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5-AzaC Treatment Enhances Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors through Down-regulation of Sp3

2001; Elsevier BV; Volume: 276; Issue: 35 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.m103951200

ISSN

1083-351X

Autores

Sudhakar Ammanamanchi, Michael G. Brattain,

Tópico(s)

NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Resumo

We have previously reported that Sp3 acts as a transcriptional repressor of transforming growth factor-β receptors type I (RI) and type II (RII). We now present data suggesting that treatment of MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells with 5-aza cytidine (5-azaC) leads to down-regulation of Sp3 and the concomitant induction of RI and RII. Western blot and gel shift analyses on 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts indicated reduced Sp3 protein levels and decreased binding of Sp3 protein to radiolabeled consensus Sp1 oligonucleotide. Southwestern analysis detected decreased binding of Sp3 to RI and RII promoters in 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells, suggesting a correlation between decreased Sp3 binding and enhanced RI and RII expression in these cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and nuclear run-on data from 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells indicated down-regulation of Sp3 mRNA as a result of decreased transcription of Sp3. We reported earlier that 5-azaC treatment induces RI and RII expression through increased Sp1 protein levels/activities in these cells. These studies demonstrate that the effect of 5-azaC involves a combination of effects on Sp1 and Sp3. We have previously reported that Sp3 acts as a transcriptional repressor of transforming growth factor-β receptors type I (RI) and type II (RII). We now present data suggesting that treatment of MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells with 5-aza cytidine (5-azaC) leads to down-regulation of Sp3 and the concomitant induction of RI and RII. Western blot and gel shift analyses on 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts indicated reduced Sp3 protein levels and decreased binding of Sp3 protein to radiolabeled consensus Sp1 oligonucleotide. Southwestern analysis detected decreased binding of Sp3 to RI and RII promoters in 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells, suggesting a correlation between decreased Sp3 binding and enhanced RI and RII expression in these cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and nuclear run-on data from 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells indicated down-regulation of Sp3 mRNA as a result of decreased transcription of Sp3. We reported earlier that 5-azaC treatment induces RI and RII expression through increased Sp1 protein levels/activities in these cells. These studies demonstrate that the effect of 5-azaC involves a combination of effects on Sp1 and Sp3. transforming growth factor-β TGF-β receptor type I TGF-β receptor type II reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction electrophoretic mobility shift assay 5-aza cytidine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis cytomegalovirus base pair(s) TGF-β1 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling in different cell types (1Massague J. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1990; 6: 597-641Crossref PubMed Scopus (3009) Google Scholar, 2Roberts A.B. Sporn M.B. Sporn M.B. Roberts A.B. Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg1991: 419-472Google Scholar). TGF-β exerts its effects through high affinity cell surface receptors, which are referred to as types I (RI), II (RII), and III. RI and RII are serine/threonine kinases, and an active receptor complex consists of two molecules each of RI and RII, which are essential for TGF-β signal transduction and inhibition of cell growth (3Lin H.Y. Wang X.-F. Ng-Eaton E. Weinberg R.A. Lodish H.F. Cell. 1992; 68: 775-785Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (968) Google Scholar, 4Wrana J.L. Attisano L. Carcamo J. Zentella A. Doody J. Laiho M. Wang X.-F. Massague J. Cell. 1992; 71: 1003-1014Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1372) Google Scholar, 5Franzen P. ten Dijke P. Ichijo H. Yamashita H. Schultz P. Helden C.-H. Miyazono K. Cell. 1993; 75: 681-692Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (716) Google Scholar, 6Wrana J.L. Attisano L. Weiser R. Ventura F. Massague J. Nature. 