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Identification and Characterization of a Retinoic Acid-regulated Human Homologue of the unc-33-like Phosphoprotein Gene (hUlip) from Neuroblastoma Cells

1997; Elsevier BV; Volume: 272; Issue: 18 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.272.18.12195

1083-351X

Carlo Gaetano, Tatsuya Matsuo, Carol J. Thiele,

Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways

A cDNA, 7G1, was isolated from retinoic acid (RA) differentiated neuroblastoma cells whose expression was high in human fetal brain and spinal cord mRNA but undetectable in adult brain or non-neuronal tissues. Sequence analysis indicates that 7G1 is homologous to the Caenorhabditis elegans geneunc-33. A 5.5-kilobase pair full-length cDNA from a human fetal brain cDNA library contains an 1710-base pair open reading frame. Because the predicted 570 amino acid sequence of 7G1 shares 98% identity with the murine Ulip gene product, anunc-33-like-phosphoprotein, we refer to 7G1 as the human Ulip (hUlip). hUlip is also similar to the bacterial enzymed-hydantoinase and the recently described vertebrate gene products CRMP62, TOAD-64, CRMP1, CRMP2, and mUNC. RA stimulates an increase in hUlip mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated. RA stimulates an increase in polypeptides of 58, 60, 65, and 70 kDa with the 58- and 65-kDa species being dephosphorylated forms of the 60- and 70-kDa species. This study presents a model in which to study the regulation and expression of the hUlip gene, a member of an emerging family of molecules that potentially mediates signals involved in axonal outgrowth.Y07818 A cDNA, 7G1, was isolated from retinoic acid (RA) differentiated neuroblastoma cells whose expression was high in human fetal brain and spinal cord mRNA but undetectable in adult brain or non-neuronal tissues. Sequence analysis indicates that 7G1 is homologous to the Caenorhabditis elegans geneunc-33. A 5.5-kilobase pair full-length cDNA from a human fetal brain cDNA library contains an 1710-base pair open reading frame. Because the predicted 570 amino acid sequence of 7G1 shares 98% identity with the murine Ulip gene product, anunc-33-like-phosphoprotein, we refer to 7G1 as the human Ulip (hUlip). hUlip is also similar to the bacterial enzymed-hydantoinase and the recently described vertebrate gene products CRMP62, TOAD-64, CRMP1, CRMP2, and mUNC. RA stimulates an increase in hUlip mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated. RA stimulates an increase in polypeptides of 58, 60, 65, and 70 kDa with the 58- and 65-kDa species being dephosphorylated forms of the 60- and 70-kDa species. This study presents a model in which to study the regulation and expression of the hUlip gene, a member of an emerging family of molecules that potentially mediates signals involved in axonal outgrowth.Y07818 Human neuroblastomas (NB) 1The abbreviations used are: NB, neuroblastoma; RA, retinoic acid; kb, kilobase(s); bp, base pair(s); PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor. constitute a unique in vitro model in which to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the growth and differentiation of human peripheral nervous system tissue (1Triche T.J. Askin F.B. Kissane J.M. Finegold M. Pathology of Neoplasia in Children and Adolescents. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia1986: 145-195Google Scholar, 2Fox F. Davidson J. Thomas L. Cancer ( Phila .). 1959; 12: 108-116Google Scholar). In the presence of biological response modifiers such as retinoic acid (RA) (3Sidell N.J. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1982; 68: 589-593Google Scholar), increases in cAMP (4Prasad K.N. Biol. Rev. 1975; 50: 129-265Google Scholar), phorbol esters (5Weiler R. Meyerson G. Fischer C.R. Laslop A. Pahlman S. Floor E. Winkler H. FEBS Lett. 1990; 265: 27-29Google Scholar), and interferons (6Cornaglia, F. P., Mariottini, G. L., and Ponzoni, M. (1992)Cancer Lett. 215–220.Google Scholar), the proliferation of these tumor cells is decreased, and there is an increase in neurite extension and neurotransmitter expression, and cells acquire some electrophysiologic properties similar to normal neurons. Several NB cell lines treated in vitro with RA increase Trk gene expression are induced to change the expression of several molecular markers, thus recapitulating steps of the normal embryonic development (7Nakagawara A. Arima-Nakagawara M.N. Scavarda N.J. Azar C.G. Cantor A.B. Brodeur G.M.N. