Das Meerwunder: The Progeny of the Monster from the Sea
2009; Routledge; Volume: 81; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00393270903374753
ISSN1651-2308
Autores ResumoAbstract Notes 1 The manuscript is now in the Dresdener Landesbibliothek, codex M20 1, where Das Meerwunder is on fol. 193r–199v; it was reprinted in the Heldenbuch. Der Helden Buch in der Ursprache, ed. Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen und Anton Primisser (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1820–1825), vol. 2, pp. 222–226. A transcription of the Dresden text is also to be found in Edward A. H. Fuchs, “‘Das Meerwunder’”, Modern philology 37.3 (Feb 1940): 230–240. 2 Joachim Heinzle, “Heldenbücher”, Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1981), vol. 3, col. 949. 3 Norbert Voorwinden, “‘Das Meerwunder’: Heldendichtung oder Märchen?” Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 60 (2005): 182. 4 “Die künigin mit dem merwunder. In der gesangweis Römers, 15. septemb. 1552”, ed. K. Goedeke, pp. 299–301, Nr. 148, in: K. Goedeke and J. Tittmann, Deutsche Dichter des sechzehnten Jhs., Bd. 4, Dichtungen des Hans Sachs, 1. Teil, ed. E. Goetze (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1883). 5 “Historia: Königin Deudalinda mit dem meerwunder”, in Hans Sachs, ed. A. v. Keller & E. Goetze, Band 16, ed. E. Goetze. Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins, Band 179 (Tübingen: Gedruckt für den Litterarischen Verein in Stuttgart, 1886), pp. 228–232. 6 Carl Drescher, “Studien zu Hans Sachs I: VII. Die Sage von der Königin Theodolinde”, Acta germanica 2.3 (1891): 436ff. 7 The passage in question reads: “Als ich es geschriben lass, / Mitt schwacher füre besunder / Ward sy ain mer wunder / Tragende, als man noch offenbar / Und sunder allen far / Ann den büchen ye saitt …. (Der Göttweiger Trojanerkrieg, ed. Alfred Koppitz, Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters 29 [Berlin, Weidmann, 1926], ll. 21586–21591). This corresponds to str. 13 of Das Meerwunder. Other passages showing similarity to Das Meerwunder are ll. 21613ff., 21636ff., 21653ff., and 22049ff., which correspond to material in str. 13–15. As to the date of the Göttweiger Trojanerkrieg, cf. Hans Hugo Steinhoff, “Göttweiger Trojanerkrieg”, Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1981), vol. 3, col. 200. 8 Fredegar, Chronicarum quae dicuntur Fredegarii libri quattuor, trans. Andreas Kusternig, Quellen zur Geschichte des 7. und 8. Jahrhunderts, ed. Herwig Wolfram, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters: Freiherr vom Stein – Gedächtnisausgabe, IVa (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1982), Bk. II, ch. 9, pp. 88–91. Chlodeo (Chlodio, Chlogo, or Chlojo – the spelling varies) was an early king of the Salian Franks who reigned from about 425 to 455. He was the father of Merovech (c.405–458), who was the father of Childeric I (457–481) and the grandfather of Chlodovech (Chlodwig or Clovis, 466–511), the founder of the Frankish kingdom. Translations of both Fredegar and Gregory of Tours from the Latin were made by the author with the aid of the German translations in the editions cited. 9 Karl Müllenhoff, “Die merovingische Stammsage”, Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 6.3 (1848): 433. 10 Karl Hauck, “Lebensnormen und Kultmythen in germanischen Stammes- und Herrschergenealogien”, Saeculum 6.2 (1955): 198. 11 Erich Zöllner, Geschichte der Franken (München: C.H. Beck, 1970), 178. 12 According to Hauck, all those who have examined this passage have taken the Qinotaur to be a misspelling of Minotaur (Hauck, “Lebensnormen”, p. 197, n. 75). It has recently been proposed that the element qino- is the Gothic word for ‘woman’, which is also qino. On this interpretation, the word is a hybrid which associates the bull and the woman: “le qinotaure, c'est litéralement le taureau à femme, le taureau qu'engendre” (Roger-Xavier Lantéri, Brunehilde: la première reine de la France [Paris: Perrin, 1995], 343, n. 25). Gothic was among the several languages besides Latin and Frankish spoken in Merovingian France, e.g. Breton, Basque, and the early phases of Catalan and Provencal. Moreover, there were not a few dynastic marriages between Franks and Visigoths, e.g. the most notable being that of Sigibert I and the Gothic princess Brunichilde, who may have been the models for Sigfrid and Brünhild. 