Revisão Revisado por pares

Cellular Resistance to Camptothecins

1996; Wiley; Volume: 803; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb26377.x

ISSN

1749-6632

Autores

Yves Pommier, Malini Gupta, Monica Valenti, Wilberto Nieves‐Neira,

Tópico(s)

DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry

Resumo

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 803, Issue 1 p. 60-73 Cellular Resistance to Camptothecins YVES POMMIER, YVES POMMIER Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorMALINI GUPTA, MALINI GUPTA Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorMONICA VALENTI, MONICA VALENTI Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorWILBERTO NIEVES-NEIRA, WILBERTO NIEVES-NEIRA Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this author YVES POMMIER, YVES POMMIER Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorMALINI GUPTA, MALINI GUPTA Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorMONICA VALENTI, MONICA VALENTI Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this authorWILBERTO NIEVES-NEIRA, WILBERTO NIEVES-NEIRA Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 5C25 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb26377.xCitations: 16AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Pommier, Y., F. Leteurtre, M. Fesen, A. Fujimori, R. Bertrand, E. Solary, G. Kohlhagen & K. W. Kohn. 1994. Cellular determinants of sensitivity and resistance to DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. Cancer Invest. 12: 530–542. 2 Giovanella, B. C., J. S. Stehlin, M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani, A. W. Nicholas, L. F. Liu, R. Silber & M. Potmesil. 1989. DNA topoisomerase I-targeted chemotherapy of human colon cancer in xenografts. Science 246: 1046–1048. 3 Hirabayashi, N., R. Kim, M. Nishiyama, K. Aogi, S. Saeki, T. Toge & K. Okada. 1992. Tissue expression of topoisomerase I and II in digestive tract cancers and adjacent normal tissues. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 33: 436. 4 van der Zee, A. G. J., H. Hollema, S. de Jong, H. Boonstra, A. Gouw, P. H. B. Willemse, J. G. Zijlstra & E. G. E. de Vrie 1991. P-glycoprotein expression and DNA topoisomerase I and II activity in benign tumors of the ovary and in malignant tumors of the ovary, before and after platinum/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 51: 5915–5920. 5 Potmesil, M., B. C. Giovanella, M. E. Wall, L. F. Liu, R. Silber, J. S. Stehlin, M. C. Wani & H. Hoechster. 1993. Preclinical and clinical development of DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors in the United States. In Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerases and its Application to Chemotherapy. T. Andoh, H. Ikeda & M. Oguro, Eds.: 301–311. CRC Press. Boca Raton , FL . 6 Goldwasser, F., I. S. Bae, K. Torres & Y. Pommier. 1995. Topoisomerase I-related parameters and camptothecin activity in the colon cell lines from the National Cancer Institute anticancer screen. Cancer Res. 55: 2116–2121. 7 Perego, P., G. Capranico, R. Supino & F. Zunino. 1994. Topoisomerase I gene expression and cell sensitivity to camptothecin in human cell lines of different tumor types. Anti-Cancer Drugs 5: 645–649. 8 Pommier, Y., R. Bertrand & E. Solary. 1994. Apoptosis induced by DNA topoisomcrase I and II inhibitors in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma 15: 21–32. 9 Hsiang, Y.-H., M. G. Lihou & L. F. Liu. 1989. Arrest of DNA replication by drugstabilized topoisomerase I-DNA cleavable complexes as a mechanism of cell killing by camptothecin. Cancer Res. 49: 5077–5082. 10 Holm, C., J. M. Covey, D. Kerrigan & Y. Pommier. 1989. Differential requirement of DNA replication for the cytotoxicity of DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors in Chinese hamster DC3F cells. Cancer Res. 49: 6365–6368. 11 Bertrand, R., D. Kerrigan, M. Sarang & Y. Pommier. 1991. Cell death induced by topoisomerase inhibitors: Role of calcium in mammalian cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42: 77–85. 12 Ryan, A. J., S. Squires, H. L. Strutt & R. T. Johnson. 