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 328: 847-854Google Scholar, 8Rodriguez-Tebar A Rohrer H. Development. 1991; 112: 813-820Google Scholar, 9Scheibe R.J. Wagner J.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 17611-17616Google Scholar, 10Haskell B.E. Stach R.W. Werrbach-Perez K. Perez-Polo J.R. Cell Tissue Res. 1987; 247: 67-73Google Scholar). Our studies on the mechanisms of RA-induced differentiation of NB cells show that RA induces an increase in TrkB mRNA transcription as well as protein production. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma cell lines constitutively producing BDNF, RA-induced TrkB expression leads to an activation of the TrkB signal transduction pathway that stimulates neurite extension and differentiation (11Kaplan D.R. Matsumoto K. Lucarelli E. Thiele C.J. Neuron. 1993; 11: 321-331Google Scholar). These data suggest that RA may stimulate gene expression and lead to the activation of signal transduction pathways usually suppressed in the transformed NB cell. To isolate molecular effectors important during activation of thein vitro differentiation of human NB cells, we screened a cDNA library made from NB cells treated for 14 days with RA and identified several genes whose expression changed during RA treatment. One such gene named 7G1 was isolated and found to detect a 5.5-kb mRNA species that was markedly increased after RA treatment of NB cells (12Thiele C.J. Cazenave L. Bolen J.B. Israel M.A. Evans A.E. D'Angio G. Seeger R. Advances in Neuroblastoma Research 2. Wiley-Liss, New York1988: 185-194Google Scholar, 13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar). DNA sequence analysis indicates that 7G1 shares a striking homology with the mouse unc-33-like-phosphoprotein, Ulip(unc-33-like phosphoprotein) gene (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar) and the recently described rat CRMP-4 (collapsin response-mediated protein) (15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar). We therefore renamed our gene hUlip as a human homologue of theCaenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated 33 (unc-33) gene. hUlip also has homology with the 3′ region of the C. elegans gene unc-33 (16Li W. Herman R.K. Shaw J.E. Genetics. 1992; 132: 675-689Google Scholar) and the bacterial enzymed-hydantoinase as well as a series of highly conserved genes among several different vertebrate species including the avian CRMP62 (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar), and mUNC, 2S. Tontsch, unpublished observation. the rat TOAD-64 (18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar, 19Minturn J.E. Fryer H.J.L. Geschwind D.H. Hockfield S. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 6757-6766Google Scholar), and two other human sequences named hCRMP1 and hCRMP2 (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar). This paper describes the isolation of a full-length hUlip cDNA from a human fetal brain cDNA library, hUlip expression in human tissues during development, and regulation of the expression of the hUlip gene and protein in during RA-induced differentiation of NB tumor cells. The NB cell lines SMS-KCNR (KCNR) (20Reynolds C.P. Biedler J.L. Spengler B.A. Reynolds D.A. Ross R.A. Frenkel E.P. Smith R.G. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1986; 76: 375-387Google Scholar), SH-SY5Y (SY5Y) (21Biedler J.L. Helson L. Spengler B.A. Cancer Res. 1973; 33: 2643-2649Google Scholar), and NGP (22Brodeur G.M. Sekhon G.S. Goldstein M.N. Cancer. 1977; 40: 2257-2263Google Scholar) were cultured as described previously (11Kaplan D.R. Matsumoto K. Lucarelli E. Thiele C.J. Neuron. 1993; 11: 321-331Google Scholar, 23Ciccarone V. Spengler B.A. Meyers M.B. Biedler J.L. Ross R. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 219-225Google Scholar, 24Thiele C.J. Reynolds C.P. Israel M.A. Nature. 1985; 313: 404-406Google Scholar). Cells were treated with the indicated concentration of all-trans-retinoic acid (Sigma) or control solvent for the indicated times. A 3.7-kb fragment of hUlip (7G1) was cloned from RA-treated KCNR cDNA library by differential hybridization method as described previously (12Thiele C.J. Cazenave L. Bolen J.B. Israel M.A. Evans A.E. D'Angio G. Seeger R. Advances in Neuroblastoma Research 2. Wiley-Liss, New York1988: 185-194Google Scholar, 13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar). To isolate the full-length hUlip cDNA, five hundred thousand phage from a human fetal brain λ ZAPII cDNA library (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) were screened using a 32P-labeled 800-bp fragment of 7G1. Plaque purified phage clones were converted from λ ZAPII vector to pBluescript SK(−) plasmid according to the manufacturer's recommendation, and two overlapping clones, clone 1 and clone 2, contained the entire hUlip coding region. cDNA sequences were determined by dideoxyribonucleotide chain termination sequencing reactions (25Sanger F. Nicklen S. Coulson A.