1994; 370: 341-347Crossref PubMed Scopus (2120) Google Scholar). Recent studies indicate that following TGF-β binding and subsequent activation of RI by RII, RI phosphorylates smad 2 and/or smad 3, which can then associate with smad 4 and translocate to the nucleus, where binding to the target DNA or other DNA-binding proteins occurs. In contrast, smad 7 was found to antagonize the TGF-β signaling pathway by binding to RI, thereby preventing the activation of smad 2 and smad 3 (7Massague J. Chen Y.G. Genes Dev. 2000; 14: 627-644Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). One of the vital roles of TGF-β is the growth inhibition of normal epithelial cells, as well as some cancer cells. Because RI and RII are important for TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition, a loss of either receptor contributes to TGF-β resistance and subsequent tumor formation and progression (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Wang J. Sun L. Myeroff L. Wang X.-F. Gentry L.E. Yang J. Liang J. Zborowska E. Markowitz S. Willson J.K.V. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22044-22049Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (328) Google Scholar, 10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). TGF-β resistance due to a mutation of the RII gene in gastric and colon carcinoma cells (9Wang J. Sun L. Myeroff L. Wang X.-F. Gentry L.E. Yang J. Liang J. Zborowska E. Markowitz S. Willson J.K.V. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22044-22049Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (328) Google Scholar, 11Markowitz S. Wang J. Myeroff L. Parsons R. Sun L.-Z. Lutterbaugh J. Fan R.S. Zborowska E. Kinzler K.W. Vogelstein B. Brattain M.G. Willson J.K.V. Science. 1995; 268: 1336-1338Crossref PubMed Scopus (2148) Google Scholar, 12Park K. Kim S.-J. Bang Y.J. Park J.-G. Kim N.K. Roberts A.B. Sporn M.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 8772-8776Crossref PubMed Scopus (427) Google Scholar) or transcriptional repression of RII due to decreased binding of nuclear proteins to the RII promoter in keratinocytes and breast cancer cells was reported (13Kim D.H. Chang J.H. Lee K.H. Lee H.Y. Kim S.-J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 688-694Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). TGF-β resistance due to DNA methylation of the RI promoter or RI promoter repression by Sp1 deficiency was reported in a subset of gastric and colon cancer cells (15Kang S.H. Bang Y.-J. Im Y.-H. Yang H.-K. Lee D.A. Lee Y.H. Lee H.S. Kim N.K. Kim S.-J. Oncogene. 1999; 18: 7280-7286Crossref PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). RI and RII replacement in cells that lack or show reduced levels of TGF-β receptors led to restoration of TGF-β response and subsequent reversal of malignancy, as seen in breast and colon cancer cells (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar,10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). The promoters for RI and RII have been characterized (17Bloom B.B. Humphries D.E. Kuang P.P. Fine Goldstein R.H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1312: 243-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 18Bae H.W. Geiser A.G. Kim D.H. Chung M.T. Burmester J.K. Sporn M.B. Kim S.-J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 29460-29468Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). RI and RII promoters lack distinct TATA boxes, are highly GC-rich, and depend on Sp1 transcription factor for the initiation of transcription. Whereas the RI promoter contains four consensus and several putative Sp1 sites, the RII promoter contains two Sp1 sites. Within the Sp gene family of transcription factors, Sp1, Sp2, and Sp4 are known to be activators of gene transcription, whereas Sp3 is generally considered to be a repressor (19Suske G. Gene. 1999; 238: 291-300Crossref PubMed Scopus (987) Google Scholar). Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors recognize the same DNA element and have similar binding affinities. Sp3 has been shown to repress Sp1-mediated trans-activation of several genes (20Hagen G. Muller S. Beato M. Suske G. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 3843-3851Crossref PubMed Scopus (657) Google Scholar, 21Birnbaum M.J. van Wijnen A.J. Odgren P.R. Last T.J. Suske G. Stein G.S. Stein J.L. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 16503-16508Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 22Kumar A.P. Butler A.P. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 2012-2019Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). Recent studies indicated DNA methylation as a mode of inactivation of several genes, including some that are involved in cell cycle control. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-aza cytidine (5-azaC) and 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine are the most commonly used DNA demethylating agents to reverse methylation and reactivate the expression of these genes (23Robertson K.D. Jones P.A. Carcinogenesis. 