13 Alexander Callander Murray, “Post vocantur Merohingii: Fredegar, Merovech, and ‘sacral kingship’”, After Rome's fall: Narrators and sources of early medieval history. Essays presented to Walter Goffart, ed. Alexander Callander Murray (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 133, n. 33 and 151. 14 E. Habel, Mittellateinisches Glossar, 2nd ed. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1959) sv. aut; Karl Strecker, Introduction to medieval Latin, trans. Robert R. Palmer (Berlin: Weidmann, 1957), 65. See also the extensive discussion in Einar Löfstedt, Philologischer Kommentar zur Peregrinatio Aetheriae. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der lateinischen Sprache (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966), 197ff. 15 Murray, “Post vocantur Merohingii”, 135. 16 Aristotle, “De generatione animalium”, trans. Arthur Platt, in The basic works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 663–680. 17 Aristotle, “De generatione animalium”, 675, Bekker number 729a. 18 Isidore of Seville, Isidori hispalensis episcopi etymologiarum sive originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay, Oxford classical texts, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), IX, iv, v, 4–7. 19 Aristotle, “De generatione animalium”, p. 677, Bekker number 730a. 20 Cf. Edward G. Fichtner, “Sigfrid's Merovingian origins”, Monatshefte 96.3 (2004): 327–342. The form of the name “Sigfrid” in the Nibelungenlied is “Sîvrit”; the form “Sigfrid” is used here as a kind of cover name for this character in the Nibelungenlied and in other related works. 21 This line of inquiry was suggested by a note in the controversial book by Heinz Ritter-Schaumburg, Sigfrid ohne Tarnkappe (München: Herbig, 1990), pp. 65, 235. In a letter to that author, a dermatologist suggested that Sigfrid's horny skin condition may have actually been a case of ichthyosis (p. 65). In a note to this passage, Ritter-Schaumburg refers to another communication from yet another doctor. The latter reports that this explanation had already been proposed in 1943 in a lecture at the University of Berlin (p. 235). The following note then cites a reference to the passage in Theophanes in Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie (Rpt. of the 4th ed., Berlin 1875; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965), I, pp. 324–325. The interpretation presented here was developed from these suggestions. 22 This survey of ichthyosis is based on Agneta Gånemo, Hereditary ichthyosis: Causes, skin manifestations, treatments, and quality of life, Diss. Uppsala, 2002, Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala dissertations from the faculty of medicine, 1125 (Uppsala: Acta universitatis upsaliensis, 2002), pp. 12ff. Since the discovery of the genetic basis for this disorder, however, scientific research and the reporting of clinicians have proceeded rapidly. Current information about the various forms of ichthyosis may be conveniently accessed on the Internet at http://www.emedicine.com/derm (accessed 24 November 2009). Click on “Pediatric Diseases” and select the desired term from the list. 23 For pictures of patients with these symptoms, cf. Maxim Zetkin and Herbert Schaldach, Lexikon der Medizin (Wiesbaden: Ullstein Medical, 1999), pp. 903, 927. 24 A photograph of a patient with this symptom may be seen in the “Atlas der Hautkrankheiten” of Ferdinand von Hebra at http://hebra.dermis.net/content/e404/e461/index_ger.html (accessed 24 November 2009), a web site maintained by the Department of Clinical Social Medicine of the University of Heidelberg and the Department of Dermatology of the University of Erlangen. 25 Gånemo, Hereditary ichthyosis, p. 15. 