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977; 74: 5463-5467Google Scholar) using synthetic oligonucleotides. Each clone was sequenced in both directions and sequencing confirmed that clones 1 and 2 are completely identical with the original 800-bp 7G1 cDNA fragment. RNA isolations and hybridizations were performed as described previously (12Thiele C.J. Cazenave L. Bolen J.B. Israel M.A. Evans A.E. D'Angio G. Seeger R. Advances in Neuroblastoma Research 2. Wiley-Liss, New York1988: 185-194Google Scholar, 13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar). Typically 25 μg of total RNA was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and a 32P-labeled 5-kb insert of hUlip clone 1 or GAPDH. Washing conditions were as described (24Thiele C.J. Reynolds C.P. Israel M.A. Nature. 1985; 313: 404-406Google Scholar). Membranes were exposed to X-Omat AR film at −70 °C using a intensifying screen. Nuclear RUN-ON assay was performed as described previously (26Gaetano C. Matsumoto K. Thiele C.J. Cell Growth & Differ. 1991; 2: 487-493Google Scholar). A pBluescript SK(−) phagemid containing hUlip cDNA clone 2 served as a template for in vitro transcription using the T7 polymerase Ribo MAX kit (Promega), and the resulting mRNA was translated in vitro with rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega) in the presence of [35S]methionine. For the immunoprecipitation, the translated product was diluted 10-fold with protein extraction buffer (1% Nonidet P-40, 20 mm Tris, pH 8.0, 137 mm NaCl, 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.15 unit/ml of aprotinin, 20 mm leupeptin, 1 mm sodium vanadate, 10 mm NaF) and incubated with anti-peptide A serum and protein A-Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.) overnight at 4 °C. After washing with extraction buffer, immunoprecipitates were eluted by boiling 5 min in 1 × protein sample buffer (1 × = 62.5 mm Tris, pH 6, 10% glycerol, 2.3% SDS, 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, and 0.25% bromphenol blue) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Cells (1 × 106) were plated in 100-cm2 dishes for 24 h and treated with indicated the concentrations of RA or control solvent for the indicated times. Cells (1 × 107) were lysed in 1 ml of protein extraction buffer at 4 °C for 30 min, insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 10,000 × g, and protein concentration was determined by protein assay kit (Bio-Rad). 20 μg of proteins were electrophoresed on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose. Filters were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.5% Tween 20 (TBST) and hULIP proteins were detected using an antiserum (1:1000) raised against Peptide A. Peptide A corresponds to amino acids 499–511 of hULIP and ULIP. The anti-peptide A serum is specifically blocked by Peptide A and not the corresponding peptide in the TOAD-64/rCRMP2 gene. 3S. Hockfield, personal communication. The anti-peptide A serum was originally described to detect the TOAD-64 protein, which is now known to be Ulip/rCRMP4 (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar, 15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar). The blots were washed, and bound antibodies were detected with the ECL kit (Amersham Corp.). For protein phosphatase treatment, after cells were lysed with lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P-40, 50 mm Tris, pH 8.5, 137 mm NaCl, 2 mm MgCl2, 0.1 mm EDTA, 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.15 unit/ml of aprotinin, 20 mm leupeptin, 0.1 mm dithiothreitol), 20 μg of protein extracts were incubated with 15 units of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim) at 37 °C for 30 min and analyzed by immunoblot as described above. The hUlip gene was originally isolated as a partial cDNA clone (7G1) from a cDNA library generated from NB cells that had been treated for 14 days