2000; 21: 461-467Crossref PubMed Scopus (496) Google Scholar). MCF-7L and GEO cells are resistant to growth inhibition by TGF-β because of the reduced expression of RI and RII (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). We have previously reported that treatment of these cells with 5-azaC induced RI, RII mRNA levels and consequently increased the expression of cell-surface RI and RII (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Significantly, increased RI and RII expression resulted in the restoration of TGF-β response, as evidenced by the enhanced activity of a TGF-β-responsive plasminogen activator inhibitor promoter-luciferase reporter in the 5-azaC-treated cells (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). However, Southern analysis following 5-azaC treatment ruled out the demethylation of RI and RII genes as a contributor to RI and RII expression (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). We have shown that MCF-7L and GEO cells were Sp1-deficient and that 5-azaC treatment increased Sp1 protein levels as a result of increased Sp1 protein stability, leading to RI and RII expression (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Furthermore, we have demonstrated that MCF-7L and GEO cells express high levels of Sp3 protein, which acts as a transcriptional repressor of RI and RII (24Ammanamanchi S. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 3348-3352Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). This raises the question of how methyltransferase inhibition affects Sp3 as well as Sp1. We now report that 5-azaC treatment of MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells decreases Sp3 protein levels and hence results in decreased binding to RI and RII promoters. This decreased Sp3 binding contributes to enhanced RI and RII expression in these cells. Taken together, the previous and present studies on MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells indicate that the demethylation-enhanced expression of TGF-β receptors is due to a combination of effects on Sp1 and Sp3. Moreover, whereas modulation of Sp1 was shown to be posttranscriptional, Sp3 repression occurs through decreased transcription of the Sp3 gene. MCF-7L cells were grown in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma), amino acids, antibiotics, pyruvate, and vitamins (Life Technologies, Inc.). GEO colon cancer cells were grown in serum-free medium as previously described (10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). Cultures were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. 5-AzaC was added to growth medium in two 24-h pulses on days 2 and 5. On day 6, 5-azaC-containing medium was replaced with fresh medium, and the cells were grown for another 2 days in the absence of 5-azaC. Cells were used on day 8 for RNA determinations, isolation of nuclear extracts for electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), and Western blots. Nuclear extracts (5 µg) were obtained from control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L breast and GEO colon carcinoma cells, and Western analysis was performed as described previously (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). Rabbit anti-human Sp3 and c-Jun polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The consensus Sp1 oligonucleotide was end-labeled using [γ-32P]ATP, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed as described previously (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). Whenever Sp1 and Sp3 antibodies were used, the nuclear extracts were incubated with 2 µg of Sp1 or Sp3 antibody (anti-rabbit, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 15 min on ice prior to the addition of 32P-labeled oligonucleotide. Southwestern analysis was performed as described previously (22Kumar A.P. Butler A.P. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 2012-2019Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). Briefly, nuclear extracts were resolved by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Following transfer, the membrane was blocked overnight with 2.5% (w/v) nonfat dried milk in 25 mmHEPES, pH 8.0, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 50 mm NaCl, and 1 mm EDTA. The membrane was then incubated with [α-32P]dCTP-labeled RI (–618 bp to the start site) and RII (–274 bp to the start site) promoter probes and poly(dI·dC) as a competitor for nonspecific binding for 4 h. Later, the membrane was washed with wash buffer (10 mm Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mm NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, and 1 mm dithiothreitol), dried, and autoradiographed. Total RNA from control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells was reverse-transcribed into cDNA. PCR analysis was then performed to determine the RI, RII, and Sp3 expression levels in control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells using the respective cDNAs as templates. Primers for actin were used as controls to determine the RI, RII, and Sp3 expression levels. RT-PCR analysis is a rough estimate of the changes in RNA levels following 