Hegemony, national allegory, exile: The poetry of Shirley Lim
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 19; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09502360500196250
ISSN1470-1308
Autores Tópico(s)Asian Culture and Media Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement I would like to thank Associate Professor Elaine Ho for her careful reading of the draft version of this article and for her valuable comments and suggestions. Notes 1 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (revised edn.) (London: Verso, 1991), p. 3. 2 Ibid., p. 9. 3 Bernard Wilson, ‘Memory, myth, exile: the desire for Malaysian belonging in K. S. Maniam's The Return, ‘Haunting the Tiger’ and In A Far Country’, Textual Practice, 17 (2003), pp. 391–412. 4 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, ‘The ambivalent American: Asian American literature on the cusp’, in Lim and Amy Ling (eds), Reading the Literatures of Asian America (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992), p. 13. 5 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, ‘Immigration and diaspora’, in King-Kok Cheung (ed.), An Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 303–4. 6 Ibid., p. 307. 7 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, ‘The ambivalent American: Asian American Literature on the Cusp’, p. 18. 8 Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y. Andaya, A History of Malaysia, 2nd edn. (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 292. 9 Ibid., p. 291. 10 Ibid., p. 291. 11 Ibid., p. 290. 12 Ibid., pp. 295–6. 13 Ibid., p. 303. 14 Ibid., p. 296. 15 Ibid., p. 297. 16 Ibid., p. 298. 17 Ibid., p. 298. 18 Ibid., p. 298. 19 Gordon P. Means, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 13. 20 Ibid., p. 14. 21 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Among the White Moonfaces: Memoirs of a Nyonya Feminist (Singapore: Times Books International, 1996), p. 209. 22 Francis Loh Kok Wah and Khoo Boo Teik, ‘Introduction’, in Loh and Khoo (eds), Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002), p. 4. 23 Francis Loh Kok Wah, ‘Developmentalism and the limits of democratic discourse’, in Loh and Khoo (eds), Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices, p. 29. 24 Khoo Boo Teik, Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual Biography of Mahathir Mohamad (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 25. 25 Mahathir bin Mohamad, The Malay Dilemma (Singapore: Times Books International, 1970), p. 1. 26 Ibid., p. 21. 27 Ibid., p. 24. 28 Ibid., p. 25. 29 Ibid., pp. 117–18. 30 Khoo Boo Teik, Paradoxes of Mahathirism, p. 27. 31 Mohamed Taib Osman, ‘Towards the development of Malaysia's national literature’, Tenggara, 6 (1973), p. 115. 32 Muhammad Haji Salleh, ‘Modernising with tradition: directions in contemporary Southeast Asian poetry’, Tenggara, 24 (1989), p. 3. 33 Muhammad Haji Salleh, ‘Preface’, in Muhammad Haji Salleh (ed.), An Anthology of Contemporary Malaysian Literature (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1988), p. xi. 34 Lloyd Fernando, Cultures in Conflict: Essays on Literature and the English Language in South East Asia (Singapore: Graham Brash (Pte) Ltd, 1986), p. 138. 35 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 188. 36 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Monsoon History: Selected Poems (London: Skoob Books Publishing, 1994), p. 168. 37 Ibid., p. 167. 38 Fredric Jameson, ‘Third-world literature in the era of multinational capitalism’, Social Text, 15 (1986), p. 69. 39 Aijaz Ahmad, ‘Jameson's rhetoric of otherness and the ‘National Allegory’’, Social Text, 17 (1987), p. 4. 40 Fredric Jameson, ‘Third-world literature in the era of multinational capitalism’, p. 67. 41 Ibid., p. 69. 42 Koh Tai Ann, ‘On the margin, in whose canon? The situation of Ee Tiang Hong and Shirley Lim’, in Anna Rutherford (ed.), From Commonweath to Post-Colonial (Sydney: Dangeroo Press, 1992), p. 128. 43 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Modern Secrets (Sydney: Dangeroo Press, 1989), p. 97. 44 Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (London: Vintage, 1994), p. 49. 45 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, No Man's Grove (Singapore: Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore, 1985), p. 39. 46 Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 334. 47 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems (Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd, 1980), p. 90. 48 The term ‘Peranakan’ refers to the descendants of Chinese immigrants who arrived at Malacca on the Malay Peninsula in the seventeenth century. ‘Baba’ refers to a Peranakan male and ‘nonya’ to a female. 49 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, p. 91. 50 Anne Brewster, Towards a Semiotic of Post-colonial Discourse: University Writing in Singapore and Malaysia 1949–1965 (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1989), p. 17. 51 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, ‘The dispossessing eye: reading Wordsworth on the equatorial line’, in Peter Hyland (ed.), Discharging the Canon: Cross-cultural Readings in Literature (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1986), p. 127. 52 Lim, Modern Secrets, p. 30. 53 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, ‘Chinese Ba/British Da: daughterhood as schizophrenia’, in Shirley Chew and Anna Rutherford (eds), Unbecoming Daughters of the Empire (Sydney: Dangeroo Press, 1993), p. 142. 54 Lim, Monsoon History: Selected Poems, p. xxiii. 55 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, pp. 90–1. 56 Edwin Thumboo, ‘Introduction’, in Edwin Thumboo (ed.), The Second Tongue: An Anthology of Poetry from Singapore and Malaysia (Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd, 1976), p. ix. 57 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (2nd edn) (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 7. 58 Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 104. 59 Wong Phui Nam, Ways of Exile: Poems from the First Decade (London: Skoob Books, 1993), p. 140. 60 In Monsoon History: Selected Poems, the title is changed to ‘To Li Po’. 61 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, p. 92. 62 Ibid., p. 93. 63 Ibid., p. 49. 64 Ibid., p. 49. 65 Ibid., p. 73. 66 Ibid., p. 73. 67 Lim, Modern Secrets, p. 114. 68 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Writing South East/Asia in English: Against the Grain (London: Skoob Books, 1994), p. 39. 69 Shirley Geok-lin Lim, What the Fortune Teller Didn't Say (Albuquerque: West End Press, 1998), p. 74. 70 Ibid., p. 74. 71 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, p. 50. 72 Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 240. 73 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, p. 82. 74 Lim, No Man's Grove, p. 48. 75 Ibid., p. 48. 76 Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 240. 77 Ibid., pp. 20–1. 78 Lim, Writing South East/Asia in English: Against the Grain, p. 13. 79 Lim, No Man's Grove, p. 33. 80 Lim, Among the White Moonfaces, p. 138. 81 Lim, Writing South East/Asia in English: Against the Grain, pp. 14–15. 82 Ibid., p. 31. 83 Ibid., p. 25. 84 Hélène Cixous, ‘The laugh of the Medusa’, in Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price (eds), Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, 2nd edn, trans. Keith Cohen and Paula Cohen (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), p. 352. 85 Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 1. 86 Lim, Crossing the Peninsula and Other Poems, p. 53.
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