with RA (12Thiele C.J. Cazenave L. Bolen J.B. Israel M.A. Evans A.E. D'Angio G. Seeger R. Advances in Neuroblastoma Research 2. Wiley-Liss, New York1988: 185-194Google Scholar). To study the kinetics of RA inducibility of the hUlip gene, we analyzed RNA isolated from SMS-KCNR NB cells at various times after treatment. An increase in hUlip steady-state mRNA levels was not detected after 15 min of RA treatment (Fig.1 A, lane 2). However, within 1 h a small increase in hUlip expression was detected (Fig.1 A, lane 3) that was markedly increased after 2 days of RA treatment (Fig. 1 A, lane 4). hUlip expression peaked between 4–8 days (Fig. 1 A, lanes 5 and 6) and remained relatively unchanged up to 18 days after RA treatment (Fig. 1 A, lanes 7 and8). At this time, the transcriptional induction of hUlip gene was approximately 20-fold higher in RA-treated cells than in control cells (Fig. 1 B). This is not due to a generalized increase in transcription stimulated by RA because the specific transcription of the retinoblastoma and CDC2 genes was decreased less than 2-fold after RA treatment, whereas N-myc transcription was reduced approximately 50-fold by RA as has been previously described (24Thiele C.J. Reynolds C.P. Israel M.A. Nature. 1985; 313: 404-406Google Scholar). The transcriptional regulation of hUlip is consistent with a previous observation that RA stimulated a 2-fold increase in 7G1 transcription in nuclei from cells treated for 2 days with RA and a 22-fold induction in nuclei from cells after 14 days of RA treatment (13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar). A Northern analysis of normal human fetal and adult tissues indicated that hUlip mRNA is detected in 59-day fetal brain (Fig.1 C, lane 6) and an increased level of hUlip mRNA is observed in a 135-day brain sample (lane 7). However, two different samples of adult brain mRNA (regions undefined) did not express hUlip mRNA (lanes 8 and9). Detectable levels of hUlip mRNA are also found in fetal spinal cord mRNA but not in adult dorsal root ganglion or peripheral nerve mRNA (Fig. 1 C, lanes 10,11, and 12). Expression of hUlip was not detected in RNA samples from adult muscle, fetal limb, adrenal, or pancreas (Fig. 1 C, lanes 1, 2, 3,13, and 14, respectively). The 7G1 clone contained a 3.7-kb cDNA, and recent sequence analysis comparisons showed that 7G1 shared homology with the C. elegans geneunc-33. The highest homology matched a 3′ region of theunc-33 cDNA. Using a polymerase chain reaction generated 800-bp DNA fragment to the most 5′ region of the 7G1 cDNA as a probe, we isolated a full-length cDNA insert of 5.5 kb from a human fetal brain library. Sequencing of both strands and computer analysis of the 5.5-kb cDNA indicated an open reading frame of 1710 bp predicted a 62-kDa polypeptide with a pI of 6.4 (Fig.2). Sequencing indicated that 7G1 was identical to this 5.5-kb clone in the 3′ region of the molecule. A more detailed nucleotide data base search revealed several highly homologous sequences. The highest homology, 98% identity at protein level, was observed with the mouse unc-33-like phosphoprotein Ulip (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar) (Fig. 3). The human sequences, hCRMP1 and hCRMP2 (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar), showed a lower level of homology ranging from 68 (hCRMP2) to 75% (hCRMP1) (data not shown).Figure 3Sequence comparison between hUlip and Ulip. Comparison of hUlip protein sequence with the highly related mouse Ulip protein showing 98% of identity in amino acid residues. Mismatched amino acid residues were indicated by asterisks.Shaded boxes represent the consensus sites for protein kinases such as protein kinase C (Ser14, Ser147, Thr372, Ser421, Thr509, Ser518, and Ser553), casein kinase II (Thr84, Ser115, Ser131, Ser177, Thr218, Ser226, Ser259, Thr312, Ser405, Ser427, and Thr543), protein kinase A (Ser363, Ser522, and Ser553), and proline-directed kinases (Ser308, Thr313, and Ser472). Potential N-myristoylation sites were indicated by dots.