5-azaC treatment. A total of 30 cycles of amplification were performed. Primers for RI generate a 865-bp fragment as follows: sense primers, TTG TGG CAC GGT GAG AGT GT; antisense primers, TGC TCC TGG GCT ATT GAA TCA. Primers for RII generate a 1003-bp fragment as follows: sense primers, GCC AAC AAC ATC AAC CAC AAC ACA; antisense primers, TAG TGT TTA GGG AGC CGT CTT CAG. Primers for actin generate a 621-bp fragment as follows: sense primers, ACA CTG TGC CCA TCT ACG AGG; antisense primers, AGG GGC CGG ACT CGT CAT ACT. Primers for Sp3 generate a 450-bp fragment as follows: sense primers, AGG TTC AGG GAG TTG CAA TT; antisense primers, TCT GTG CCT GTG TCT CTT CA. Isolation of nuclei and nuclear run-on assays were performed as described previously (16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Briefly, control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells were lysed, and the nuclei were pelleted by brief centrifugation. The pellet was resuspended in 200 µl of reaction buffer (150 mm potassium acetate; 10 mm MgCl2; 0.1 mm dithiothreitol; 50 mm HEPES (pH 8.0); 10% glycerol; 0.5 mm each of ATP, CTP, and GTP; 13 µm UTP; and 100 µCi of [α-32P]UTP ([3000 Ci/mmol), PerkinElmer Life Sciences) and incubated for 30 min at 30 °C. The32P-labeled RNA was isolated by cesium gradient centrifugation, and an equal amount of radioactivity in 5 ml of hybridization buffer was added to each filter and incubated for 2 days at 45 °C. Filters were prepared using the Schleicher and Schuell slot blot system. Each slot was loaded with 10 µg of linearized, alkali-denatured plasmid and then washed with 1 m ammonium acetate. The Sp3 plasmid contained a 3.14-kilobase linearizedNotI cDNA fragment. The actin plasmid with a 1.6-kilobase linearized BamHI-HindIII cDNA fragment and vector without Sp3 insert were used as controls. The plasmid DNA was immobilized on nitrocellulose filters by baking at 80 °C for 1.5 h in a vacuum oven. After hybridization, filters were washed twice in 2× SSPE (sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, and EDTA) solution at 45 °C for a total of 60 min and then transferred to 2× SSPE solution containing RNase A (10 µg/ml), incubated for 20 min at 37 °C, air-dried, and exposed to Kodak XAR-5 film with intensifying screens. The CMV-Sp3 cDNA vector or the CMV control vector without Sp3 cDNA was stably transfected into MCF-7L cells using the Fugene 6 chemical method (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). The control vector-transfected cells are referred to as MCF-7L Neo, and Sp3 transfectants are referred to as MCF-7L Sp3 cells. RT-PCR analysis using RI and RII primers was performed on total RNA from control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells to determine whether treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza cytidine leads to RI and RII expression. RI and RII transcripts were induced in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig. 1). Actin, which was used as a control, was not affected, thus confirming the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on RI and RII expression. We have previously reported that Sp3 acts as a transcriptional repressor of RI and RII in MCF-7L and GEO cells (24Ammanamanchi S. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 3348-3352Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). To determine whether 5-azaC-mediated Sp3 down-regulation is leading to RI and RII expression in MCF-7L and GEO cells, Western immunoblot analysis using Sp3 antibody was performed on the control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells. Sp3 antibody recognizes a doublet at 115 kDa and two 68–70-kDa species. The Sp3 protein doublet at 115 kDa may be the result of differential posttranslational modification, as seen in the case of Sp1 (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). The 68–70-kDa species are the result of differential internal translation initiation (25Kennet S.B. Udvadia A.J. Horowitz J.M. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3110-3117Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). Only the 115-kDa species has been reported to be biologically active. 5-AzaC treatment reduced the expression of all the Sp3 isoforms, whereas there was no difference in the c-Jun levels, indicating selectivity of Sp3 modulation (Fig.2). EMSAs were performed using control and 5-azaC-treated nuclear extracts with 32P-labeled consensus Sp1 oligonucleotide to determine the DNA binding activities of Sp3. One high mobility complex and one low mobility complex were detected in the control MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts (Fig.3a, lanes 2 and 7). Preincubation of the control nuclear extracts with Sp3 antibody prior to the addition of 32P-labeled oligonucleotide completely depleted the high mobility complex and a major portion of the low mobility complex, indicating that those complexes contain Sp3 protein (Fig. 3 a, lanes 3 and 8). 