Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The Recruitment of Colonial Troops in Africa and Asia and their Deployment in Europe during the First World War

2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 26; Issue: 1-2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/02619280802442639

1744-0521

Christian Koller,

Global Maritime and Colonial Histories

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes [1] For an overview see Waites, ‘Peoples of the Underdeveloped World’, 596–614. [2] See Burdick and Moessner, The German Prisoners-of-War in Japan; Krebs, ‘Die etwas andere Kriegsgefangenschaft’, 323–37, and Hermann Joseph Hiery, The Neglected war. [3] See Grove, ‘The First Shots of the Great War’; and Krech, Die Kampfhandlungen in den ehemaligen deutschen Kolonien. [4] See Davenport, ‘The South African Rebellion, 1914’; Garson, ‘South Africa and World War I’; Katzenellenbogen, ‘Southern Africa and the War of 1914–1918’, 107–121; and Krech, Die Kampfhandlungen in den ehemaligen deutschen Kolonien. [5] See von Lettow-Vorbeck, Meine Erinnerungen; Deppe, Mit Lettow-Vorbeck; Buhrer, L'Afrique orientale allemande; Paice, Tip and Run; Samson, Britain, South Africa and the East Africa Campaign; Anderson, The Forgotten Front; Strachan, The First World War in Africa; Gardner, German East; Bradley, ‘The 1914–18 Campaign’, 27–36; Greenstein, ‘The Impact of Military Service’; Hodges, The Carrier Corps; Krech, Die Kampfhandlungen in den ehemaligen deutschen Kolonien; Miller, Battle for the Bundu; Mundro and Savage, ‘Carrier Corps Recruitment’; Hodges, ‘African Manpower Statistics’; Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika, 240–72; and Michels, ‘Askari – treu bis in den Tod?’, 171–86. [6] See Bernard, L'Afrique du Nord; Meynier, L'Algérie révélée; and Goldstein, Libération ou annexion. [7] See Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique. [8] See War Office, Statistics of the Military Effort, 772; Carrington, ‘The Empire at War’, 642; Beckett, ‘The Nation in Arms’, 13–14; Grundy, Soldiers without Politics, 54; Besson and Perreau-Pradier, L'Effort Colonial des Alliés, 121–2; Willan, ‘The South African Native Labour Contingent’; Smith, Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War; Schulze, Die Rebellion der ägyptischen Fallahin, 120–1; and Summershill, China on the Western Front; Wou, Les travailleurs chinois. [9] See Nogaro and Weil, La main-d'œuvre étrangère et coloniale; Varet, Du concours apporté à la France, 41–5; Boussenot, La France d'outre-mer, 67–73; Schor, Histoire de l'immigration en France, 40–4; Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 43; Duomg, L'Indochine pendant la Guerre de 1914–1918, 107–132; Ray, Les Marocains en France, 48–59; Meynier, L'Algérie révélé, 405–13 and 459–84; Talha, Le salariat immigré, 63–78; Ageron and Julien, Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine, 1157–60; Stora, Ils venaient d'Algérie, 14–15; Chen, Chinese Migrations; and Wang, ‘Chinesische Kontraktarbeiter’, 440–3. [10] See Stovall, ‘The Color Line behind the Lines’. [11] See Greenhut, ‘The Imperial Reserve’; Ellinwood and Pradham, India and World War 1; Merewether and Smith, The Indian Corps in France; Willcocks, With the Indians in France. [12] See Killingray, ‘The Idea of a British Imperial African Army’. [13] Parliamentary Debates, 5th series, vol. 82, 2023–5. [14] See Smith, Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War. [15] See Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, vol. 2, 64. [16] Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 44; see also Fogarty, Race and War in France. [17] Hill, The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. 