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Amino acid sequence comparisons of the Ulip gene revealed domains within the Ulip protein that share significant homologies with thed-hydantoinase protein from Pseudomonas putida(14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). During the process of sequence analysis, we noted that the hUlip gene product shared a significant number of conserved amino acid residues with the protein sequence of the Bacillus stearothermophylus d-hydantoinase enzyme (36% homology) and the C. elegans unc-33 gene product (30% homology). By alignment of these three proteins we identified four conserved internal domains, A, B, C, and a D region of homology within C in which the level of identity was significantly higher than the average (60–76%) (Fig. 4). Further analysis is required to assess if these regions may be significant in the function of the hUlip protein. To identify the hUlip gene product, we prepared in vitrotranslated hULIP protein. The 2-kb hUlip mRNA that encompassed the coding region of hUlip was transcribed by T7 polymerase in vitro from the pBluescript II SK(−) hUlip cDNA clone 2 and translated into protein using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of [35S]methionine and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 5 A). [35S]Methionine-labeled proteins ranging from 35 to 60 kDa are detected, and the 60-kDa labeled protein corresponds to the expected size from the deduced amino acid structure of the hUlip gene. To study the regulation of hULIP proteins, we used a rabbit anti-peptide A serum (18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar), which is raised against the peptide YDGPVFDLTTTPK (amino acids 499–511; Figs. 3 and 6). To determine whether the anti-peptide serum recognizes the hULIP protein, the in vitro translated hULIP protein was reacted with specific anti-peptide A or a control antiserum in the absence or the presence of the immunizing peptide, and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 5 A). These results indicate that the mRNA transcripts synthesized from hUlip cDNA translate a 60-kDa protein that is recognized by the anti-peptide A serum and competed out by co-incubation with the immunizing peptide. Immunoprecipitation with a normal rabbit antiserum did not detect hUlip proteins. The smaller peptide fragments synthesized by the rabbit reticulocyte lysate may represent truncated protein products of the hUlip gene, because immunoprecipitation of these truncated proteins by the anti-peptide A serum was also inhibited by the immunizing peptide (Fig. 5 A). The hULIP peptide is found in its rodent homologue ULIP but not in the other members of this family (Fig. 6). Western analysis indicated that the anti-peptide A antibody detected several hULIP proteins of 58, 60, 65, and 70 kDa in extracts from RA-treated SMS-KCNR, and the immunodetection of these bands was specifically blocked if the immunizing peptide was included during the antibody incubation step (Fig. 5 B). This antibody did not detect other members of the family because the corresponding peptides (amino acids 499–511) (Fig. 6) from these family members did not block the anti-peptide A antibody (Fig. 5 B). Western analysis was performed on protein extracts isolated from SMS-KCNR cells treated with RA for 2–12 days. Four distinct but immunogenically related polypeptides with apparent electrophoretic mobilities of 70, 65, 60, and 58 kDa were detected (Fig. 5 C,lanes 2–6). An increase in the p60 hULIP band (Fig.5 C, lane 2) was detected after 2 days of RA stimulation, and this polypeptide was the most abundant. The second most abundant polypeptide was the p70 hULIP protein that was also detected at day 2, whereas the intermediate band, p65 hULIP was faintly detected at day 2 (Fig. 5 C, lanes 3 and4, respectively). A fourth protein with an apparent molecular weight of 58 kDa was recognized by the anti-peptide A serum, but it was detected after 9 days of RA treatment. Upon prolonged exposure of the western (Fig. 5 B), the 58-kDa hULIP protein could be detected, and this was also competed by the immunizing peptide (data not shown). The finding that peptide A (499–511 amino acids) specifically inhibits antibody binding to all hUlip proteins (Fig. 5 B) indicates that these four proteins all contain an identical antigenic epitope. The p70, p65, and p60 hULIP proteins are detected within 48 h after RA stimulation, the p58 hULIP protein is detected after 9–14 days of RA treatment. The differential regulation of hULIP proteins suggests that they may be translational modifications of a smaller number of proteins. Studies of ULIP, the murine counterpart, indicate that it is a phosphoprotein (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). To test whether the different proteins detected by the anti-peptide A serum in RA-treated NB cells may be