Epic AIDS: Angels in America from stage to screen
2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 21; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09502360701642425
ISSN1470-1308
Autores Tópico(s)Gender, Feminism, and Media
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement I am grateful to Mandy Merck for detailed feedback on an earlier version of this essay. Notes 1. Laura Miller, ‘The Power of Prophecy,’ Salon, 6 December 2003, < http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/review/2003/12/06/angels/ >, accessed 25 May 2004. 2. Michael Cadden, ‘Strange Angel: The Pinklisting of Roy Cohn’, in Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, eds., Approaching the Millennium: Essays on Angels in America (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1997), p. 84. 3. Lawrence Altman, ‘Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals’, The New York Times, 3 July 1981, p. A20. 4. The New York Native was for 16 years, until 1997, an influential gay newspaper in the United States. It was the first to report the appearance among gay men of the ailment that would become known initially as GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) then AIDS on 18 May 1981. 5. David Román, Acts of Intervention: Performance, Gay Culture, and AIDS (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 43. 6. Judith Williamson, ‘Every Virus Tells a Story: The Meaning of HIV and AIDS’, in Erica Carter and Simon Watney, eds., Taking Liberties: AIDS and Cultural Politics (London: Serpent's Tail, 1989), p. 70. 7. For more on this, see Monica B. Pearl, ‘Messy, but Innocuous: Philadelphia's AIDS Case', in Jacqueline Furby and Karen Randall, eds., Screen Method: Comparative Readings in Screen Studies (London: Wallflower Press, 2006). 8. ‘Playwright's Notes’, in Tony Kushner, Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, Part One: Millennium Approaches (New York: Theater Communications Group, [1993] 2000), p. 5. 9. David Savran, ‘Ambivalence, Utopia, and a Queer Sort of Materialism: How Angels in America Reconstructs the Nation’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 15. 10. Richard Goldstein, ‘Angels in a Changed America’, Village Voice, 26 November–2 December 2003, < http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0348,goldstein,48968,1.html >, accessed 25 May 2004. 11. Goldstein. 12. As indeed in real life Roy Cohn was the prosecuting attorney in the espionage trial that condemned Ethel Rosenberg and her husband Julius to death in 1951. 13. Laura Miller, ‘The Power of Prophecy,’ Salon, 6 December 2003, < http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/review/2003/12/06/angels/ >, accessed 25 May 2004. 14. Daniel Mendelsohn, ‘Winged Messages’, New York Review of Books, 12 February 2004, < http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16902 >, accessed 25 May 2004. 15. New Queer Cinema refers to a spate of mostly gay and lesbian films that emerged in the 1990s and were characterized by a defiance of ‘cinematic convention in terms of form, content, and genre’. Michele Aaron, Introduction, in Aaron, ed., New Queer Cinema: A Critical Reader (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), p. 4. 16. Dale Peck, ‘The Lector Effect: HBO's new Angels in America Gets Kushner Wrong’, 12 December 2003, < http://slate.msn.com/id/2092434/ >, accessed 17 May 2004. 17. Andrew Sullivan, ‘When AIDS Ends’, The New York Times Magazine, 10 November 1996, p. 58. 18. Robert Altman, in conversation with Tony Kushner, in Robert Vorlicky, ed., Tony Kushner in Conversation (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. 141. 19. Nancy Franklin, ‘America: Lost and Found’, The New Yorker, 8 December 2003, p. 125. 20. Films like Time Code (Mike Figgis, 2000) are exceptions: they shows simultaneity precisely by fragmenting the screen. There are not many examples. 21. Nancy Franklin, ‘America: Lost and Found’, The New Yorker, 8 December 2003, p. 126. See also Daniel Mendelsohn, ‘Winged Messages’, New York Review of Books, for a rhapsodic appraisal of this opening sequence. 22. Tony Kushner in interview with Tom Williams, ‘Tony Kushner talks about Angels in America’, 4 February 2004, < http://uk.gay.com/article/2442 >, accessed 17 May 2004. 23. For more about theatrical types in Angels in America see Art Borreca, review, ‘Angels in America, Part 1: Millennium Approaches’, Royal National Theatre, in Theatre Journal, Vol. 45, 1993, p. 237. Italics in original. See, also, Janelle Reinelt, ‘Notes on Angels in America as American Epic Theater’, in Geis and Kruger for a discussion of the American types represented by Angel in America's characters, p. 236. 24. Borreca, review, p. 236. Italics in original. 25. Tony Kushner, in Robert Vorlicky, ed., Tony Kushner in Conversation (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. 210. 26. Tony Kushner, in Vorlicky, p. 236. 27. Arnold Aronson, ‘Design for Angels in America: Envisioning the Millennium’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 215. 28. Art Borreca, review, p. 237. 29. Tony Kushner, ‘Coming Out as a Socialist: The Salon Interview’, by Christopher Hawthorne, Salon, 10 June 1996, < http://www.salon.com/media/1996/06/10media.html >, accessed 25 May 2004. 30. Kim Akass and Janet McCabe, eds., ‘Introduction’, Reading Six Feet Under: TV to Die For (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), p. 6. 31. In the UK, it was broadcast by Channel 4, whose founding remit also specifies innovation in form and content, as well as an address to audiences not otherwise catered for by commercial television. 32. Angels in America had a feature film budget of $60 million (Franklin, p. 125). 33. Savran, pp. 15–16. 34. Art Borreca, ‘“Dramaturging” the Dialectic: Brecht, Benjamin, and Declan Donnellan's Production of Angels in America’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 252. 35. David Savran, ‘Ambivalence, Utopia, and a Queer Sort of Materialism: How Angels in America Reconstructs the Nation’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 31. 36. Laura Miller, ‘The Power of Prophecy’, Salon, 6 December 2003, < http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/review/2003/12/06/angels/ >, accessed 25 May 2004. 37. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations: Essays and Reflections (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1968). Originally published in German in 1955, trans. Harry Zohn, p. 257. 38. Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, ‘Introduction’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 2. 39. James Miller, ‘Heavenquake: Queer Anagogies in Kushner's America’, in Geis and Kruger, pp. 67–68. 40. Esther Leslie, Walter Benjamin: Overpowering Conformism (London: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 203. 41. James Miller, p. 72. 42. Allen J. Frantzen, ‘Prior to the Normans: The Anglo-Saxons in Angels in America’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 138. 43. Goldstein. 44. Alisa Solomon, ‘Wrestling with Angels: A Jewish Fantasia’, in Geis and Kruger, p. 131. 45. Frantzen, p. 146. 46. Benjamin, p. 257. 47. Franklin, p. 126.
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