9, 588. [18] See Greenhut, ‘The Imperial Reserve’. [19] See Echenberg, ‘Paying the Blood Tax’; Michel, ‘Le recrutement des tirailleurs’; Clarke, West Africans at War. [20] Meynier, L'Algérie révélée, 405. [21] Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 84. [22] See Cornevin, La République populaire, 418–23; de Rivières, Histoire du Niger, 224–30; Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 50–7, 100–16, 118–20 and 127–30; Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, 33–58; Fournier, Historique du 2 e Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, 169–89; Echenberg, ‘Les Migrations militaires’; Asiwaju, ‘Migration as revolt’, 577–94; Hebert, ‘Révoltes en Haute Volta’; Garcia, ‘Les mouvements de résistance’; Johnson and Summers, ‘World War I: Conscription and Social Change in Guinea’; D'Almeida-Topor, ‘Les populations dahoméens’; Lombard, Structures de type féodal, 412–28; Suret-Canale, Schwarzafrika, vol. II, 183–91; Loth, Geschichte Afrikas, vol. II, 119–22; Kouandété, Un aspect de l'insurrection nationaliste; Mercier, Tradition, changement, histoire, 435–48; and Gnankambary, ‘La révolte bobo de 1916’. [23] See Ageron and Julien, Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine, 1142–3 and 1150–7; Meynier, L'Algérie révélée, 569–98. [24] See Lejri, L' histoire du mouvement national, 157–63. [25] See Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 73–81; Margueritte, L'immense effort, 127–33. [26] Cited in Delafosse, Maurice Delafosse, 310. [27] Cited in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 43. [28] Cited in Delafosse, Maurice Delafosse, 310. [29] Cited in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 132. [30] Cited in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 133. [31] Cited in Delafosse, Maurice Delafosse, 338. [32] See Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts, 44; Une ame de Chef, 27–8 and 264–6. [33] See Glinga, ‘Ein koloniales Paradoxon’, 21–37; Crowder, ‘Blaise Diagne and the Recruitment of African Troops’, 104–21; Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, 73–81; Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 223–38; idem, ‘La genèse du recrutement’. [34] See Ageron, Les Algériens musulmans, vol. 2, 1146–7. [35] Cited in Ageron, Les Algériens musulmans, 1162. [36] Ageron, Les Algériens musulmans, 1064–5. [37] See Fernand Farjenel, ‘Une armée jaune’, Revue de Paris 23 (1916): 112–37. [38] See Mangin, Lettres de Guerre, 125–6; Ageron, Les Algériens musulmans, 1164; idem, ‘Clemenceau et la question coloniale’, 80. [39] See Merewether and Smith, The Indian Corps in France; Willcocks, With the Indians in France; Greenhut, ‘The Imperial Reserve’; Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj, 38–40, 65–6, 78–82, 114–23 and 160–2; Mason, A Matter of Honour, 412–21; Smith, Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, 42–51 and 72–84; Tuker, Gorkha, 192–200; MacMunn, The Martial Races of India, 318–40; Farwell, The Gurkhas, 86–104; idem, Armies of the Raj, 248–66; Bolt, Gurkhas, 90–6; Trench, The Indian Army, 31–66; Mollo, The Indian Army, 139–44; Banskota, The Gurkha Connection, 122–30; History of the 5 th Royal Gurkha Rifles, 217–71 and 310–17; Besson and Perreau-Pradier, L'Effort Colonial des Alliés, 123–4; Pradhan, ‘The Indian Army and the First World War’, 