phosphorylated forms of a single protein, protein extracts from 6 day RA-treated KCNR NB were incubated with alkaline phosphatase at 37 °C. After a 30-min incubation, proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE, blotted, and analyzed with the anti-peptide A serum (Fig.5 D). Western analysis of phosphatase treated extracts resulted in the detection of proteins with apparent molecular masses of 70, 65, 60, and 58 kDa. These studies indicate that the p70 and p60 hULIP proteins may be phosphorylated forms of the p65 and p58 proteins, respectively. The kinetics of detection of the underphosphorylated forms of the proteins suggests that RA may be inducing a specific phosphatase activity. hULIP protein expression was evaluated in three neuroblastoma cell lines whose differentiation response when treated with RA was variable. In KCNR, RA induced a high level of expression of all three hUlip related proteins in KCNR (Fig. 5 E, lane 2). In the NGP NB cell line, the 70- and 60-kDa hULIP proteins are constitutively expressed (Fig. 5 E, lane 3), and the level of expression is not significantly altered by RA (Fig.5 E, lane 4). RA is a poor inducer of differentiation in the cell line SY5Y (11Kaplan D.R. Matsumoto K. Lucarelli E. Thiele C.J. Neuron. 1993; 11: 321-331Google Scholar), and expression of hULIP proteins in SY5Y (Fig. 5 E, lanes 5 and6) was at a level not detected when compared with the levels of hULIP proteins in KCNR and NGP. Prolonged exposure of blots revealed that RA did induce hULIP in SY5Y (data not shown). This paper describes the identification, cloning, and sequence of the human homologue of the mouse Ulip (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar) and the rat CRMP4 (15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar) gene. An analysis of fetal and adult human tissues indicates that hUlip is developmentally regulated like its rodent counterparts. By utilizing RA-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells, we have found that the hUlip gene is transcriptionally regulated during the process of induced differentiaion, and there is a dramatic increase in hULIP protein expression during neuritogenesis. hUlip is a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved and structurally related genes. Homologous sequences were isolated from different species: d-hydantoinase from P. putida, unc-33 from C. elegans (16Li W. Herman R.K. Shaw J.E. Genetics. 1992; 132: 675-689Google Scholar), CRMP62 from chicken (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar), the rat gene TOAD-64 (19Minturn J.E. Fryer H.J.L. Geschwind D.H. Hockfield S. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 6757-6766Google Scholar), the mouse genes Ulip (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar) and mUNC, 4C. Gaetano, T. Matsuo, and C. J. Thiele, unpublished observations. the human genes CRMP1 and CRPM2 (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar) several EST sequences (28Adams M.D. Soares M.B. Kerlavage A.R. Fields C. Venter J.C. Nat. Genet. 1993; 4: 373-380Google Scholar), and four rat genes CRMP1–4 (15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar). The presence of multiple sequences with different levels of homology even within the same specie suggests that multiple unc-33 like genes are present among the vertebrates. hUlip has an overall homology with the bacterial enzyme d-hydantoinase and the C. elegans unc-33 of only 36 and 30%, respectively, yet it is possible to detect areas of the proteins that have a higher level of identity in the primary sequence (Fig. 4). A previous study identified at least three areas of homology that may represent functional domains in the protein by comparison of Ulip with thed-hydantanoise of P. putida (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). However, by comparing hUlip to the d-hydantanoise of B. stearothermophylus, we have detected an additional region D within the C region with a high number of conserved residues present in the human, bacterial, and worm genes that may have functional significance. To date it has not been possible to assign enzymatic functions to these domains in other unc-33-like proteins (CRMP62 and Ulip), and studies are in progress to address this issue in hUlip. It may be possible that those conserved areas underlie functional domains of the protein. Such a hypothesis is supported by the evidence that the function of the chicken unc-33 homologue, CRMP62, as a collapsin response mediator may be suppressed by injecting an antibody raised against a peptide within the first conserved domain A into the cell (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar). Clues to the role these proteins play during differentiation have been inferred from the functional identification of several members of this family; all members share homology with unc-33, a C. elegans mutant with uncoordinated movements and defects in axonal outgrowth (16Li W. Herman R.K. Shaw J.E. Genetics. 