Emiliano Zapata's Revolt Against the Mexican Government, 1908‐1911
1969; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 31; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1969.tb00344.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Politics and Society in Latin America
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Mäxico (San Francisco, 1883), II, 308–11, 483; Othön Flores Vilchis, El problema agrario en el Estado de Morelos (Mäxico, 1950), 20–23, 66; Marte R. Gömez, La cuestiön agraria en lot primeros congresos del Mäxico independiente (Mäxico, 1955), 8–14; Mario Mena, Zapata (Mäxico, 1959), 11–29; Jesus Sotelo Inclän, Raiz y razön de Zapata (Mäxico, 1943), 31–34.2. Hilarion Noel Branch, The Mexican Constitution of 1917, Compared with the Constitution of 1857 (Washington, 1926); Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria y Emiliano Zapata, su caudillo (Mäxico, 1960), 39–56; Alberto Morales Jimänez, Historia de la revoluciön mexicana (Mäxico, 1951), 3–12.3. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 57–60; Ernest Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage (New York, 1928), 60, 111–167; Mena, Zapata, 43–49; Morales Jimänez, La revoluciön mexicana, 43–49.4. Henry Bamford Parkes, A History of Mexico (3rd ed. rev.; Boston, 1960), 233–241, 295–296, 305–307; Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 61–64; George McCutchen McBride, The Land Systems of Mexico (New York, 1923), 25–156; Mena, Zapata, 34–42; Morales Jimänez, La revoluciön mexicana, 49–64; Eyler Newton Simpson, The Ejido; Mexico's Way Out (Chapel Hill, 1937), 3–53, 131–305, 392–411, 439–585.5. Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “Hechos que provocaron la revoluciön del sur,”El Fronterizo (Ciudad Juärez, Chihuahua), 29 January 1954, published in Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 68–70; Flores Vilchis, El problema agrario, 63, 78–80; Gildardo Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata y el agrarismo en Mäxico (Mäxico, 1934‐1937), I, 7, 14, 16–23, 80–88.6. The following members of Zapata's army during the Revolution, and present members of the rejuvenated Frente Zapatista, were interviewed by the author on current agrarian problems in Cuautla, Morelos on the forty‐seventh anniversary of Zapata's death, April 10, 1966. Citations include rank in the Revolution (if above private); village of present residence; and current agrarian status (jornalero: day laborer; agricultor or campesino: independent farmer): Micöforo Alarcön (Xochitepec; agricultor); Marciano Alonso Garcia (Tacualpan; campesino); Marcelino Amaro (Captain, 1st Infantry; Yecapixtla; jornalero); Priestiano Aragön (Tenextepango; campesino); Marcelino Bias Hernändez (Cuautla; agricultor); Arcadio Bonilla Mejia (Akhichica; agricultor); Fälex Camacho Pliego (Lieutenant Colonel; Cuautla; campesino); Luis Campos Herrera (Major, Calvary; Tenextepango; agricultor); Aristes Cortes Jabana (Captain, 1st Cavalry; Cuautla; campesino); Julian Flores Alvarez (Cuautla; agricultor); Francisco Galicia (Cuautla; jornalero); Serafin Gil (President, Frente Zapatista; Cuautla; shop owner); Juan Gutiärrez (Colonel, Cavalry; Albanil; jornalero); Felipe R. Hernändez (Major, Calvary; Colonia Madero; agricultor); Angel R. Hernändez Martinez (Captain, 1st Cavalry; Cuautla; agricultor); Castulo Juärez‐Veläsquez (Major, Cavalry; Yautepec; retired farmer); Vicente Martinez (Captain, 2nd Cavalry; Cuautla; jornalero); Graciano Melendez (Tenextepango; agricultor); Arausto Olivar (Captain, 2nd Cavalry; Tetalilla; agricultor); Manuel Pablo Acevido (Tenextepango; jornalero); Encarnaciön Peäa Sänchez (Secretary, Frente Zapatista; son of famous revolutionary. Colonel Pablo Peäa Sänchez; Cuautla); Isauro Pliego Aguilar (Lieutenant Colonel; Tepalcingo; campesino); Fernando Quintana Rosas (Yautepec; agricultor); Faustino