1991. Camptothecin cytotoxicity in mammalian cells is associated with the induction of persistent double strand breaks in replicating DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 3295–3300. 13 Shin, C.-G. & R. M. Snapka. 1990. Exposure to camptothecin breaks leading and lagging strand simian virus 40 DNA replication forks. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168: 135–140. 14 Yang, L., M. S. Wold, J. J. Li, T. J. Kelly & L. F. Liu. 1987. Roles of DNA topoisomerases in simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 950–954. 15 Henningfeld, K. A. & S. Hecht. 1995. A model for topoisomerase I-mediated insertions and deletions with duplex DNA substrates containing branches, nicks, and gaps. Biochemistry 34: 6120–6129. 16 Bullock, P., J. J. Champoux & M. Botchan. 1985. Association of crossover points with topoisomerase I cleavage sites: A model for nonhomologous recombination. Science 230: 954–958. 17 Pommier, Y., J. Jenkins, G. Kohlhagen & F. Leteurtre. 1995. DNA recombinase activity of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I; Effects of camptothecin and other inhibitors. Mutat. Res. 337: 135–145. 18 Anderson, R. D. & N. A. Berger. 1994. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of topoisomerase-interactive drugs. Mutat. Res. 309: 109–142. 19 Chatterjee, S., M.-F. Cheng, D. Trivedi, S. J. Petzold & N. A. Berger. 1989. Camptothecin hypersensitivity in poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerasedeficient cell lines. Cancer Commun. 1: 389–394. 20 Ratain, M. J. & J. D. Rowley. 1992. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia secondary to inhibitors of topoisomerase II: From the bedside to the target genes. Ann. Oncol. 3: 107–111. 21 Nichols, C. R., E. S. Breeden, P. J. Loehrer, S. D. Williams & L. H. Einhorn. 1993. Secondary leukemia associated with a conventional dose of etoposide: Review of a serial germ cell tumor protocols. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 36–40. 22 Ross, J. A., J. D. Potter & L. L. Robison. 1994. Infant leukemia, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and the MLL gene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86: 1678–1680. 23 Zeleznik-Le, N. J., A. M. Harden & J. D. Rowley. 1994. 11q23 translocations split the “AT-hook” cruciform DNA-binding region and the transcriptional repression domain from the activation domain of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 10610–10614. 24 Bendixen, C., B. Thomsen, J. Alsner & O. Westergaard. 1990. Camptothecinstabilized topoisomerase I-DNA adducts cause premature termination of transcription. Biochemistry 29: 5613–5619. 25 Holm, C., T. Steams & D. Botstein. 1989. DNA topoisomerase II must act at mitosis to prevent nondisjunction and chromosome breakage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 159–168. 26 Hendricks, C. B., E. K. Rowinsky, L. B. Grochow, R. C. Donchower & S. H. Kaufmann. 1992. Effect of P-glycoprotein expression on the accumulation and cytotoxicity of topotecan (SK&F 104864), a new camptothecin analogue. Cancer Res. 52: 2268–2278. 27 Mattern, M. R., G. A. Hofman, R. M. Polsky, L. R. Funk, F. L. McCabe & R. K. Johnson. 1993. In vitro and in vivo effects of clinically important camptothecin analogues on multidrug-resistant cells. Oncol. Res. 5: 467–474. 28 Chen, A. Y., C. Yu, M. Potmesil, M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani & L. F. Liu. 1991. Camptothecin overcomes MDRI-mediated resistance in human KB carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 51: 6039–6044. 29 Prost, S. & G. Riou. 1994. A human small cell lung carcinoma cell line resistant to 4′-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide and cross-resistant to camptothecin with high level of topoisomerase I. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48: 975–984. 30 Yang, C.-H. J., J. K. Horton, K. H. Cowan & E. Schneider. 1995. Cross-resistance to camptothecin analogues in mitoxantrone-resistant human breast carcinoma cell line is not due to DNA topoisomerase I alterations. Cancer Res. 55: 4004–4009. 31 Niimi, S., K. Nakagawa, Y. Sugimoto, K. Nishio, Y. Funiwara, S. Yokoyama, Y. Terashima & N. Saijo. 