26 Mark H. Beers, M.D. and Robert Berkow, M.D., The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy, 17th ed. (Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999), pp. 831ff. 27 Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, I, pp. 324–325. 28 Cf. Theophanes the Confessor, The chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern history, AD 284–813, trans. Cyril Mango and Roger Scott (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 556–557. “Kristatai” means ‘tufted’ or ‘crested’, and is usually applied to animals. The word in square brackets, translated by Mango and Scott as ‘hairy backs’, is supplied from another edition, namely, that in the Chronographia (Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca 108 [Paris: Migne, 1863], cols. 813–14). Theophanes errs in recording this story under the “annus mundi 6216”, i.e. 1 September 723 to 31 August 724. The event described actually took place some 30 years later. 29 The basic nominal element ∗-mer- was probably closely associated with the stirps Meroingorum, although it also occurred among the Swabians, e.g. Ricimer, and the East Goths, e.g. Theudemer; cf. Eugen Ewig, “Die Namengebung bei den ältesten Frankenkönigen und im merowingischen Königshaus”, Francia 18.1 (1991): 23. 30 Karl Bartsch, ed., Der Stricker, Karl der Große (1857; Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1965), pp. 251 (ll. 9527–31). 31 Pio Rajna, Le origini dell'epopea francese (1884; Firenze: Sansone, 1956), pp. 297–298. 32 T. Atkinson Jenkins, ed., La Chanson de Roland: Oxford version, revised ed., Heath's modern language series (Boston: D. C. Heath and Co., 1924), p. 224 (l. 3222). 33 Gustav Ehrismann, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters (1932; München: C.H. Beck, 1954), p. 260; Karl-Ernst Geith, Carolus Magnus. Studien zur Darstellung Karls des Großen in der deutschen Literatur des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, Bibliotheca germanica 19, (Bern, München: Francke Verlag, 1977), p. 85. 34 GuÐni Jónsson, ed., Þ i Ð reks saga af Bern, 2 vols., continuously paginated, 2nd ed. (Reykjavík: Íslendingsagnaútgáfan, 1961), pp. 255–256. 35 K.C. King, ed., Das Lied vom hürnen Seyfrid (Manchester UK: Manchester University Press, 1958), str. 9–10. 36 The incunabulum in question is CG 11620 of the Bibliothèque de la ville de Colmar, and the illustrations, on foll. 77v, 79v, and 80r, are reproduced in Walter Kofler, ed., Die Heldenbuch-Inkunabel von 1479: Alle Exemplare und Fragmente in 350 Abbildungen, CD-Rom, Litterae 121 (Göppingen: Kümmerle Verlag), nos. 56–58. 37 The final element-vech(us) alternates with-vich(us) in names like Chlodavichus and Clodevechus (M. Schönfeld, Wörterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen, Germanische Bibliothek, Dritte Reihe: Wörterbücher [1910; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965], svv. Chlodavichus, Merobaudes). The use of the letter for Old High German /f/, especially in medial position, has its origin in the Latin spelling practices of the Merovingian period (Gustav Must, “The spelling of Proto-Germanic /f/ in Old High German”, Language 43.2 [(1967]: 460). 38 Murray (“Post vocantur Merohingii,” 143) also accepts this interpretation of the name Meroveus, but calls it “an etymologizing fable”. 39 Winfred P. Lehmann, A Gothic etymological dictionary (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986), paras. M51, W45 (1962; Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press; Medieval Academy of America, 1982), 148ff. 40 J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, “The long-haired kings”, The long-haired kings (1962; Toronto, Buffalo NY, London: University of Toronto Press, Medieval Academy of America, 1982), pp. 148ff. 41 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. III, ch. 9, p. 88. 42 Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri decem / Zehn Bücher Geschichte, trans. W. Giesebrecht, ed. Rudolf Buchner, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters, II, 2 vols. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964), Bk. II, ch. 9, I, pp. 88–89. The location of Thoringia is a matter of dispute. 43 A photograph of the plaster cast, now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, is the frontispiece of Wallace-Hadrill's book, The long-haired kings. 44 Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri decem, Bk. IV, ch. 24, p. 40. 45 Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri decem, Bk. VIII, ch. 10, p. 172. 46 Jean Hoyoux, “Reges criniti: chevelures, tonsures et scalps chez les Mérovingiens”, Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 26 (1948): 492. 47 Averil Cameron, “How did the Merovingian kings wear their hair?” Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 43.4 (1965): 1212. 48 Hoyoux, “Reges criniti”, p. 480. 49 Cameron, “Merovingian kings”, p. 1212. 50 Paulus Diaconus, Pauli historia Langobardorum, ed. Georg Waitz, Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores rerum Langobardorum III (Hannover: Hahn, 1878), Bk. IV, ch. 41, p. 133. Translations of Paulus Diaconus's history are taken from Paul the Deacon, History of the Lombards, trans. William Dudley Foulke, ed. Edward Peters, The middle ages series (1907; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003). 51 Fredegar, “Einleitung”, Chronicarum libri quattuor, p. 12. 52 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 49–50, pp. 210–212. 53 Bodo Melnik and Otto Braun-Falco, “Bedeutung der Ölbäder für die adjuvante Basistherapie entzündlicher Dermatosen mit trockener, barrieregestörter Haut”, Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift für Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 47.9 (Sept. 1996): 665–672. 54 Chronicon Salernitanum. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptorum Tomus III (1878; Stuttgart: Hiersemann; New York: Kraus Reprint Corporation, 1963), p. 470. 55 Lex salica, ed. Johannes Merkel (Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz [Bessersche Buchhandlung)] 1850), p. 73. 56 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 39, p. 133. 57 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 34, p. 188. 58 Drescher, “Studien zu Hans Sachs”, p. 443. 59 Fuchs, “Meerwunder”, p. 231. 60 Paulus Diaconus, Pauli historia Langobardorum, Bk. III, ch. 35, p. 113. 61 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 51, p. 210. 62 Drescher's source, Albertus Krantzius's Dennmärckische Chronik of 1545, was not available to me (Drescher, “Studien zu Hans Sachs”, p. 439). The version consulted instead was the Latin translation of 1546 (recte 1548) Albertus Krantzius, Chronica regnorum aquilonarium Daniae, Svetiae, Norvagiae per Albertum Krantzium Hamburgen descripta. Cum Privilegio Caesareae Maiestatis, ad Quinquennium, iam recens edita, sub annum Christi MDXXLVI (recte 1548) (Strassburg: Johannes Schottus, 1548), p. 101. 63 Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri decem, Bk. IV, ch. 9, pp. 202–204. 64 Ewig, “Namengebung”, p. 52. 65 The real reason for this change probably lies in the shifting political constellations of the time; cf, Jörg Jarnut, Agilolfingerstudien. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte einer adligen Familie im 6. und 7. Jahrhundert, Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 32 (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1986), p. 58ff. 66 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 34, p. 188. 67 Paulus Diaconus, Pauli historia Langobardorum, Bk. I, ch. 21, p. 60. 68 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 34, p. 188. 69 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 41, p. 212. 70 Fredegar, Chronicarum libri quattuor, Bk. IV, ch. 71, p. 240. 71 Karl Ferdinand Werner, “Liens de parenté et noms de personne: un problème historique et méthodologique”, Famille et parenté dans l'occident médiéval, ed. Georges Duby and Jacques Le Goff, Collection de l’école française de Rome, vol. 30 (Rome: École française de Rome: Palais Farnese, 1977), pp. 12–34. 72 Ewig, “Namengebung”, p. 40.
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