India-Russia Ties and India's Strategic Culture: Dominance of a Realist Worldview
2013; Routledge; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14736489.2013.759464
ISSN1557-3036
Autores Tópico(s)Global Political and Social Dynamics
ResumoAbstract India-Russia is a unique bilateral relationship in the Indian foreign policy matrix that refuses to become amarginal one, and that was onlymarginally affected by the unprecedented structural changes ushered in by the end of the ColdWar in the early 1990s. This article examines the main factors that drove India-Russia ties over the last six decades and, situating the discussion in the broader context of the debate on India's strategic culture, argues that the realist strand of thinking in Indian strategic discourse best explains the evolution and sustenance of strong bilateral ties between the two states. Notes The author wishes to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their very useful comments on an earlier draft of this article. 1. Arthur Stein, India and the Soviet Union: The Nehru Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969). 2. For a seminal account of Indian policy toward the U.S. and its implications for larger Indian foreign policy during the Cold War, see Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992). 3. S. Nihal Singh, The Yogi and the Bear (London: Mansell Publishing Ltd), p. 9. 4. Ibid., p. 40. 5. V.P. Dutt, India's Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 131–32. 6. Bimal Prasad, Indo-Soviet Relations, 1947–1972: A Documentary Study (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1973), pp. 73–76. 7. Singh, The Yogi and the Bear (see note 3 above), p. 29. 8. For the full text of this agreement, see Survival, Vol. 13, No. 10 (October 1971), pp. 351–53. 9. On Pakistan's key role in Sino-U.S. rapprochement, see William Burr, "Sino-American Relations, 1969: The Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps Towards Rapprochement," Cold War History Vol. 1, No. 3 (April 2001), pp. 73–112. 10. Singh, The Yogi and the Bear (see note 3 above), p. 87. 11. For a detailed explication of this argument, see Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley, CA: University Press, 1990), pp. 196–202. 12. Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy Toward India: Ideology and Strategy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 230. 13. Timothy George, Robert Litwak, and Shahram Chubin, Security in Southern Asia: India and the Great Powers (Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Ltd, 1984), p. 135. 14. Sumit Chakravarty, "Indo-Soviet Summits" in Vinod Bhatia, ed., Indo-Soviet Relations: Problems and Prospects (New Delhi: Humanities Press, 1984), pp. 96–98. 15. Ibid., p. 112. 16. Ibid., pp. 111–16. 17. "Putin Puts Forward a Realistic Foreign Policy," Russia Beyond the Headlines, March 12, 2012. Accessible via http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/03/12/putin_puts_forward_a_realistic_foreign_policy_15042.html. 18. An explication of the Russia-China-India strategic triangle can be found in Harsh V. Pant. "The Moscow-Beijing-Delhi 'Strategic Triangle': An Idea Whose Time May Never Come," Security Dialogue Vol. 35, No. 3 (September 2004), pp. 311–28. 19. For a detailed account of the Indo-Russian defense ties, see Vinay Shukla, "Russia in South Asia: A View from India," in Gennady Chufrin, ed., Russia and Asia: The Emerging Security Agenda (Sweden: SIPRI, 1999), pp. 34–30. 20. Manu Pubby, "Biggest Ever: Russia, India seal record fighter deal," Indian Express, December 22, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/biggest-ever-russia-india-seal-record-fighter-deal/727894. 21. Sandeep Dikshit, "India strikes deal with Russia on Glonass," The Hindu, December 19, 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2727389.ece. 22. Sandeep Unnithan, "Russia Snubs India," India Today, May 27, 2011, http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/story/moscow-cancels-two-military-exercises-in-india/1/139527.html. 23. Ibid. 24. Sandeep Unnithan, "Battle over Gorshkov," India Today, December 7, 2007, http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Battle+over+Gorshkov/1/2289.html. 25. Manu Pubby, "Gorhskov arrival further delayed." Indian Express, September 18, 2012, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorshkov-arrival-further-delayed/1003941. 26. Paradorn Rangsimaporn, "Russia's Debate on Military-Technical Cooperation with China," Asian Survey Vol. 46, No. 3 (May/June 2006), pp. 477–95. 27. C. Raja Mohan, "Defence Diplomacy," Indian Express, December 8, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/defence-diplomacy/721801. 28. Dmitri Trenin, "China, Russia Ties on Sound Base," China Daily, June 14, 2011, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-06/14/content_12687237.htm. 29. J. N. Dixit, "Moscow Reaches Out," Indian Express, December 12, 2002, http://www.expressindia.com/news/columnists/print.php?content_id=14608. 30. Anupama Airy, "Oil giants may put Rs 15, 500 cr in Russia gas project," Hindustan Times, May 26, 2011, http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/Oil-giants-may-put-Rs-15-500-cr-in-Russia-gas-project/Article1-702336.aspx. 31. This could, of course, be possible after the landmark civilian nuclear energy cooperation pact India signed with the U.S.. For details, see Harsh V. Pant, The U.S.-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process, and Great Power Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). 