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Characterization and Regulation of Lens-specific Calpain Lp82

2002; Elsevier BV; Volume: 277; Issue: 23 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.m200697200

1083-351X

Chiho Fukiage, Emi Nakajima, Hong Ma, Mitsuyoshi Azuma, Thomas R. Shearer,

RNA regulation and disease

Eye tissues contain splice variants of muscle-preferred p94 (calpain 3), such as lens-specific Lp82 and Lp85, retina-specific Rt88, and cornea-specific Cn94. The purpose of the present experiment was to analyze the activation and regulation of the best characterized p94 splice variant, Lp82. Recombinant rat Lp82 (rLp82) was expressed using the baculovirus system, purified with Ni-NTA affinity and DEAE-ion exchange chromatographies, and characterized by SDS-PAGE, casein zymography, and immunoblotting. After incubation with calcium, rLp82 autolyzed into two major fragments at ∼60 and 22 kDa. Sequencing of the autolytic fragments showed loss of three amino acids from the N terminus and cleavage near the IS2 region. Also, Lp82 and calpain 2 were found to hydrolyze each other. Calpastatin inhibited calpain 2 activity, but not Lp82. Homology modeling suggested that the lack of inhibition of Lp82 by calpastatin was due to molecular clashes at the unique AX1 region of Lp82. Lp82 also hydrolyzed calpastatin. These results suggested that Lp82 might regulate other calpain activities and cause hydrolysis of substrates such as crystallins during lens cataract formation. Eye tissues contain splice variants of muscle-preferred p94 (calpain 3), such as lens-specific Lp82 and Lp85, retina-specific Rt88, and cornea-specific Cn94. The purpose of the present experiment was to analyze the activation and regulation of the best characterized p94 splice variant, Lp82. Recombinant rat Lp82 (rLp82) was expressed using the baculovirus system, purified with Ni-NTA affinity and DEAE-ion exchange chromatographies, and characterized by SDS-PAGE, casein zymography, and immunoblotting. After incubation with calcium, rLp82 autolyzed into two major fragments at ∼60 and 22 kDa. Sequencing of the autolytic fragments showed loss of three amino acids from the N terminus and cleavage near the IS2 region. Also, Lp82 and calpain 2 were found to hydrolyze each other. Calpastatin inhibited calpain 2 activity, but not Lp82. Homology modeling suggested that the lack of inhibition of Lp82 by calpastatin was due to molecular clashes at the unique AX1 region of Lp82. Lp82 also hydrolyzed calpastatin. These results suggested that Lp82 might regulate other calpain activities and cause hydrolysis of substrates such as crystallins during lens cataract formation. Calpains (EC 3.4.22.17) comprise a family of non-lysosomal, cysteine proteases with a neutral pH optimum and a requirement for calcium for activation (1Murachi T. Tanaka K. Hatanaka M. Murakami T. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1980; 19: 407-424Crossref PubMed Scopus (325) Google Scholar). They are widely distributed in animal tissues, where they are involved in a variety of cellular processes involving calcium (2Murachi T. Biochem. Int. 1989; 18: 263-294PubMed Google Scholar). Calpains consist of the ubiquitous calpains 1 (μ-calpain), 2 (m-calpain), and 10; and tissue-specific calpains such as 3 (muscle-specific p94), 8, and 9 (3Horikawa Y. Oda N. Cox N.J., Li, X. Orho-Melander M. Hara M. Hinokio Y. Lindner T.H. Mashima H. Schwarz P.E. del Bosque-Plata L. Horikawa Y. Oda Y. Yoshiuchi I. Colilla S. Polonsky K.S. Wei S. Concannon P. Iwasaki N. Schulze J. Baier L.J. Bogardus C. Groop L. Boerwinkle E. Hanis C.L. Bell G.I. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 163-175Crossref PubMed Scopus (1255) Google Scholar, 4Sorimachi H. Imajoh-Ohmi S. Emori Y. Kawasaki H. Ohno S. Minami Y. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 20106-20111Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 5Sorimachi H. Ishiura S. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 19476-19482Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 6Lee H.J. Sorimachi H. Jeong S.Y. Ishiura S. Suzuki K. Biol. Chem. 1998; 379: 175-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). Recently, splice variants of calpain 3 such as lens-specific Lp82 and Lp85, retina-specific Rt88, and cornea-specific Cn94 were found in the eye (7Ma H. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1998; 39: 454-461PubMed Google Scholar, 8Ma H. Shih M. Hata I. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Curr. Eye Res. 2000; 20: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 9Azuma M. Fukiage C. Higashine M. Nakajima T., Ma, H. Shearer T.R. Curr. Eye Res. 2000; 21: 710-720Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 10Nakajima T. Fukiage C. Azuma M., Ma, H. Shearer T.R. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2001; 1519: 55-64Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar). Tissue-specific calpains may have unique properties or structures distinct from the ubiquitous calpains. For example, mutations in muscle-preferred p94 calpain cause muscular dystrophy type 2A in man (11Richard I. Broux O. Allamand V. Fougerousse F. Chiannilkulchai N. Bourg N. Brenguier L. Devaud C. Pasturaud P. Roudaut C. Cell. 1995; 81: 27-40Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar). p94 contains three unique regions: the novel N-terminal sequence (NS), 1The abbreviations used are: NSN-terminal sequenceISinsert regionVDWvan der WaalsCScalpastatin insert region 1 (IS1), and insert region 2 (IS2) (4Sorimachi H. Imajoh-Ohmi S. Emori Y. Kawasaki H. Ohno S. Minami Y. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 20106-20111Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). N-terminal sequence insert region van der Waals calpastatin Lens-specific calpain Lp82 belongs to a new subclass of calpains, termed AX1, because they replace the NS region in the N-terminal domain I by using alternative exon 1, a portion of the 3′ end of intron 1 from the p94 gene. Common promoter elements in the eye may cause the alternative transcription of AX1 from the p94 gene. Other p94 variants contain combinations of splice variations in or near the IS1 and IS2 insert regions. Lp82 activity in young rat lenses is abundant and stable, because the IS1 and IS2 regions are splice deleted (12Ma H. Shih M. Hata I. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1998; 67: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 13Ma H. Shih M. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Duncan M.K. Reed N.A. Richard I. Beckmann J.S. Shearer T.R. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000; 41: 4232-4239PubMed Google Scholar). Besides Lp82, rodent lenses contain ubiquitous calpain 2, atypical and ubiquitous calpain 10, and lens-specific Lp85. These calpains may regulate each other by proteolysis, because they are substrates for each other. Thus, the purpose of the present experiment was to study calpain interactions by analyzing the activation and regulation of Lp82 in lens. Experiments were performed using male Sprague-Dawley rats at 12 days of age. Experimental animals were handled in accordance with The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research and the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication, NIH 80-23). The cDNA for Lp82 from rat was cloned into a pFASTBAC HTb vector (Invitrogen) containing a His tag and rTEV protease cleavage site in the N terminus. This plasmid was transformed into DH10BAC-competent cells (Invitrogen), which contain the bacmid and the helper plasmid. Recombinant bacmid DNA containing Lp82 cDNA was isolated and used to transfect Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) insect cells. Transfection was performed with recombinant Lp82 (rLp82) baculovirus amplified to 108 plaque-forming units/ml. Sf9 cells were cultured for 3 days for rLp82 protein expression. Cultured cells were sonicated in lysis buffer containing 20 mm Tris (pH 7.5), 0.5 mm EGTA, and 2 mm dithioerythritol. The soluble protein was obtained by centrifugation at 13,000 ×g for 30 min. Soluble Lp82 was purified by Ni-NTA (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA) metal-affinity chromatography according to the manufacturer's protocol under native conditions. Further purification was performed by high performance liquid chromatography using a 7.5-mm inner diameter × 7.5-cm DEAE 5PW column (TOSOH, Japan) with a linear 0.0–0.5 m NaCl gradient in buffer A containing 20 mm Tris (pH 7.5), 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm EGTA, and 2 mm dithioerythritol at 1 ml min−1 flow rate. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed by absorbing 50 μl of each column fraction in 0.1m NaHCO3 buffer (pH 9.3) overnight onto 96-well flat bottom plates (Corning Glass). The wells were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk and incubated with Lp82 (1:1000 dilution) antibody for 1 h (12Ma H. Shih M. Hata I. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1998; 67: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). Fractions containing Lp82 were visualized using goat anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody and alkaline phosphatase substrate kit (Bio-Rad). The peaks were concentrated by ultrafiltration (Microcon 10, Millipore). Purified rLp82 was incubated with 1.4 mm calcium in 20 mm Tris buffer (pH 7.5) for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 min. To inactivate calpains, purified rLp82 and recombinant calpain 2 (rcalpain 2) from rat (more than 98% purity, Calbiochem) were incubated with 5 mm iodoacetamide in 20 mm Tris buffer (pH 7.5) at 37 °C for 2 h. After quenching excess iodoacetamide with 10 mm dithioerythritol, 1.2 units of rcalpain 2 or rLp82 were added and incubated with calcium for 1 h at 37 °C. Fragments were detected by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. 