1992. Mechanism of cross-resistance to a camptothecin analogue (CPT-11) in a human ovarian cancer cell line selected by cisplatin. Cancer Res. 52: 328–333. 32 Friedman, H. S., M. E. Dolan, S. H. Kaufmann, O. M. Covin, O. W. Griffith. R. C. Moschel, S. C. Schold, D. D. Bigner & F. Ali-Osman. 1994. Elevated DNA polymerase α, DNA polymerase b, and DNA topoisomerase II in a melphalanresistant rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft that is cross-resistant to nitrosourea and topotecan. Cancer Res. 54: 3487–3493. 33 Fujimori, A., W. G. Harker, G. Kohlhagen, Y. Hoki & Y. Pommier. 1995. Mutation at the catalytic site of topoisomerase I in CEM/C2, a human leukemia cell resistant to camptothecin. Cancer Res. 55: 1339–1346. 34 Kubota, N., F. Kanzawa, K. Nishio, Y. Takeda, T. Ohmori, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Terashima & N. Saijo. 1992. Detection of topoisomerase I gene point mutation in CPT-11 resistant lung cancer cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188: 571–577. 35 Kanzawa, F., Y. Sugimoto, K. Minato, K. Kasahara, M. Bungo, K. Nakagawa, Y. Fujiwara, L. F. Liu & N. Saijo. 1990. Establishment of a camptothecin analogue (CPT-11)-resistant cell line of human non-small cell lung cancer: Characterization and mechanism of resistance. Cancer Res. 50: 5919–5924. 36 Ambudkar, S. V., I. H. Lelong, J. Zhang, C. O. Cardarelli, M. M. Gottesman & I. Pastan. 1992. Partial purification and reconstitution of the human multidrugresistance pump: Characterization of the drug-stimulatable ATP hydrolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 8472–8476. 37 Tsuruo, T., T. Matsuzaki, M. Matsushita, H. Saito & T. Yokokura. 1988. Antitumor effect of CPT-11, a new derivative of camptothecin, against pleiotropic drugresistant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cancer. Chemother. Pharmacol. 21: 71–74. 38 Hoki, Y., A. Fujimori & Y. Pommier. 1994. Mechanisms of drug resistance to topoisomerase 1 inhibitors in human carcinoma KB3-1 and multidrug resistant KB-VI. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 35: 363. 39 Nagai, S., M. Yamauchi, T. Andoh, M. Nishizawa, T. Satta, Y. Kodera, K. Kondou, S. Akiyama, K. Ito & H. Takagi. 1995. Establishment and characterization of human gastric and colonic xenograft lines resistant to CPT-11 (a new derivative of camptothecin). J. Surg. Oncol. 59: 116–124. 40 Saijo, N., K. Nishio, N. Kubota, F. Kanzawa, T. Shinkai, A. Karato, Y. Sasaki, K. Eguchi, T. Tamura, Y. Ohe, et al. 1994. 7-Ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino] carbonyloxy camptothecin: Mechanism of resistance and clinical trials. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 34(Suppl.): S112–117. 41 Ogasawara, H., K. Nishio, F. Kanzawa, Y. S. Lee, Y. Funayama, T. Ohira, Y. Kuraishi, Y. Isogai & N. Saijo. 1995. Intracellular carboxyl esterase activity is a determinant of cellular sensitivity to the antineoplastic agent KW-2189 in cell lines resistant to cisplatin and CPT-11. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86: 124–129. 42 Matsumoto, Y., T. Fujiwara & S. Nagao. 1995. Determinants of drug response in camptothecin-11-resistant glioma cell lines. J. Neurooncol 23: 1–8. 43 Jaxel, C., K. W. Kohn, M. C. Wani, M. E. Wall & Y. Pommier. 1989. Structure activity study of the actions of camptothecin derivatives on mammalian topoisomerase I: Evidence for a specific receptor site and a relation to antitumor activity. Cancer Res. 49: 1465–1469. 44 Tanizawa, A., K. W. Kohn, G. Kohlhagen, F. Leteurtre & Y. Pommier. 1995. Differential stabilization of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I cleavable complexes by camptothecin derivatives. Biochemistry 43: 7200–7206. 45 Binaschi, M., R. Supino, R. A. Gambetta, G. Giaccone, E. Prosperi, G. Capranico, I. Cataldo & F. Zunino. 1995. MRP gene overexpression in a human doxorubicin-resistant SCLC cell line: Alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and in pattern of cross-resistance. Int. J. Cancer 62: 84–89. 46 Andoh, T., K. Ishii, Y. Suzuki, Y. Ikegami, Y. Kusunki, Y. Takemoto & K. Okada. 1987. Characterization of a mammalian mutant with a camptothecin resistant DNA-topoisomerase I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 5565–5569. 