Post-war Guatemala: long-term effects of psychological and ideological militarization of the K'iche Mayans
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 7; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14623520500190330
ISSN1469-9494
Autores Tópico(s)Latin American and Latino Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 The 1987 Central American Peace Accords laid the groundwork for a peace process in El Salvador and Guatemala (Jonas, Citation2000). Throughout the 1990s the URNG and the Guatemalan State signed many accords, which laid the foundations for a new, democratic Guatemala, such as the Social and Economic Aspects and the Agrarian Situation (May 1996), and the Accord on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (March 1995). 2 In Guatemala, perpetrators of human rights abuses continue to live side by side with victims and survivors. According to REMHI (Citation1999, pp 49–50) known perpetrators are identified in one out of three testimonies, while in two percent of the cases, the perpetrator was related to the victim. 3 The following Mayan groups were identified as targets of genocide: Maya-Q'anjob'al, Maya-Chuj, Maya-Ixil, Maya-K'iché, and Maya-Achi. 4 By militarization I mean "a step-by-step process by which a person … gradually comes to be controlled by the military or comes to depend for its well-being on militaristic ideas" (Enloe, Citation2000, p 3). 5 Arbenz' progressive land reform threatened the interests of the United Fruit Company (for a detailed history, see Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer (1983) Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group). 6 The term "La Violencia" usually refers to the genocidal years (1981–1983). Also, Victoria Sanford argues that for Mayan communities, La Violencia implies "the continuum of lived experience … It represents not only the actual violent events … but also the experience of that violence and its effects" (2003, p 15). 7 In the mid 1970s there were an estimated 132,000 people organized in rural cooperatives. About 510 cooperatives were established, of which 57 percent were located mainly in the Departments of El Quiché, Sololá, San Marcos and Huehuetenango (Davis and Hodson, Citation1983). 8 In 1950, 2.2 percent of the landowners owned 70 percent of the country's arable land (Schlesinger and Kinzer, 1983). 9 Some groups identify 1954, the year President Arbenz was overthrown, as the year the war began. 10 See for instance MINUGUA's Sixth Report to the General Secretary, June 2001. 11 Another institutional vehicle has been the forced and voluntary recruitment of indigenous youth into the ranks of the army (CEH, Citation1999, Vol IV).
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