32. Harsh V. Pant, "The Japan Roadblock to Nuclear Cooperation," Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2010, http://www.online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303362404575579493748766302.html. 33. "Deals Signed, Putin Reminds India: Never Sold Arms to Pak," Indian Express, March 13, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/deals-signed-putin-reminds-india-never-sold-arms-to-pak/590347/. 34. Joint Declaration between the Republic of India and the Russian Federation on Deepening the Strategic Partnership to meet Global Challenges, December 7, 2009, available at http://pmindia.nic.in/press-details.php?nodeid=1064. 35. For a detailed explication of Indian interests in Afghanistan, see Harsh V. Pant, "India in Afghanistan: A Test Case for a Rising Power," Contemporary South Asia Vol. 18, No. 2 (June 2010), pp. 133–53. 36. Vladimir Radyuhin, "India, Russia to step up cooperation in Afghanistan," The Hindu, August 3, 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article549934.ece. 37. Jason Motlagh, "With U.S. Approval, Moscow Heads Back to Afghanistan," Time, August 24, 2010, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2012440,00.html. 38. See "Putin, in India, Asks Pakistanis to End Support for the Militants," New York Times, December 5, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/05/world/putin-in-india-asks-pakistanis-to-end-support-for-the-militants.html. Also see "Russia Backs India on Pak," The Times of India, December 5, 2002, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-05/india/27302055_1_joint-statement-military-technical-cooperation-india-and-russia; and "Delhi Declaration Asks Pak to End Infiltration," The Hindu, December 5, 2002, http://hindu.com/2002/12/05/stories/2002120505480100.htm. 39. Shubhojit Roy, "Russia tells Pak: Punish 26/11 Perpetrators," Indian Express, December 22, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/russia-tells-pak-punish-2611-perpetrators/727872. 40. "Security Group Says Afghanistan Poses Threat to Central Asia," Radio Free Europe, March 12, 2011. Accessible via http://www.rferl.org/content/csto_tajikistan_afghanistan/2341893.html. 41. M. K. Bhadrakumar, "Getting the regional act together," The Hindu, August 29, 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2400721.ece?homepage=true. 42. This definition is borrowed from R. Jepperson, A. Wendt, and P. Katzenstein, "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security," in P. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 56. 43. Ibid., p. 32. See also Y. Lapid and F. Kratochhwl, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996). 44. G. Tanham, Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretive Essay (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1992). 45. Sandy Gordon, India's Rise to Power in the Twentieth Century and Beyond (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994), p. 7. 46. R. Basrur, "Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture," Journal of Peace Research Vol. 38, No. 2 (2001), p.183. 47. W. Sidhu, "Of Oral Traditions and Ethnocentric Judgements," in K. Bajpai and A. Mattoo, eds., Securing India: Strategic Thought and Practice (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1996), pp. 174–190. 48. K. Bajpai, "State, Society, Strategy," in Bajpai and Mattoo, eds., Securing India (see note 47 above), pp. 140–159. 49. A. Mattoo, "Raison d'Etat or Adhocism?," in Bajpai and Mattoo, eds., Securing India (see note 47 above), pp. 191–207. 50. Stephen Cohen, India: Emerging Power (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 37. 51. Ibid., p. 308. 52. Kanti Bajpai, "Indian Strategic Culture," in Michael R. Chambers, ed., South Asia in 2020: Future Strategic Balances and Alliances (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002), pp. 245–303. 53. Ibid., p. 250. 54. Ibid., p. 251. 55. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (see note 50 above), p. 42. 56. See, for example, G. Parthasarthy, "The Russia Bear Hug," India Abroad, September 29, 2000, http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/29gp.htm; Bharat Karnad, "Fork in Road to Defence Ties," Deccan Chronicle, July 20, 2012, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/commentary/columnists/bharat-karnad/fork-road-defence-ties. 57. M. K. Bhadrakumar, "India-Russia ties in a neo-liberal era," The Hindu, January 4, 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article1032926.ece. 58. Bajpai, "Indian Strategic Culture" (see note 52 above), pp. 245–303. 59. William Wohlforth makes a similar point when he argues that efforts to counterbalance the U.S. globally would generate powerful countervailing actions locally. As a result, the second-tier states might end up balancing against each other rather than the U.S.. See William C. Wohlforth, "The Stability of a Unipolar World," International Security 24, No. 1 (Summer 1999), p. 28. 60. Avery Goldstein has argued that as the costs of China's "multipolar diplomacy" with Russia against the U.S. heavily outweighed the benefits, it changed its approach and made a concerted effort to improve its relationship with the U.S.. See Avery Goldstein, "Structural Realism and China's Foreign Policy: A Good Part of the Story," paper presented at the annual conference of the American Political Science Association, Boston, Massachusetts, September 3–6, 1998. 61. Brahma Chellaney, "Vodka Cocktails: The Indo-Russian Relationship," The Economic Times, December 19, 2010, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/policy/vodka-cocktails-the-indo-russian-relationship/articleshow/7126011.cms. 62. Vladimir Isachenkov, "Russia, India Cement Nuclear Ties," Washington Post, January 25, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012500182.html.
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