47 Sugimoto, Y., S. Tsukahara, T. Oh-hara, T. Isoe & T. Tsuruo. 1990. Decreased expression of DNA topoisomerase I in camptothecin-resistant tumor cell lines as determined by a monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res. 50: 6925–6930. 48 Woessner, R. D., W.-K. Eng, G. A. Hofmann, D. J. Rieman, F. L. McCabe, R. P. Hertzberg, M. R. Mattern, K. B. Tan & R. K. Johnson. 1993. Camptothecin hyper-resistant P388 cells: Drug-dependent reduction in topoisomerase I content. Oncol. Res. 4: 481–488. 49 Chang, J.-Y., L. A. Dethlefsen, L. R. Barley, B. S. Zhou & Y.-C. Cheng. 1992. Characterization of camptothecin-resistant chinese hamster lung cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 2443–2452. 50 Tan, K. B., M. R. Mattern, W.-K. Eng, F. L. McCabe & R. K. Johnson. 1989. Nonproductive rearrangement of DNA topoisomerase I and II genes: Correlation with resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81: 1732–1735. 51 Eng, W. K., F. L. McCabe, K. B. Tan, M. R. Mattern, G. A. Hofmann, R. D. Woessner, R. P. Hertzberg & R. K. Johnson. 1990. Development of a stable camptothecin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia with reduced topoisomerase I content. Mol. Pharmacol. 38: 471–480. 52 Madelaine, I., S. Prost, A. Naudin, G. Riou, F. Lavelle & J.-F. Riou. 1993. Sequential modifications of topoisomerase I activity in a camptothecin-resistant cell line established by progressive adaptation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45: 339–348. 53 Sorensen, M., M. Sehested & P. B. Jensen. 1995. Characterisation of a human small-cell lung cancer cell line resistant to the DNA topoisomerase I-directed drug topotecan. Br. J. Cancer 72: 399–404. 54 Gupta, R. S., R. Gupta, B. Eng, R. B. Lock, W. E. Ross, R. P. Hertzberg, M. J Caranfa & R. K. Johnson. 1988. Camptothecin-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells containing a resistant form of topoisomerase I. Cancer Res. 48: 6404–6410. 55 Oguro, M., Y. Seki, K. Okada & T. Andoh. 1990. Collateral drug sensitivity induced in CPT-11 (a novel derivative of camptothecin)-resistant cell lines. Biomed. Pharma-cother. 44: 209–216. 56 Gupta, M., A. Fujimori & Y. Pommier. 1995. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1262: 1–14. 57 Tanizawa, A., R. Bertrand, G. Kohlhagen, A. Tabuchi, J. Jenkins & Y. Pommier. 1993. Cloning of Chinese Hamster DNA topoisomerase I cDNA and identification of a single point mutation responsible for camptothecin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 25463–25468. 58 Tanizawa, A. & Y. Pommier. 1992. Topoisomerase I alteration in a camptothecin-resistant cell line derived from chinese hamster DC3F cells in culture. Cancer Res. 52: 1848–1854. 59 Rubin, E., P. Pantazis, D. Toppmeyer, B. Giovanella & D. Kufe. 1994. Identification of a mutant human topoisomerase I with intact catalytic and resistance to 9-nitro-camptothecin. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 2433–2439. 60 Pantazis, P., J. Mendoza, A. DeJesus, A. Early, J. Shaw & B. C. Giovanella. 1994. Development of resistance to 9-nitro-camptothecin by human leukemia U-937 cells in vitro correlates with altered sensitivities to several anticancer drugs. Anti-Cancer Drugs 5: 473–479. 61 Pommier, Y., G. Kohlhagen, F. Kohn, F. Leteurtre, M. C. Wani & M. E. Wall. 1995. Interaction of an alkylating camptothecin derivative with a DNA base at topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 9: 8861–8865. 62 Kjeldsen, E., B. J. Bonven, T., Andoh, K. Ishii, K. Okada, L. Bolund & O. Westergaard. 1988. Characterization of a camptothecin-resistant human DNA topoisomerase I. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 3912–3916. 63 Benedetti, P., P. Fioranti, L. Capuani & J. C. Wang. 1993. Camptothecin resistance from a single mutation changing glycine 363 of human DNA topoisomerase I to cysteine. Cancer Res. 53: 4343–4348. 64 Lima, C. D., J. C. Wang & A. Modragon. 1993. Crystallization of a 67 kDa fragment of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 232: 1213–1216. 65 Kerr, J. F., A. H. Wyllie & A. R. Currie. 1972. Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer. 26: 239–257. 66 Wyllie, A. H. 1986. What is apoptosis? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 10: 531–538. 67 Nicholson, D. W., A. Ali, N. A. Thomberry, J. P. Vaillancourt, C. K. Ding, M. Gallant, Y. Gareau, P. R. Griffin, M. Labelle, Y. Lazebnik, N. A. Munday, S. M. Raju, M. E. Smulson, T.-T. Yamin, V. Yu & D. K. Miller. 1995. Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37–43. 68 Hengartner, M. O. & H. R. Horvitz. 1994. Programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4: 581–586. 69 Kaufmann, S. H., S. Desnoyers, Y. Ottaviano, N. E. Davidson & G. G. Poirier. 1993. Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: An early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 53: 3976–3985. 70 Lazebnik, Y. A., S. H. Kaufmann, S. Besnoyer, G. G. Poirier & W. C. Earnshaw. 1994. Cleavage of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371: 346–347. 71 Neamati, N., A. Fernandez, S. Wright, J. Kiefer & D. J. McConkey. 1995. Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J. Immunol. 154: 3788–3795. 72 Lazebnik, Y. A., A. Takahashi, R. D. Moir, R. D. Goldman, G. G. Poirier, S. H. Kaufmann & W. C. Earnshaw. 1995. Studies of the lamin proteinase reveal multiple parallel biochemical pathways during apoptosis execution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 9042–9046. 73 Korsmeyer, S. J., J. R. Shutter, D. J. Veis, D. E. Merry & Z. N. Oltvai. 1993. Bcl-2/Bax: A rheostat that regulates an anti-oxidant pathway and cell death. Semin. Cancer Biol. 4: 327–332. 74 Nunez, G. & M. F. Clarke. 1994. The bcl-2 family of proteins: regulators of cell death and survival. Trends Cell Biol. 4: 399–403. 75 Bodrug, S. E., C. Aimé-Sempé, T. Sato & J. C. Reed. 1995. Biochemical and functional comparisons of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins: Evidence for a novel mechanism of regulating Bcl-2 family protein function. Cell Growth & Differ. 2: 173–182. 76 Krajewski, S., C. Blomqvist, K. Franssila, M. Krjewska, V.-M. Wassenius, E. Niskama, S. Nordling & J. C. Reed. 1995. Reduced expression of proapoptotic gene BAX is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 55: 4471–4478. 77 Solary, E., R. Bertrand & Y. Pommier. 1994. Apoptosis induced by DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma 15: 21–32. 78 Bertrand, R., M. Sarang, J. Jenkins, D. Kerrigan & Y. Pommier. 1991. Differential induction of secondary fragmentation by topoisomerase II inhibitors in human tumor cell lines with amplified c-myc expression. Cancer Res. 51: 6280–6285. 79 Kamesaki, S., H. Kamesaki, T. J. Jorgensen, A. Tanizawa, Y. Pommier & J. Cossman. 1993. Bcl-2 protein inhibits etoposide-induced apoptosis through its effects on events subsequent to topoisomerase II-induced DNA strand breaks and their repair. Cancer Res. 53: 4251–4256. 80 Ohmori, T., E. R. Podack, K. Nishio, M. Takahashi, Y. Miyahara, Y. Takeda, N. Kubata, Y. Funayama, H. Ogasawara, T. Ohira, S. Ohira & N. Saijo. 1993. Apoptosis of lung cancer cells caused by some anti-cancer agents (MMC, CPT-11, ADM) is inhibited by bcl-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192: 30–36. 81 Kondo, S., D. Yin, J. Takeuchi, T. Morimura, Y. Oda & H. Kikuchi. 1994. Bcl2 enables rescue from in vitro myelosuppression (bone marrow cell death) induced by chemotherapy. Br. J. Cancer 70: 421–426. 82 Pommier, Y., Y. Hoki, S. Kamesaki, H. Kamesaki & J. Cossman. 1994. Bcl-2-mediated resistance to topoisomerase I & II inhibitors–camptothecin & VP-16-through effects subsequent to cleavable complexes. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 35: 311. 83 Lowe, S. W., H. E. Ruley, T. Jack & D. E. Housman. 1993. P53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74: 957–967. 84 Nelson, W. G. & M. B. Kastan. 1994. DNA strand breaks: The DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1815–1823. 85 Bertrand, R., E. Solary, J. Jenkins & Y. Pommier. 1993 Apoptosis and its modulation in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells treated with DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors. Exp. Cell Res. 207: 388–397. 