5-AzaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts either with or without Sp3 antibody preincubation show loss of binding of the high mobility complex but not the low mobility complex (Fig. 3 a, lanes 4, 5, 9, and10). Sp1 and Sp3 proteins recognize the same GC element and have similar DNA binding affinities (19Suske G. Gene. 1999; 238: 291-300Crossref PubMed Scopus (987) Google Scholar). We have previously reported that 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts show enhanced Sp1 binding to radiolabeled Sp1 oligonucleotide (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). To determine whether the low mobility complex in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts contains Sp1, we have preincubated the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts with Sp1 antibody prior to the addition of 32P-labeled Sp1 oligonucleotide. The data indicate depletion of low mobility complex in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts (Fig. 3 a, lanes 6 and 11), thus confirming the presence of Sp1 in the complex. Consequently, 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts show decreased Sp3 binding but enhanced Sp1 binding to the radiolabeled Sp1 oligonucleotide. Preincubation of the control MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts with Sp1 antibody prior to the addition of32P-labeled Sp1 oligonucleotide did not deplete the high mobility complex and depleted only a minor portion of the low mobility complex (Fig. 3 b, lanes 3 and 5). These complexes were depleted when preincubated with Sp3 antibody (Fig. 3 a, lanes 3 and 8), which indicates the specificity of the Sp1 and Sp3 antibodies used. We have previously reported that Sp3 binding to RI and RII promoters is a contributor to RI and RII repression in MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells (24Ammanamanchi S. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 3348-3352Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). Southwestern analysis using radiolabeled RI and RII promoters was carried out to determine whether the decreased Sp3 binding to RI and RII promoters was contributing to RI and RII induction in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells. The data indicate a significant loss of Sp3 binding to RI promoter (Fig.4) and RII promoter (Fig.5) in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells. We observed the binding of 95–100-kDa protein species to RI and RII promoters in the control and 5-azaC-treated cells. However, these protein species were not influenced by 5-azaC treatment.Figure 5Detection of Sp3 binding to RII promoter. Southwestern analysis was performed by resolving control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts using 7.5% SDS-PAGE and probing the nitrocellulose membrane following protein transfer with radiolabeled RII promoter probe.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) We carried out RT-PCR analysis using Sp3 primers on the total RNA from control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells to determine whether the 5-azaC-mediated decrease in Sp3 protein levels (Fig. 2) was due to decreased Sp3 mRNA expression. The Sp3 message was down-regulated in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig.6). Actin expression levels were not affected, thus confirming the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on Sp3. Transcriptional analyses of Sp3 using nuclear run-on assays were performed to determine whether 5-azaC was affecting Sp3 transcription, resulting in down-regulation of Sp3 mRNA. The data show repression of Sp3 transcription in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig.7). Transcription of actin, which was used as a control, was not affected, thus confirming the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on Sp3 transcription.Figure 7Effect of 5-azaC on Sp3 transcription.Sp3 transcriptional analyses were performed in control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells using nuclear run-on assays as described under “Experimental Procedures.”View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) 5-AzaC treatment of MCF-7L cells led to TGFβ receptor induction through a combination of increased Sp1 protein levels/activities (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar) and decreased Sp3 protein levels/activities (Figs. 2 and 3 a). To further confirm that 5-azaC-mediated Sp3 down-regulation is required for the TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L cells, we stably expressed Sp3 cDNA under the control of a CMV promoter in MCF-7L cells and analyzed the 5-azaC effects on TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L Neo and MCF-7L Sp3 cells. If 5-azaC-mediated Sp3 down-regulation was contributing to TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L cells, we would expect to see the TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L cells but not in MCF-7L Sp3 cells, because the ectopic Sp3 expression was under the control of a CMV promoter. 