49–67; idem, ‘The Sikh Soldier in the First World War’, 177–211; Ellinwood, ‘Ethnicity in a Colonial Asian Army’, 89–144; and Latter, ‘The Indian Army in Mesopotamia’, 92–102, 160–79 and 232–46. [40] See Balesi, From Adversaries to Comrades-in-Arms, 99. [41] See Bernard, L'Afrique du Nord; Horne, The Price of Glory, 111–12. Also Heather Jones's contribution to this special issue. [42] See, for example, Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique; Bekraoui, ‘Les soldats marocains’; and Kamian, Des tranchées de Verdun. [43] See, for example, Horne, The Price of Glory, 100–101; Goldstein, Libération ou annexion, 176–7; Crowder, ‘The 1914–1918 European War and West Africa’, 494. [44] See Paul Mangin, ‘Troupes noires’, Revue de France 16 (1909): 61–80 and 383–98; idem, ‘Soldats Noirs en Europe’, Questions Diplomatiques et Coloniales 13 (1909): 449–60.; idem, La Force Noire; idem, ‘Troupes noires’, Revue de Paris 18 (1911): 484–94; idem, ‘De l'emploi des troupes noires’, Revue anthropologique 21 (1911): 113–28. [45] Barbusse, Le Feu, 48–9. [46] Boussenot, France d' outre-mer, 43. [47] Cited in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 323. [48] Cited in Ageron, Clemenceau et la question coloniale, 80. [49] Paul Mangin, ‘Comment finit la guerre’, Revue des Deux Mondes 57 (1920): 794. [50] See Barrows, ‘ L'influence des conquêtes algériennes et coloniales’, 111; and Lunn, ‘Kande Kamara Speaks’, 39. [51] Cited in Becker, Les Français dans la Grande Guerre, 316 as well as in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 408. [52] Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 407–8. [53] Edouard de Martonne, ‘La Vérité sur les Tirailleurs Sénégalais’, Outre-Mer: Revue Générale de Colonisation 7 (1935): 41. [54] See Bidwell, Morocco under Colonial Rule, 297. [55] See Recham, Les musulmans algériens, 23–4. [56] Benamrane, L'émigration algérienne, 28; and Ruf, ‘Politische und ökonomische Ursachen’, 68. [57] Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, 140–7. [58] Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 329–30. [59] See Merewether and Smith, The Indian Corps in France, 332. [60] See Greenhut, ‘The Imperial Reserve’, 65. [61] Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 337. [62] See, for example, Auswärtiges Amt, Employment, Contrary to International Law, of Coloured Troops; Belius, Die farbigen Hilfsvölker. [63] See, for example, Frankreich und die Genfer Konvention, 2 vols. (1917); German Reichstag, Völkerrecht im Weltkrieg. [64] See Deroo and Champeaux, La Force Noire, 62–5. [65] Horne and Kramer, ‘German “Atrocities”’; idem, ‘War between Soldiers and Enemy Civilians’; idem, German Atrocities, 1914. [66] See Sterckx, La tête et les seins, 79–81. [67] See, for example, Marthe Bigot, ‘Armée Noire’, Humanité, 31 October 1920: 1. [68] See also Read, Atrocity Propaganda, 4. [69] See Koller, ‘Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt’; idem, ‘Enemy Images’, 139–57; Kettlitz, Afrikanische Soldaten; Lunn, ‘“Les Races Guerrières”’; Lüsebrink, ‘“Tirailleurs Sénégalais”’, 57–71; Martin, ‘German and French Perceptions’; and Melzer, ‘The “Mise–en–Scène” of the “Tirailleurs Sénégalais”’, 213–44. [70] Auswärtiges Amt, Employment, Contrary to International Law, of Coloured Troops. [71] Rosen, England, 96 and 98; Valois, Nieder mit England!, 7; Borchardt, ‘Der Krieg und die deutsche Selbsteinkehr’, 243; Lisbeth Dill, ‘Die Gefangenenlager bei Merseburg’, Gartenlaube 63 (1915): 7–9; Ein Dutzend englischer Sünden wider das