86 Cleave, J. E. 1994. It was a very good year for DNA repair. Cell 76: 1–4. 87 Sancar, A. 1995. Excision repair in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15915–15918. 88 Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. & D. Bootsma. 1994. Incision for excision. Nature 371: 654–655. 89 Finnie, N. J., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, P. A. Jeggo & S. P. Jackson. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is absent in xrs-6 cells: Implications for site-specific recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 320–324. 90 Peterson, S. R., A. Kurimasa, M. Oshimura, W. S. Dynan, E. M. Bradbury & D. J. Chen. 1995. Loss of catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase in DNA double-strand-break-repair mutant mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3171–3174. 91 Jones, N. J., S. Ellard, R. Waters & E. M. Parry. 1993. Cellular and chromosomal hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and topoisomerase inhibitors in the radiosensitive Chinese hamster irs mutants: Phenotypic similarities to ataxia telangi-ectasia and Fanconi's anaemia cells. Carcinogenesis 14: 2487–2494. 92 Smith, P. J., T. A. Makinson & J. V. Watson. 1989. Enhanced sensitivity to camptothecin in ataxia telangiectasia cells and its relationship with the expression of DNA topoisomerase I. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 55: 217–231. 93 Zakian, V. A. 1995. ATM-related genes: What do they tell us about functions of the human gene. Cell 82: 685–687. 94 Appel, K. E., G. FÜRSTENBERGER, H. J. Hapke, E. Hecker, A. G. Hildebrandt, W. Koransky, F. Marks, H. G. Neumann, F. K. Ohnesorge & R. Schulte-Hermann. 1990. Chemical cancerogenesis: Definitions of frequently used terms. J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 116: 232–236. 95 Paulovich, A. G. & L. H. Hartwell. 1995. A checkpoint regulates the rate of progression through S phase in S. cerevisiae in response to DNA damage. Cell 82: 841–847. 96 Savitsky, K., A. Bar-Shira, S. Gilad, G. Rotman, Y. Ziv. L. Vanagaite, D. A. Tagle, S. Smith, T. Uziel, S. Sfez, M. Ashikenazi, I. Pecker, M. Frydman, R. Harnik, S. R. Patanjali, A. Simmons, G. A. Clines, A. Sartiel, R. A. Gatti, L. Chessa, O. Sanal, M. F. Lavin, N. G. J. Jaspers, A. M. R. Taylor, C. F. Arlett, R. M. Sherman, S. M. Weissman, M. Lovett, F. S. Collins & Y. Shiloh. 1995. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268: 1749–1753. 97 Hartley, K. O., D. Gell, G. C. Smith, H. Zhang. N. Divecha, M. Connelly, A. Admaon, S. P. Lees-Miller, C. W. Anderson & S. P. Jackson. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: A relative of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the ataxia telangiectasia gene product. Cell 82: 849–856. 98 Squires, S., A. J. Ryan, H. L. Strutt & R. T. Johnson. 1993. Hypersensitivity of Cockayne's syndrome cells to camptothecins is associated with the generation of abnormally high levels of double strand breaks in nascent DNA. Cancer Res. 53: 2012–2019. 99 Poot, M., B. Epe & H. Hoehn. 1992. Cell cycle effects of the DNA topoisomerase inhibitors camptothecin and m-AMSA in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with Fanconi anemia. Mutat. Res. 270: 185–189. 100 Robaye, B., R. Mosselmans, W. Fiers, J. E. Dumont & P. Galand. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in normal endothelial cells in vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 138: 447–453. 101 Rosselli, F., E. Duchaud, D. Averbeck & E. Moustacchi. 1994. Comparison of the effects of DNA topoisomerase inhibitors on lymphoblasts from normal and Fanconi anemia donors. Mutation Res. 325: 137–144. 102 Collins, A. R. 1993. Mutant rodent cell lines sensitive to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and cross-linking agents: A comprehensive survey of genetic and biochemical characteristics. Mutat. Res. 293: 99–118. 103 Fulop, G. M. & R. A. Philips. 1990. The scid mutation in mice causes a general defect in DNA repair. Nature 347: 479–482. 104 Biedermann, K. A., J. Sun, A. J. Giaccia, L. M. Tosto & J. M. Brown. 1991. Scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 1394–1397. 105 Hendrickson, E. A., Z.