5-AzaC does not affect the CMV promoter activity (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). RT-PCR analysis using RI and RII primers was performed on total RNA from MCF-7L Neo and ectopic Sp3 expressing MCF-7L cells (MCF-7L Sp3) to determine whether treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza cytidine leads to RI and RII expression. RI and RII transcripts were induced in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L Neo cells but not in MCF-7L Sp3 cells (Fig. 8). These data indicate that ectopic Sp3 was blocking 5-azaC-mediated TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L cells. Actin, which was used as a control, was not affected, thus confirming the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on RI and RII expression. Western analysis using Sp3 antibody was carried out to determine whether lack of ectopic Sp3 down-regulation following 5-azaC treatment was blocking TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L Sp3 cells. Whereas the endogenous Sp3 protein levels were decreased following 5-azaC treatment in the MCF-7L Neo control cells, ectopic Sp3 protein levels were not affected by 5-azaC treatment in the MCF-7L Sp3 cells (Fig.9). These data confirm that 5-azaC-mediated Sp3 down-regulation is required for TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L cells. There was no difference in the c-Jun levels, indicating the selectivity of Sp3 modulation. EMSAs were performed using MCF-7L Neo and MCF-7L Sp3 nuclear extracts with32P-labeled consensus Sp1 oligonucleotide to determine the DNA binding activities of Sp3. One high mobility complex and one low mobility complex were detected in the MCF-7L Neo and MCF-7L Sp3 cells (Fig. 10, a, lane 1, andb, lane 1). Preincubation of the MCF-7L Neo nuclear extracts with Sp3 antibody prior to the addition of 32P-labeled oligonucleotide completely depleted the high mobility complex and a major portion of the low mobility complex, indicating that both complexes contain Sp3 protein (Fig. 10 a, lane 2). 5-AzaC-treated MCF-7L Neo nuclear extracts either with or without Sp3 antibody preincubation showed loss of binding of the high mobility complex but not the low mobility complex, indicating that only the high mobility complex contains Sp3 protein (Fig. 10 a, lanes 3 and4). Preincubation of the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L Neo nuclear extracts with Sp1 antibody showed depletion of the low mobility complex, indicating that the complex contains Sp1 (Fig. 10 a, lane 5). In contrast, preincubation of 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L Sp3 nuclear extracts with Sp1 antibody showed only minor loss of binding of the low mobility complex, indicating that this complex contains low amounts of Sp1 protein (Fig. 10 b, lane 3). However, preincubation of the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L Sp3 nuclear extracts with Sp3 antibody led to the depletion of the high mobility complex and a major portion of the low mobility complex, indicating that both complexes contain Sp3 protein (Fig. 10 b, lane 4). Consequently, 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L Neo nuclear extracts showed decreased Sp3 binding but enhanced Sp1 binding leading to TGF-β receptor expression. In contrast, ectopic Sp3 expressing MCF-7L Sp3 cells did not show loss of Sp3 binding or TGF-β receptor expression following 5-azaC treatment, indicating continued presence of Sp3 as a cause for the blockade of TGF-β receptor induction in MCF-7L Sp3 cells. TGF-β receptors RI and RII are key players in the TGF-β-mediated growth suppression of normal epithelial cells, as well as some cancer cells. Loss of expression of either RI or RII has been associated with TGF-β resistance, leading to tumor formation and progression (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Wang J. Sun L. Myeroff L. Wang X.-F. Gentry L.E. Yang J. Liang J. Zborowska E. Markowitz S. Willson J.K.V. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22044-22049Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (328) Google Scholar, 10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar, 12Park K. Kim S.-J. Bang Y.J. Park J.-G. Kim N.K. Roberts A.B. Sporn M.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 8772-8776Crossref PubMed Scopus (427) Google Scholar, 26Inagaki M. Moustaka A. Lin Y.H. Lodish H.F. Carr B.I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 5359-5363Crossref PubMed Scopus (184) Google Scholar, 27Kalkhoven E. Roelen B.A.J. de Winter J.P. Mummery C.L. Van den Eijnden-Van Raiij A.J.M. Van der Saag P.T. Van der Burg B. Cell Growth Differ. 