Völkerrecht: Tatsachen und Feststellungen (1916): 5; Kriegschronik. Kriegstagebuch, Soldatenbriefe, Kriegsbilder, June 1915: 48; Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges, vol. 5 (Stuttgart, 1916) 307; and Baer, Der Völkerkrieg., vol. 3, 217 and vol. 10,107. [72] Rabah Abdallah Boukabouya, L'Islam dans l'armée française (Constantinople, 1915); idem, ‘Die marokkanischen Kaids unter der französischen Herrschaft’, Korrespondenzblatt der Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient, 3 (1916): 220–2, 271–3 and 328–30; idem, ‘Der General Gourand als Generalresident von Marokko’, Korrespondenzblatt der Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient, 3 (1916): 419–20; idem, ‘Das Protektorat über Marokko. General Lyautey und seine Islampolitik’, Islamische Welt, 1, no. 3 (1917): 57–8 and 1, no. 4 (1917): 253–4; idem, ‘Die “Weissen Väter”’, Islamische Welt, 1, no. 6 (1917): 352–3; idem, ‘Der zukünftige Friede und die algerischen Muslims’, Islamische Welt, 1, no. 9 (1917): 557–9. On Boukabouya see also Müller, Islam, gihad (‘Heiliger Krieg’) und Deutsches Reich, 270, 292–6, 341–47. [73] See Höpp, Muslime in der Mark; Kahleyss, Muslime in Brandenburg; and Hinz, ‘Die deutschen “Barbaren” sind doch die besseren Menschen’, 339–61. [74] See, for example, Müller–Meiningen, Der Weltkrieg und das Völkerrecht, 68–9. Also Schütze, Englands Blutschuld gegen die weiße Rasse; and Stibbe, German Anglophobia, 38–43. [75] La Dépêche Coloniale, 18 August 1914. [76] Cited in Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique, 345. [77] See, for example, Boussenot, La France d'outre–mer, 23. [78] Alphonse Séché, ‘Les Noirs: L'âme du Sénégalais’, L'Opinion 8/41 (1915): 286–8. [79] Gaillet, Coulibaly. [80] See Gervereau, ‘De bien trop noirs desseins’. [81] Cited in Diallo, Force–Bonté, 113. [82] Cousturier, Des Inconnus chez moi, 12–13. [83] Melzer, ‘The “Mise-en-Scène” of the “Tirailleurs Sénégalais”’', 222–8. This is a play on words with the expressions teutons (Teutons, Germans) and tétons (tits). [84] Tharaud and Tharaud, La randonnée de Samba Diouf, 100. [85] ‘L'utilisation des Troupes Noires’, Revue de Paris 24 (1917): 872–94 (here 882). [86] ‘Troupes coloniales: Nos forces ignorés’, Revue de Paris 17 (1915): 265–80 (here 266). [87] ‘Les Noirs: Soldats de la civilization’, Afrique Française 27 (1917): 317–318 (here 317). [88] Meynier and Thobie, Histoire de le France Coloniale, vol. 2, 424. [89] See Vankoski, ‘Letters Home’; Koller, ‘Überkreuzende Frontlinien?’; idem, ‘Krieg, Fremdheitserfahrung und Männlichkeit’, 117–28; idem, ‘Representing Otherness’; Omissi, ‘Europe through Indian Eyes’, 371–96. [90] Omissi, Indian Voices of the Great War, 39. [91] Omissi, Indian Voices of the Great War, 33–4. [92] Omissi, Indian Voices of the Great War, 96–7. [93] Diallo, Force-Bonté. On Diallo see also Midiohouan, ‘Le tirailleur sénégalais’, 133–51; Riesz, ‘The Tirailleur Sénégalais’; idem, ‘Die Probe aufs Exempel’, 433–54. [94] Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom. See also idem, ‘Kande Kamara Speaks’; Koller, ‘“Pourquoi pleurer pour des fils ingrats?”’. [95] See Nelson, ‘Black Horror on the Rhine’; Marks, ‘Black Watch on the Rhine’; Lebzelter, ‘Die “Schwarze Schmach”’; Koller, “Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt”; idem, ‘Die “Schwarze Schmach”’, 155–69. [96] Boelcke, Kriegspropaganda, 130. [97] See Scheck, Hitler's African Victims. [98] de Coquet, Nous sommes les occupants, 107. [99] See, for example, Deroo, La Force Noire, 203–11.