on November 8, 2006, he also said in a Diet discussion with Ozawa that Japan could discuss the issue of nuclearization as part of brainstorming on her own deterrence. See “Abe ‘Nuclear Debate’ We Accept the Statement,” NTV News, August 11, 2006, http://www.news24.jp/articles/2006/11/08/0470737.html (in Japanese). 17. Yasuo Fukuda said this at an off-the-record roundtable session with Japan's prime minister residence press on May 31, 2002. 18. Fukuda and Ozawa met for two hours in the Diet to discuss the grand coalition on December 2, 2007. 19. See Tsuyoshi Sunohara, Domei Henbou [Alliance Transformed] (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun Syuppansya, 2005), p. 84. 20. Fukuda, interview with author, Tokyo, May 2009 (Interview with Fukuda). 21. This statement was made by Ozawa at press conference on November 4, 2007 to explain his discussions with the Fukuda. See “Democratic Party Leader Ichiro Ozawa Has Announced His Resignation, and the Judge Rejects no-Confidence in Coalition Decision,” Reuters, November 4, 2007, http://jp.reuters.com/article/topNews/idJPJAPAN-28701620071104 (in Japanese). 22. Interview with Fukuda. 23. He often called the operation “America's war” or “Bush's war.” For example, when they met first on August 8, 2007 at the DPJ Headquarters in Tokyo, Ozawa told then-U.S. ambassador to Tokyo, J. Thomas Schieffer, that he could not support the operations both in Afghanistan and Iraq, since neither of them was endorsed by the UN. See “Japan President Ichiro Ozawa Met with U.S. Ambassador , Expressed Opposition to Deadline for Anti-Terrorism Law Extension,” AFP News, August 9, 2007, http://www.afpbb.com/article/politics/2265209/2010562 (in Japanese). 24. See Yasutoshi Kita, Yoshida Shigeru no mita yume [A Dream of Sehigeru Yoshida] (Tokyo: Fusousha, 2010), p. 12. 25. See Yasutoshi Kita, Yoshida Shigeru no mita yume [A Dream of Sehigeru Yoshida] (Tokyo: Fusousha, 2010), p .98. 26. Takeo Miki, testimony in front of the Diet, March 12, 1968, http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/cgi-bin/KENSAKU/swk_dispdoc.cgi?SESSION=28937&SAVED_RID=4&PAGE=0&POS=0&TOTAL=0&SRV_ID=3&DOC_ID=10275&DPAGE=2&DTOTAL=45&DPOS=36&SORT_DIR=1&SORT_TYPE=0&MODE=1&DMY=9865. Later, on April 23, 1976, he said that any passing of a U.S. nuclear device into Japan's territorial water should be interpreted as a “nuclear introduction.” 27. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “So-Called ‘Secret Agreement’ Report of Committee of Experts on Issue,” March 9, 2010, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/mitsuyaku/pdfs/hokoku_yushiki.pdf#search (in Japanese). 28. See Ryohei Murata, Memoiris of Ryohei Murata (Tokyo: Minerva Shobou, 2008), p. 136. 29. See United States Institute of Peace, “America's Strategic Posture: The Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States,” 2009, http://media.usip.org/reports/strat_posture_report.pdf. 30. Jeff Kingston, “Can Anyone Govern Japan?” ForeignPolicy.com, July 9, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/09/can_anyone_govern_japan. Additional informationNotes on contributorsTsuyoshi SunoharaTsuyoshi Sunohara is a senior writer with the Japanese newspaper Nikkei, and covers U.S.–Japan relations in Tokyo. Prior to that, he was a political correspondent in Washington from 1991–1995 and 1999–2003. From 1996–1997, he was the chief correspondent responsible for covering Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense. In 2003, he joined CSIS as a visiting fellow in the International Security Program
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