Nathan Straus and the Failure of U.S. Public Housing, 1937–1942
1990; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 53; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00795.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Urbanization and City Planning
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Mel Scott, American City Planning snce 1890 (Berkeley, 1969), 323–28; Samuel E. Trotter, “A Study of Public Housing in the United States” (Ph.D. diss., University of Alabama, 1956), 103–06; Robert Moore Fisher, Twenty Years of Public Housing: Economic Aspects of the Federal Program (New York, 1959), 90; John H. Mollenkopf, The Contested City (Princeton, 1983), 68.2. Albert Mayer, Henry Wright, and Lewis Mumford, “New Homes for a New Deal,” New Republic, 7 March 1934, 91–94; Lewis Mumford, “The Social Imperative in Housing,”America Can't Have Housing, ed. Carol Aronovici (New York, 1935), 16.3. Mary Susan Cole, “Catherine Bauer and the Public Housing Movement, 1926–1937” (Ph.D. diss., George Washington University, 1975), 176; Catherine Bauer, “Slum Clearance as Housing,” Nation, 27 December 1933, 731; idem, “Slums Aren't Necessary,” American Mercury 31 (March 1934): 296.4. Henry C. Bredemeier, The Federal Public Housing Movement: A Case Study of Social Change (New York, 1980), 83; Lyle J. Woodyatt, “The Origins and Evolution of the New Deal Housing Program” (Ph.D. diss., Washington University, 1968), 118; Cole, “Catherine Bauer,” 332–33; Harold L. Ickes, “The Federal Housing Program,” New Republic, 19 December 1934, 157; Clarke A. Chambers, Seedtime of Reform: American Social Service and Social Action (Minneapolis, 1963), 137; Post to Roosevelt, 17 June 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, President's Personal File 3646, Folder Langdon Post, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers); Cole, “Catherine Bauer,” 463–67, 515–18, 352n.5. Mollenkopf, Contested City, 69; Catherine Bauer, “Now, at Last: Housing,”New Republic, 8 September 1937, 121; for Wagner's role in the creation of the USHA, see J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York, 1971), 224–30; Straus to Roosevelt, memorandum, 3 August 1937, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 2, Folder USHA 1937.6. Timothy L. McDonnell, The Wagner Housing Act: A Case of the Legislative Process (Chicago, 1957), 296–305; U.S. Senate, Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, “To Create a United States Housing Authority,” 1937, 193–95.7. Straus to Wagner, 9 September 1937, Robert F. Wagner Papers, Gf Box 330, Folder 1937–1941, Georgetown University Library, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as Robert F. Wagner Papers); “Ickes Loses,” Newsweek, 1 November 1937, 13; Woodyatt, “New Deal Housing Program,” 165, 166; Simkhovitch to Eleanor Roosevelt, undated, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 1441, Folder Si 1937, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as Eleanor Roosevelt Papers).8. Nathan Straus, Oral History Project, Columbia University, 1–83 (hereafter cited as Columbia University Project Oral Interview); “Federal Housing,”Literary Digest, 30 October 1937, 7–8; Cole, “Catherine Bauer,” 599–600, 644. Wagner intervened with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for Straus to secure approval for the construction of Hillside Homes. Straus to Wagner, 1 September 1932, Robert F. Wagner Papers, LO Box 10, Folder 1931–1933; Wagner to Straus, 5 December 1932, Robert F. Wagner Papers, LO Box 10, Folder 1931–1933.9. Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner, 229; Harold L Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Icites, vol. 2, The Inside Struggle, 1936–1939 (New York, 1954), 218–19; “Washington Notes,” New Republic, 15 December 1937, 169; Ickes, Secret Diary, vol. 2, 227; Woodyatt, “New Deal Housing Program,” 169; Columbia University Project Oral Interview, 94–96; McDonnell, Wagner Housing Act, 305–06.10. “Washington Notes,” 168; Nathan Straus, The Seven Myths of Housing (New York, 1944), 106; “Straus Uncorks USHA Plans,” Architectural Forum 68 (March 1938): 9; Straus, Seven Myths, 91–92.11. Woodyatt, “New Deal Housing Program,” 187, 233–34; Mark I. Gelfand, A Nation of Cities: The Federal Government and Urban America, 1933–1965 (New York, 1975), 122; “When the USHA Buys Land,”New Republic, 25 October 1939, 342.12. LaGuardia as cited in the New York Times, 28 November 1937; LaGuardia to Roosevelt, telegram, 8 February 1938, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 2, Folder USHA January‐February 1938; Blake McKelvey, The Emergence of Metropolitan America, 1915–1966 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1960), 97; Charles Abrams, “Housing Opposition: New Style,” Nation, 24 December 1936, 683.13. “When the USHA Buys Land,” 342; Charles Abrams, “The Real Housing Issue,” Nation, 21 October 1939, 