Ramos (Alchichica; agricultor); Melesio Rfos (San Antonio Tenango; agricultor); Juan Rodriguez (Tepalcingo; agricultor); Miguel Rodriguez (Colonia Zapata; agricultor); Santiago Ruiz Tenango (Captain, 2nd Cavalry; Tepalcingo; campesino); C. Sänchez (Captain, 2nd Cavalry; San Miguel Ixtilco; agricultor); Cresenciano Santana (Captain, 1st Cavalry; Cuautla; campesino); Juan Soriano (San Antonio Tenango; agricultor); Francisco Tamariz de la Rosa Barranco (Cuautla; jornalero); Faustino Tapia (Captain, 1st Cavalry; Tlacotepec; agricultor); Gregorio Terrön Martinez (Captain, 1st Cavalry; Cuautla; agricultor). See also Morales Jimenez, La revoluciön mexicana, 23–26; Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico's Development (Cambridge, 1963), 53–73.7. Miguel ängel Peräl, Diccionario biogräfico mexicano de 544 a 1944 (Mäxico, 1944), 878; Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 81; Porfirio Palacios, Emiliano Zapata; datos biogrdfico‐histöricos (Mäxico, 1960), 16–19.8. Herbert Cerwin, These are the Mexicans (New York, 1947), 28.9. Harry H. Dunn, The Crimson Jester; Zapata of Mäxico (New York, 1934), and Edgcumb Pinchon, Zapata the Unconquerable (New York, 1941), are two extreme examples of the magnitude of the Zapata legend.10. Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage, 142; Frank Tannenbaum, Mexico, the Struggle for Peace and Bread (New York, 1950), 55.11. De la Torre y Mier apparently confided this information to the wife of the American ambassador in Mexico City, Edith O'Shaughnessy, who included it in her Intimate Pages of Mexican History (New York, 1920), 119.12. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 82; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “La revoludön y sus causas,”El Fronterizo, 20 January 1954; Magana, Emiliano Zapata, 88–90; Sotelo Inclän, Rah y razön de Zapata, 160–189, 195–196.13. “Plan de San Luis Potosi,”Memoria de la Secretaria de Governaciön (Mäxico, 1934), Paragraph 3, Clause 3, Document 84, quoted in Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage, 142; Mena, Zapata, 70–82; Morelos Jimänez, La revoluciön mexicana, 27–42, 65–81, 85–98.14. Charles Curtis Cumberland, Mexican Revolution; Genesis under Madero (Austin, 1952), 172; Palaeios, Zapata, 22–25. Fälix Camacho, a member of Zapata's personal escort in the Revolution, told the author in Anenecuilco in December 1961, and again in December 1966, that Zapata was leader of the council, with Francisco Franco as secretary.15. Diego Arenas Guzmän, La consumaciän del crimen (Mäxico, 1935), 19–25, 29–32, 56–59, 68–70; Manuel Bonilla, Diez aos de guerra (Mazatlän, Sinaloa, 1922), 84–85; Agustin Victor and Gustavo Casasola, Historia gräfica de la revoluciön, 1900‐1940 (Mäxico, n.d.), 1, 117–118; Rubän Garcia, El antiporfirismo (Mexico, 1935), 77; Magaa, Erniliano Zapata, I, 106–107; Palacios, Zapata, 25, 27; Sotelo Inclän, Raiz y razön de Zapata, 178, 233; Alfonso Taracena, Mi vida en el vdrtigo de la revoluciön, anales sintäticos, 1900‐1930 (Mexico, 1936), 72; Alfonso Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista (Mäxico, 1931), 8.16. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 234–237; Cumberland, Madero, 172; Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 69–70, 82–85; Baltasar Dromundo, Erniliano Zapata, biografia (Mäxico, 1934), 45–49; Flores Vilchis, El problema agrario, 72–73; Pedro Gonzalez‐Bianco, De Porfirio Döaz a Carranza (Madrid, 1916), 231–234; Magaäa, Erniliano Zapata, I, 21, 104–105, 108–113; Palacios, Zapata, 29–30; Porfirio Palacios, El Plan de Ayala, sus origines y su promulgaciän (Mäxico, 1950), 11; Jesäs Romero Flores, Anales histdricos de la revoluciön mexicana (Mäxico, 1939), I, 180–184; Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista, 9–11. Döaz Soto y Gama, in an interview with the author in Mexico City, December 1961 and again in December 1966, classified Burgos as a man “comän y corriente,” ordinary, with good intentions hindered by a feeling of inferiority. Other members of the early, hard‐core followers of Zapata were Jesus Becerra, Pröculo Capisträn, Julio Döaz, Cristöbal Gutiärrez, Rafael Merino, Catarino Ferdomo, Manuel Rojas, Juan Sänchez, Zacarias, and Refugio Torres.17. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 84–88; Isidro Fabela, Historia diplomätica de la revoluciön mexicana (Mäxico, 1958), I, 13; Mena, Zapata, 90–98; Military Documents 121, 123–130, National Defense Archives (Archivo Histörico de la Secretaria de la Defensa National), Army Headquarters, Mäxico City; Renato Molina Enriquez, “Emiliano Zapata en su lucha por tierra y libertad,”Et National, 7 April 1956, 11–12; Palacios, Zapata, 30–32; Stanley R. Ross, Francisco I. Madero, apostle of Mexican Democracy (New York, 1955), 152, 166; Frank Tannenbaum, Peace by Revolution; an Interpretation of Mexico (New York, 1933), 177; Jose Bravo Ugarte, Historia de Mexico (Mäxico, 1944), III, 424.18. Edwardo Ruiz to Madero (St. Louis, Mo.), 15 May 1911; Ramön Castro y Gömez to Madero (Yautepec, Morelos), 25 May 1911, Documents of the Mexican Revolution (Mexico, 1911), IV, 1825; I, 387; III, 1602–1603.19. Dunn, Crimson Jester, 173–177 presents a distorted account of the first meeting between Zapata and Madero. Mena, Zapata, 102 and Alberto Morales Jimänez, Frente a frente; cara a cara de ojos a ojos (Mäxico, 1956), 47 are only slightly more accurate. Palacios, Zapata, 32–33 and Ross, Madero, 187–188 present an accurate account of the meeting.20. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 278–281; Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 98; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “Revoluciön relampago,”El Fronterizo, 11 February 1954; Dromundo, Emiliano Zapata, biograjia, 50–51; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, I, 127–133; Mena, Zapata, 103; Morales Jimänez, Frente a frente, 49; Romero Flores, Anales histöricos, I, 184–185; Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista, 12–14.21. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 300–301; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “Calumnias e intrigas contra Zapata,”El Fronterizo, 17 February 1954; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, I, 158–161; Mena, Zapata, 104.22. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 98–99; Mena, Zapata, 105–108; Morales Jimänez, Frente a frente, 50; Palacios, Zapata, 33–84.23. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 312–317; El Impartial, 18–20, June 1911; Rosa E. King, Tempest over Mexico; a Personal Chronicle (Boston, 1935), 68 (Mrs. King owned the hotel where the Madero party stayed in Cuernavaca); Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, I, 158, 161–162, 164; The Mexican Herald, 20 June 1911; Palacios, Zapata, 34–85, 87, 46–48; Häctor Ribot, El Atila de sur, novela histörico‐trögica (Mäxico, 1913), 13, 16; Ross, Madero, 189.24. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 98–99; Documents of the Mexican Revolution, 2096, 1792; King, Tempest, 62–76; Palacios, Zapata, 38–39; Ross, Madero, 189.25. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 373–374; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, II, 28–43; Palacios, El Plan de Ayala, 38–43; Taracena, La tragedia xapatista, 20–21; Francisco Vazquez Gömez, Memorias pollticas, 1909‐1913 (Mäxico, 1933), 459–460.26. Casasola, Historia gräfica, I, 371–372; Cumberland, Genesis under Madero, 176–182; Diario de los debates de la Cdmara de Diputados del Congreso de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Year II, Period II, Second XXVI Legislature, Vol. IV, No. 36, 13 May 1914, 2–5; No. 39, 16 May 1914, 9–10; No. 40, 18 May 1914; El Pais, 14 May 1914; Gabriel Ferrer de Mendiolea, Vida de Francisco I. Madero (Mäxico, 1956), 116–117; Zapata to Madero, 28 July 1911, Madero to Zapata, 7 August 1911, La Opinidn (Los Angeles), 15 April 1934; Magafia, Emiliano Zapata, II, 24–27; Mena, Zapata, 83–90; Morales Jimänez, La revoluciön mexicana, 105–125; Palacios, Zapata, 38–40, 58–62; Salvador Sänchez Septiän (ed.), Josä Maria Low.no en la tribuna parlamentaria, 1910‐1913 (Mäxico, 1956), 29–35.27. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 99–100; Dromundo, Emiliano Zapata, biograföa, 53–57; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, I, 229–326; Mena, Zapata, 109–110; Palacios, Zapata, 41–45, 48–50, 57; Ross, Madero, 191–200; Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista, 17–19; Alfonso Taracena, Madero, vida del hombre y del politico (Mäxico, 1938), 445–475.28. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revolvciön agraria, 100, 103; General Roque Gonzälez Garza in interview with Arthur Pettit, Mäxico City, 16 December 1961; O'Shaughnessy, Intimate Pages, 115; Palacios, Zapata, 59, 69; Sanchez Septiän (ed.), Josä Maria Lozano, 29–35.29. Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 93–94, 101–107; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “Maniobras para distanciar a Madero de Zapata,”El Fronterizo, 3 March 1954; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, II, 23–24, 42–48, 86–107; Mena, Zapata, 110–111; Palacios, Zapata, 51–52, 68; Lamberto Popoca y Palecios, Historia del bandalismo en el Estado de Morelos (Puebla, 1912), 90–99; Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista, 22.30. Enrique Lumen, Almazän, vida de un caudillo y metabolismo de una revoluciön (Mäxico, 1940), 48–82; “Memorias del General Juan Andreu Almazdn,”El Universal, 23 September to 15 October 1957; Ross, Madero, 202; Sotelo Inclän, Raö y razän de Zapata, 201–203.31. El Diario del Hogar, 15 December 1911 was the first to publish the Plan de Ayals; Döaz Soto y Gama, La revoluciön agraria, 107–110; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, “Por quä rompiö Madero con Emiliano Zapata?,”El Fronterizo, 14 March 1954; Dromundo, Emiliano Zapata, biografia, 63–77; Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, II, 111–139; Mena, Zapata, 112–116, 119; Andres Molina Enriquez, La revoluciön agraria de Mäxico (Mäxico, 1933‐1937), V, 93–95, Morales Jimänez, La revoluciön mexicana, 125–134; Palacios, Zapata, 62–63, 70–81; Palacios, El Plan de Ayala, 53–65; Arthur G. Pettit, “Relaciones Zapata‐Carranza,”Anuario de Historia (July 1967), 69–81; Plan de Ayala, documentos interesantes de la revoluciön de ideales (Puebla, 1913), 6–17; Romero Flores, Anales histöricos, I, 228–231, IV, 227–231; Ross, Madero, 251–252; Jesäs Silva Herzog, El agrarismo mexicano y la reforma agraria, exposiciön y critica (Mäxico, 1959), 177–180; Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista, 24–25.32. Zapata to Gildardo Magaäa, 6 December 1911, Magaäa, Emiliano Zapata, II, 140–142. See Stanley R. Ross (ed.), Is the Mexican Revolution Dead? (New York, 1966) for a broad discussion of contemporary problems born from the Revolution, and Lesley Byrd Simpson, Many Mexicos (Berkeley, 1952), 332–334 for a basic description of the problem of the modern ejido.33. Fälix Camacho, Cuautla farmer, in interviews with Arthur Pettit, Cuautla, Morelos, 17 December 1961, 14 April 1966; Antonio Döaz Soto y Gama, exZapatista attorney and one of Zapata's intellectual mentors, in interviews with Arthur Pettit, Mexico City, 16 December 1961, 15–16 April 1966; Daniel Moreno, Pancho Villa y Emiliano Zapata (Mäxico, 1960), 61–62; Palacios, Zapata, 82–83.Additional informationNotes on contributorsArthur G. PettitThe author is Assistant Professor of History at Colorado College.
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