Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

A Ladder Of Citizen Participation

1969; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 35; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/01944366908977225

2376-7871

Sherry R. Arnstein,

Urban Planning and Governance

Abstract Abstract The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program.