1995; 6: 1151-1161PubMed Google Scholar). GEO colon and MCF-7L breast cancer cells show reduced levels of RI and RII (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Ectopic TGF-β receptor expression in these cells reduced tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice, thus suggesting the role of TGF-β receptors as tumor suppressors (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). We have previously reported the induction of RI and RII expression in GEO and MCF-7L cells through increased Sp1 protein levels/activities by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza cytidine (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Furthermore, we have shown that another member of the Sp gene family, Sp3, acts as a transcriptional repressor of RI and RII in these cells (24Ammanamanchi S. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 3348-3352Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). We now report that in addition to increased Sp1, 5-azaC treatment down-regulates Sp3 expression, thus contributing to RI and RII induction in MCF-7L and GEO cells. These studies demonstrate that the effect of 5-azaC involves a combination of effects on Sp1 and Sp3. The RI and RII promoters lack distinct TATA boxes. However, they contain multiple GC boxes and depend upon Sp1 for the initiation of transcription (17Bloom B.B. Humphries D.E. Kuang P.P. Fine Goldstein R.H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1312: 243-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 18Bae H.W. Geiser A.G. Kim D.H. Chung M.T. Burmester J.K. Sporn M.B. Kim S.-J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 29460-29468Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar). MCF-7L and GEO cells are resistant to growth inhibition by TGF-β because of the reduced expression of RI and RII (8Sun L.-Z. Wu G. Willson J.K.V. Zborowska E. Yang J. Rajakarunanayake I. Wang J. Gentry L.E. Wang X.-F. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 26449-26455Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Wang J. Han W. Zborowska E. Liang J. Wang X.-F. Willson J.K.V. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17366-17371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). We have previously reported that treatment of these cells with 5-azaC induced TGF-β receptor mRNA levels and consequently increased the expression of cell-surface RI and RII (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). Significantly, increased RI and RII expression resulted in the restoration of TGF-β response as evidenced by the enhanced activity of a TGF-β-responsive plasminogen activator inhibitor promoter-luciferase reporter in the 5-azaC-treated cells (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). However, Southern analysis following 5-azaC treatment ruled out the demethylation of RI and RII genes as a contributor to RI and RII expression (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). We have shown that MCF-7L and GEO cells were Sp1-deficient and that 5-azaC treatment increased Sp1 protein levels as a result of increased Sp1 protein stability, leading to RI and RII expression (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). However, 5-azaC treatment also decreased Sp3 protein levels in MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig. 2). The Sp3 protein doublet at 115 kDa may be the result of differential posttranslational modification as seen in the case of Sp1 (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). The 115-kDa Sp3 protein is the biologically active form, and the inactive 68–70-kDa species arises as a result of differential internal translational initiation (25Kennet S.B. Udvadia A.J. Horowitz J.M. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3110-3117Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). However, as opposed to direct promoter repression, Sp3-derived 68–70-kDa species can bind GC elements and thus act as inhibitors of Sp1-mediated gene activation (25Kennet S.B. Udvadia A.J. Horowitz J.M. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3110-3117Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). EMSA analyses using Sp3 antibody on the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO nuclear extracts indicated the depletion of a high mobility complex but not the low mobility complex (Fig. 3 a, lanes 5 and10). However, this low mobility complex was depleted when preincubated with Sp1 antibody (Fig. 3 a, lanes 6 and11). Consequently, 5-azaC treatment of MCF-7L and GEO cells leads to enhanced Sp1 activity but decreased Sp3 activity. We have previously reported that Sp3 binds to RI and RII promoters and acts as a transcriptional repressor in MCF-7L and GEO cells (24Ammanamanchi S. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 3348-3352Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). The decreased Sp3 activity in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells was also reflected in the Southwestern analysis, in which decreased Sp3 binding to native RI and RII promoters was observed (Figs. 4 and 5). This resulted in enhanced RI and RII expression (Fig. 1). We observed the binding of 95–100-kDa protein species to RI and RII promoters in the control and 5-azaC-treated cells. However, these protein species were not influenced by 5-azaC treatment, thus suggesting the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on Sp3. Sp3 was also reported to repress the Sp1-mediated transcription of several genes (19Suske G. Gene. 1999; 238: 291-300Crossref PubMed Scopus (987) Google Scholar, 20Hagen G. Muller S. Beato M. Suske G. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 3843-3851Crossref PubMed Scopus (657) Google Scholar, 21Birnbaum M.J. van Wijnen A.J. Odgren P.R. Last T.J. Suske G. Stein G.S. Stein J.L. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 16503-16508Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 22Kumar A.P. Butler A.P. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 2012-2019Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). However, Sp3 was able to trans-activate c-fos and c-myc promoters (28Udvadia A.-J. Templeton D.J. Horowitz J.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 3953-3957Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar). Consequently, availability of specific co-activators, co-repressors, or other transcription factors may determine whether Sp3 activates or inhibits transcription of a specific gene. It was previously reported that Sp3 could repress the activity of multiple Sp1 sites contained in the dihydrofolate reductase promoter but not the single Sp1 site contained in the thymidine kinase promoter (21Birnbaum M.J. van Wijnen A.J. Odgren P.R. Last T.J. Suske G. Stein G.S. Stein J.L. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 16503-16508Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar). Thus, Sp3 effects may also depend on the context and/or the number of Sp1 binding sites. 5-AzaC treatment of MCF-7L and GEO cells increased Sp1 protein levels as a result of increased Sp1 protein stability. However, it did not affect Sp1 transcription because the Sp1 mRNA levels remained the same in control and 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). In contrast, the Sp3 mRNA levels were down-regulated in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig. 6). The actin mRNA levels were not affected, thus confirming the selectivity of 5-azaC effects on Sp3. The decreased Sp3 mRNA levels in the 5-azaC-treated cells was a result of decreased Sp3 transcription in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells (Fig. 7). The inhibition of DNA methylation following 5-azaC treatment is generally associated with enhanced expression of target genes. However, it is interesting to note that we have observed a down-regulation of Sp3 expression in the 5-azaC-treated MCF-7L and GEO cells. We would expect to see an increase in the Sp3 expression levels if the 5-azaC was directly affecting Sp3 promoter or enhancing the activity of a transcription factor required for Sp3 transcription. In contrast, if 5-azaC activates the transcription of a repressor molecule of Sp3 promoter, we would expect to see the down-regulation of Sp3 mRNA levels. The Sp3 promoter, like the Sp1 promoter, has not been cloned and hence is not available to characterize the 5-azaC affects on Sp3 promoter. Overall, the previous and present 5-azaC studies on MCF-7L breast and GEO colon cancer cells suggest that 5-azaC treatment increases Sp1 protein levels (14Ammanamanchi S. Kim S.-J. Sun L.-Z. Brattain M.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 16527-16534Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 16Periyasamy S. Ammanamanchi S. Tillekeratne M.P.M. Brattain M.G. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 4660-4667Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar) but decreases Sp3 protein levels (Fig. 2), leading to RI and RII transcription in these cells. The constitutive Sp3 expression under the control of a CMV promoter (CMV-Sp3 cDNA) blocked the 5-azaC-mediated RI and RII induction in MCF-7L cells (Fig. 8). This indicated that 5-azaC could affect the endogenous Sp3 expression but not ectopic Sp3 expression, which was under the control of a CMV promoter (Fig. 9). Moreover, the data further confirm that 5-azaC-mediated Sp3 down-regulation is required for RI and RII induction in MCF-7L cells. Consequently, transcriptional control of TGF-β receptor expression is dependent upon the Sp1/Sp3 protein levels/activities and cancer cells can gain a growth advantage by favoring receptor repression through a combination of reduced Sp1 and elevated Sp3 expression. We thank Dr. Guntram Suske for kindly providing the CMV-Sp3 cDNA plasmid.

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