1992; 132: 675-689Google Scholar); chicken CRMP1 was identified as a mediator of collapsin-induced growth cone retraction (17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar); and TOAD-64 is one of the earliest and most abundant proteins expressed in post-mitotic neurons during corticogenesis and migration, yet its expression decreases dramatically in adult neural cells (18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar, 19Minturn J.E. Fryer H.J.L. Geschwind D.H. Hockfield S. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 6757-6766Google Scholar); Family members have an intracellular cytoplasmic location and the proteins, including hUlip, contain consensus sites of phosphorylation for protein kinase C, casein kinase II, protein kinase A, and "proline-directed" kinases as well as N-myristoylation sites. This has lead to speculation that these proteins may be intracellular mediators of collapsin signal transduction and play a role in axonal guidance during neurite outgrowth. The analysis of hUlip distribution in fetal and adult human tissue samples of the central and peripheral nervous system is consistent with the reports for the tissue distribution of the murine homologue of hUlip as well as other members of this gene family in other species (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar, 15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar, 16Li W. Herman R.K. Shaw J.E. Genetics. 1992; 132: 675-689Google Scholar, 17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar, 18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar, 19Minturn J.E. Fryer H.J.L. Geschwind D.H. Hockfield S. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 6757-6766Google Scholar). We found a high level of specific mRNA in fetal brain and spinal cord samples but not in any of the non-neuronal and adult tissues examined. This finding may underlie a tissue-specific regulation of hUlip expression and suggests that, like its rodent counterparts, it has a specific role in developing the human nervous system. Members of this family of genes have been almost exclusively localized in rodent neural tissues by in situ analysis (15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar,17Goshima Y. Nakamura F. Strittmatter P. Strittmatter S.M. Nature. 1995; 376: 509-514Google Scholar), although Ulip expression has been found in muscle localized at the neuromuscular junction (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). The finding of differential expression and regulation of hUlip in neuroblastoma cell lines enables biochemical and functional studies of the hUlip gene and protein to be performed that may be important in determining its functional role during neural development. The expression of hUlip mRNA by Northern blot analysis was increased in RA-treated SMS-KCNR cells after 24–48 h of treatment reaching the peak at 8 days and stabilizing thereafter (Fig. 1 A). The increase in hUlip parallels the kinetics of neurite extension that peak 6–8 days after RA treatment (24Thiele C.J. Reynolds C.P. Israel M.A. Nature. 1985; 313: 404-406Google Scholar). This increase in the steady-state levels of hUlip mRNA is due in part to an increase in gene transcription as shown by RUN-ON assays (Fig. 1 B), indicating that chromatin changes are required to activate the expression of this gene in differentiating neuroblasts. The kinetics of induction of hUlip transcription increase gradually with time after RA treatment (2-fold at 2 days, 20-fold at 7 days (Fig. 1 B), and 22-fold at 14 days (13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar)), indicating that the effects of RA may be indirect and not mediated by RA receptors. hUlip mRNA expression is also increased in RA-treated NB cells at a time in which cells have arrested in G1 of the cell cycle and neuritogensis begins. This is similar to the pattern of expression of TOAD-64 that is absent in the mitotic precursors of corical neurons but is highly expressed once cells have stopped dividing (18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar, 19Minturn J.E. Fryer H.J.L. Geschwind D.H. Hockfield S. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 6757-6766Google Scholar). However, constitutive hUlip expression can be detected in the proliferating neuroblastoma cell line, NGP, and this suggests that arrest of cell growth may be coincident and not required for expression of hUlip in neuroblastoma. Conversely, it is possible that during normal development hUlip expression is coordinately regulated with arrest of cell growth, yet this process is disrupted as a consequence of genetic changes leading to tumorigenesis in some neuroblastoma cell lines. During RA-induced growth arrest and neurite extension in KCNR NB cells, four immunologically related hULIP proteins with apparent molecular masses of 58, 60, 65, and 70 kDa were detected. The specificity of the anti-peptide A antiserum to detect hULIP and not other members of the family indicates that these proteins are post-translational modifications of hULIP. Whether other members of this family are expressed during RA-induced differentiation of NB cells is not known, although it is possible as rat studies have shown that all CRMP family members are differentially and developmentally expressed in the peripheral nervous system (15Wang L. Strittmatter S. J. Neurosci. 1997; 16: 6197-6207Google Scholar). We have found that phosphatase treatment of protein lysates from RA-treated cells indicates that the p65 may be an underphosphorylated form of p70, whereas p58 may be an underphosphorylated form of p60 (Fig. 5 D). During kinetic analysis, p58 and p65 are detected later after RA treatment and in lower abundance compared with p60 and p70, respectively. This suggests that during RA-induced differentiation a phosphatase may be induced. The products of the chicken, rat, and mouse genes, CRMP62, TOAD64, and Ulip, have been shown to be phosphoproteins. In particular the phosphorylation of several proteolytic peptides are altered after nerve growth factor treatment of PC12 cells, indicating a possible involvement of the unc-33-like proteins in the Trk-mediated signal transduction pathways (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). Nerve growth factor stimulates an increase in TOAD-64 protein (18Minturn J.E. Geschwind D.H. Fryer H.J.L. Hockfield S.J. Comp. Neurol. 1995; 355: 369-379Google Scholar) and Ulip phosphorylation in PC12 cells (14Byk T. Dobransky T. Cifuentes-Diaz C. Sobel A. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 688-701Google Scholar). These observations indicate that members of the unc-33gene family may also be involved in Trk signal transduction pathway. We find that hUlip expression can be stimulated in the RA-treated NB cell line SY5Y and the addition of BDNF enhances hUlip expression.4 However, RA is also known to regulate a number of membrane receptors in NB including TrkB (11Kaplan D.R. Matsumoto K. Lucarelli E. Thiele C.J. Neuron. 1993; 11: 321-331Google Scholar, 27Matsumoto K. Wada R.K. Yamashiro J.M. Kaplan D.R. Thiele C.J. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 1798-1806Google Scholar), epidermal growth factor receptor (13Thiele C.J. Deutsch L.A. Israel M.A. Oncogene. 1988; 3: 281-288Google Scholar) c-kit (29Cohen P.S. Chan J.P. Lipkunskaya M. Biedler J.L. Seeger R.C. Blood. 1994; 84: 3465-3472Google Scholar), transforming growth factor-β receptors (30Cohen P. Matsumoto K. Letterio J. Sporn M. Thiele C.J. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 2380-2386Google Scholar), and c-RET (31Tahira T. Ishizaka Y. Itoh F. Nakayasu M. Sugimura T. Nagao M. Oncogene. 1991; 6: 2333-2338Google Scholar). Thus it is possible that activation of these or other unidentified signaling pathways may also contribute to the increased transcription of hUlip mRNA in NB cells stimulated by RA. In this study, we present the isolation and preliminary characterization of the human homologue of the Ulip gene. The ability of RA to regulate transcription of this gene provides a model to study factors affecting the developmental expression of this protein. Furthermore, the variable expression of hUlip in neuroblastoma cells offers a model system to study the function of this protein as it relates to neuronal differentiation. We thank Dr. Susan Hockfield for the anti-peptide A serum and for critical and thoughtful reading of our manuscript.