-Q. Qin, E. A. Bump, D. G. Schatz, M. Oettinger & D. T. Weaver. 1991. A link between double-strand break-related repair and V(D)J recombination: The scid mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4061–4065. 106 Taccioli, G. E., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, A. Priestley, J. Demengeot, R. Mizuta, A. R. Lehmann, F. W. Alt, S. P. Jackson & P. A. Jeggo. 1994. Ku80: Product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science 265: 1442–1445. 107 Evans, H. H., M. Ricanati, M.-F. Horng & J. Mencl. 1989. Relationship between topoisomerase II and radiosensitivity in mouse L5178Y lymphoma strains. Mutat. Res. 217: 53–63. 108 Jeggo, P. A. 1990. Studies of mammalian mutants defective in rejoining double-strand breaks in DNA. Mutat. Res. 239: 1–16. 109 Caldecott, K., G. Banks & P. Jeggo. 1990. DNA double-strand break repair path-way and cellular tolerance to inhibitors of topoisomerase II. Cancer Res. 50: 5778–5783. 110 Eng, W. K., L. Faucette, R. K. Johnson & R. Sternglanz. 1988. Evidence that DNA topoisomerase I is necessary for the cytotoxic effects of camptothecin. Mol. Pharmacol. 34: 755–760. 111 Nitiss, J. & J. C. Wang. 1988. DNA topoisomerase-targeting antitumor drugs can be studied in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7501–7505. 112 Muris, D. F. R., O. Bezzubova, J.-M. Buerstedde, K. Vreeken, A. S. Balajee, C. J. Osgood, C. Troelstra, J. H. J. Hoeijmakers, K. Ostermann, H. Schmidt, A. T. Natarajan, J. C. J. Eeken, P. H. M. Lohman & A. Pastink. 1994. Cloning of human and mouse genes homologous to RAD521, a gene involved in DNA repair and recombination. Mutat. Res. 315: 295–305. 113 Crissman, H. A., D. M. Gadbois, R. A. Tobey & E. M. Bradbury. 1991. Transformed mammalian cells are deficient in kinase-mediated control of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7580–7584. 114 Li, Y., M. A. Nichols, J. W. Shay & Y. Xiong. 1994. Transcriptional repression of the D-type cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 by the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product pRb. Cancer Res. 54: 6078–6082. 115 Harper, J. W., G. R. Adami, N. Vei, K. Keyomarsi & S. J. Elledge. 1993. The p21 cdk-interacting protein cip 1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75: 805–816. 116 Hunter, T. & J. Pines. 1994. Cyclins and cancer II: Cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. 79: 573–582. 117 Peters, G. 1994. Stifled by inhibitors. Nature 371: 204–205. 118 Peter, M. & I. Herskowitz. 1994. Joining the complex: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle. Cell 79: 181–184. 119 Sherr, C. J. 1994. G1 phase progression: Cycling on cue. 79: 551–555. 120 Lees, J. A., M. Saito, M. Vidal, M. Valentine, T. Look, E. Harlow, N. Dyson & K. Helin. 1993. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 7813–7825. 121 Zhu, L., E. Harlow & B. D. Dynlacht. 1995. P107 uses a p21CIP1-related domain to bind cyclin/cdk2 and regulate interactions with E2F. Genes Dev. 9: 1740–1752. 122 Zhu, L., G. Enders, J. A. Lees, R. L. Beijersbergen, R. Bernards & E. Harlow. 1995. The pRB-related protein p107 contains two growth suppression domains: Independent interactions with E2F and cyclin/cdk complexes. EMBO J. 14: 1904–1913. 123 Chen, X., J. Bargonetti & C. Prives. 1995. P53, through p21 (WAF1/CIP1), induces cyclin D1 synthesis. Cancer Res. 55: 4257–4263. 124 Tsao, Y.-P., P. D'Arpa & L. F. Liu. 1992. The involvement of active DNA synthesis in camptothecin-induced G2 arrest: Altered regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B. Cancer Res. 52: 1823–1829. 125 Goldwasser, F., T. Shimizu, P. O'Connor, K. W. Kohn & Y. Pommier. 1995. G2 checkpoint deficiencies are critical determinants for sensitivity to camptothecin. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 36: 452. 126 O'Connor, P. M. & K. W. Kohn. 1992. A fundamental role for cell cycle regulation in the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. Seminars in Cancer Biology 3: 409–416. Citing Literature Volume803, Issue1The Camptothecins: From Discovery to the PatientDecember 1996Pages 60-73 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)