439; “It's Heaven, It's Paradise,” Fortune, April 1940, 88; Woodyatt, “New Deal Housing Program,” 202, 209; Cole, “Catherine Bauer,” 644–45.14. Gelfand, A Nation of Cities, 122; Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, vol. 3, The lowering Clouds (New York, 1954), 397. Congressional opposition to public housing was led by senators Harry F. Byrd of Virginia and Millard Tydings of Maryland. See M. B. Schapper, Public Housing in America (New York, 1939), 19, 291; Woodyatt, “New Deal Housing Program,” 206n; unsigned letter to Robert F. Wagner, undated, Samuel Rosenman Papers, Subject File No. 9, Folder Housing, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as Samuel Rosenman Papers).15. Eleanor Roosevelt to Straus, 31 August 1940, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 790, Folder Nathan Straus; Straus to Eleanor Roosevelt, 5 September 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 4, Folder USHA September‐December 1940; Columbia University Oral History Project, 101.16. “Gothic Gazebo,” Time, 5 January 1942, 29; Samuel E. Trotter, “A Study of Public Housing,” 159–61; “Congress in Defense Housing Snarl,” Business Week, 14 September 1940, 20; Philip J. Funigiello, The Challenge to Urban Liberalism: Federal‐City Relations during World War Two (Knoxville, Tenn., 1978), 85–88.17. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1953), 765; Trotter, “A Study of Public Housing,” 167; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), 638; for the letters from Straus to Eleanor Roosevelt, see Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 790, Folder Nathan Straus.18. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1942 (New York, 1950), 123–24; Mary K. Simkhoviteh to Samuel Rosenman, 12 November 1941, Samuel Rosenman Papers, Subject File No. 9, Folder Housing; Dorothy Rosenman, “Defense Housing: Are We Building Future Slums as Planned Communities Architectural Record 90 (November 1941): 56–58; New York Times, 4 December 1941; Straus to Eleanor Roosevelt, 27 August 1940, Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, Box 790, Folder Nathan Straus.19. Rosenman, ed., Public Papers, 127, 128; Funigiello, Challenge to Urban Liberalism, 106; Nathan Straus, Four Years of Public Housing (Washington, D.C., 1941); John N. Edy to Marvin H. Mclntyre, 7 November 1941, John Carmody Papers, Box 105, Folder F.W.A.‐Defense Housing, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.20. New York Daily News, 30 October 1941; unsigned letter to Robert F. Wagner, undated, Samuel Rosenman Papers, Subject File No. 9, Folder Housing; Roosevelt to Straus, 28 October 1941, Nathan Straus Papers, Correspondence 1917–1958, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as Nathan Straus Papers); Roosevelt to Straus, 17 November 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, President's Personal File 7341, Folder Nathan Straus; New York Daily News, 5 January 1942, Nathan Straus Scrapbooks, Vol. January 1942, Nathan Straus Papers; Eleanor Roosevelt to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 31 October 1941, memorandum, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 4, Folder USHA 1941; Wayne Coy to Roosevelt, 23 December 1941, memorandum, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 4, Folder USHA 1942–1944; Roosevelt to Adolph A. Berle, 29 December 1941, memorandum, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File 2694, Box 4, Folder USHA 1942–1944; Straus to Roosevelt, 5 January 1942, Nathan Straus Papers, Correspondence 1917–1958; New York Times, 18 February 1942; Columbia University Oral History Project, 103.21. Newspaper clipping, 30 January 1942, Nathan Straus Scrapbooks, Vol. January 1942, Nathan Straus Papers. The 1949 housing act mandated that redevelopment programs be “predominantly residential”; this meant that project areas had to be at least 50 percent residential or that new construction in cleared areas had to include 50 percent residential units. The 1954 act allocated 10 percent of federal grants to projects in nonresidential areas. Further amendments in 1961 raised the proportion of nonresidential funds to 30 percent, thus further deemphasizing housing. See Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968), 271–72. For the limitations of New Deal reform, see Barton J. Bernstein, “The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform,” in Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, ed. Barton J. Bernstein (New York, 1968), 263–88; Paul Conkin, The New Deal (Arlington Heights, 111., 1967). For Roosevelf s preference for “greenbelt” decentralization schemes to relieve pressure on urban housing, see Paul Conkin, Tomorrow a New World (Ithaca, 1959); Joseph L. Arnold, The New Deal in the Suburbs: A History of the Greenbelt Town Program, 1935–1954 (Columbus, Ohio, 1971).
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