0.22 units of rcalpain 2 or rLp82 were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C with 0.5 μm calpastatin purified from human erythrocytes (Calbiochem) and 1.5 mm calcium. Hydrolyzed calpastatin fragments were detected by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblotting and casein zymography were used to detect calpain degradation and calpain activity, respectively. SDS-PAGE was performed on discontinuous, 8 or 12% gels (Invitrogen) using the glycine buffer system. Immunoblots for Lp82 and calpain 2 were performed by electrotransferring proteins from SDS-PAGE gels to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane at 30 V (constant) for 100 min at an ice-cold temperature using Tris-glycine buffer (12 mm Tris, 96 mm glycine, 20% methanol). The anti-Lp82 antibody and anti-calpain 2 antibodies were used at 1:1000 dilution, and immunoreactivity was visualized with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium and alkaline phosphatase conjugated to anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Bio-Rad). 8% (1-mm thick) gels, co-polymerized with 0.05% casein were pre-run with a buffer containing 25 mm Tris (pH 8.3), 192 mm glycine, 1 mm EGTA, and 1 mm dithiothreitol for 15 min at 4 °C. Samples were then loaded and run. After electrophoresis, the gels were incubated with slow shaking overnight at room temperature in 20 mm Tris (pH 7.4), 10 mm dithiothreitol, and 2 mm calcium. Gels were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Bands of caseinolysis appeared white. rLp82 was autolyzed by incubating in 1.4 mm calcium for 10 and 90 min at 30 °C, and 12% SDS-PAGE (1 mm thick) gels were then run and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane at 30 V (constant) for 100 min. Membranes were stained with 0.1% Coomassie Brilliant Blue in 50% methanol for 10 min and destained with 50% methanol. Destained membranes were dried, and bands were excised for Edman N-terminal sequencing. Proteins (or peptides) were sequenced by Deb McMillen in the Biotechnology Laboratory at the University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, on an Applied Biosystems model 492 Procise N-terminal protein sequencer using N-terminal Edman degradation chemistry. Phenylthiohydantoin-derivatives were identified with an Applied Biosytems model 140 PTH Analyzer and a model 785A detector set at wavelength 269 nm. Protein homology modeling was performed on a Silicon Graphics OCTANE2 work station, using MOE (The Molecular Operating Environment, Version 2001.01, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada, www.chemcomp.com). The Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (14Strobl S. Fernandez-Catalan C. Braun M. Huber R. Masumoto H. Nakagawa K. Irie A. Sorimachi H. Bourenkow G. Bartunik H. Suzuki K. Bode W. Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 2000; 97: 588-592Crossref PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar) was used as the structural template for building homology models. The rat Lp82 and rat calpain 3 sequences were taken from the NCBI Protein Data Base (NCB accession numbers AAC04848 and AAA41790, respectively). Each sequence was aligned to the template sequence (human calpain 2, Protein Data Bank number 1KFU) using the protein alignment tools in MOE. The alignment conditions were tree-based using an initial pair-wise buildup followed by round robin and iterative refinement. The group-to-group calculation used the Gonnet substitution matrix and had a gap start penalty of 3 and a gap extend penalty of 1. The alignment was not biased by either actual or predicted secondary structure. The homology modeling procedure involved building three-dimensional models of both sequences using human calpain 2 as a template structure. Two types of models were considered. The first assumed that Lp82 co-existed with calpain 4, thus all atoms of calpain 4 were included during the modeling and minimization. The other type of model did not consider calpain 4 as part of the final structure. In addition, models were constructed so that the outgap residues (residues that extend beyond the terminals of the template chain) were either ignored or included in the modeling procedure. Homology modeling generated ten intermediate models, from which the best scoring model was chosen and minimized to produce the final model (Amber89 forcefield, root mean square distance = 0.01). To investigate the potential interaction of Lp82 with calpain 4, van der Waals (VDW) interaction energies were calculated and are reported on Fig. 7. The structure labeled Lp82* was constructed with the assumption that calpain 4 was present, with the outgap residues included. Calpain 3 models did not include the presence of calpain 4, since calpain 3 is well known not to associate with calpain 4 (16Sorimachi H. Kinbara K. Kimura S. Takahashi M. Ishiura S. Sasagawa N. Sorimachi N. Shimada H. Tagawa K. Maruyama K. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31158-31162Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar). To test if Lp82 is autolytic, rLp82 was incubated with calcium for 0–90 min. Unautolyzed, intact rLp82 migrated at 85 kDa instead of 82 kDa (Fig. 1, lane marked “0 min”). This is because rLp82 contains 26 additional amino acids in the N terminus from the His tag and vector protease cleavage site. Autolytic fragments at 82, 60, and 22 kDa appeared after incubation with calcium (Fig. 1 A, arrows). Production of these fragments was inhibited by addition of EGTA or cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (data not shown). The origin of the fragments from Lp82 autolysis was determined by immunoblotting using two different antibodies. One antibody recognized epitopes near the deleted IS2 region at the end of Lp82 domain III (Fig. 1 B, lanes 1–3), while the second antibody recognized the N terminus (Fig. 1 B, lanes 4–6). The 82-kDa autolytic fragment reacted with both antibodies, the 60-kDa fragment reacted only with the N-terminal antibody, and 22 kDa was visualized only with the IS2 antibody. These results suggested that the 82- and 60-kDa fragments contained the N-terminal region, while the 22-kDa fragment was the C-terminal region. This was confirmed by direct N-terminal sequencing of the 82- and 22-kDa fragments (Fig. 2). The 82-kDa fragment showed loss of 29 amino acids from the N terminus. This included 3 amino acids from Lp82, the His tag region, and the protease cleavage site domain from the vector (Fig. 2 A). The autolytic cleavage producing the new N-terminal sequence on the 22-kDa fragment started at arginine (R) residue 524 near the deleted IS2 region (Fig. 2 B). The location of autolytic sites in intact Lp82 is showed in Fig. 2 C. Thus, the 82-kDa fragment was rLp82-truncated at leucine 30 in the N terminus, the 60-kDa fragment was comprised of residues from leucine (L) 30 to aspartic acid (D) 549, and the 22 kDa was from arginine (R) 550 near the IS2 region to the C-terminal alanine residue (A) 735. Since rodent lenses contain calpain 2 and calpastatin in addition to Lp82, we next investigated how these components of the calpain system interacted with each other. This was accomplished by inactivating rcalpain 2 and rLp82 by alkylation of the active site cysteine and then testing to see whether the proteins were proteolyzed by fresh, active rLp82 or rcalpain 2 (Fig. 3) as detected by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 3 A), and immunoblotting with Lp82 (Fig. 3 B) and calpain 2 antibodies (Fig. 3 C). When active Lp82 was incubated with inactive calpain 2 protein in the presence of calcium, the calpain 2 protein at 80 kDa was decreased (lane 5 in Fig. 3, A–C). When calcium was omitted, Lp82 and calpain 2 were not degraded (lane 4). Of course, addition of active Lp82 to inactive Lp82 protein caused a decrease in the Lp82 band (lane 6), and this was a confirmation of autolysis described above. In the converse experiment, when active calpain 2 was added to inactive Lp82 substrate, Lp82 was totally hydrolyzed (lane 2). Calpain 2 also autolyzed itself (lane 3). Thus, Lp82 and calpain 2 hydrolyzed each other, although Lp82 seemed the more sensitive substrate for calpain 2. Calpastatin (CS) purified from human erythrocytes migrated to 65 kDa on SDS-PAGE (Fig. 4 A, lane 1). Incubation of this CS with calpain 2 activated by calcium did not cause breakdown of CS (Fig. 4 A, lane 2). Immunoblotting revealed that the calpain 2 did not undergo autolysis when it was incubated with CS (Fig. 4 B, lane 2), and the CS completely inhibited calpain 2 activity (Fig. 4 C, lane 2). Thus, CS was not a substrate for calpain 2, because CS inhibited calpain 2. In contrast, incubation of calcium-activated Lp82 with CS caused total hydrolysis of CS (Fig. 4 A, lane 4). This was accompanied by a decrease in apparent molecular mass of the Lp82 band (Fig. 4 B, lane 4) by removal of the N-terminal 29 amino acids as shown in Fig. 2, indicative of activation of Lp82. This was confirmed on zymograms (Fig. 4 C, lane 4) showing a smear band of active Lp82 below the usual Lp82 band. This smear band has been noted previously during in vivo activation of Lp82 (15Nakamura Y. Fukiage C., Ma, H. Shih M. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69: 155-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar). These data suggested that even when CS is present, Lp82 is not inhibited and that CS is actually a substrate for hydrolysis by Lp82. To determine the mechanism for the lack of inhibition of Lp82 by CS, a three-dimensional model of Lp82 was first constructed using the crystal structure of calpain 2 as a template (14Strobl S. Fernandez-Catalan C. Braun M. Huber R. Masumoto H. Nakagawa K. Irie A. Sorimachi H. Bourenkow G. Bartunik H. Suzuki K. Bode W. Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 2000; 97: 588-592Crossref PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar) (Fig. 5). This was appropriate because calpain 2 and Lp82 have 51% sequence identity (7Ma H. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1998; 39: 454-461PubMed Google Scholar) and because the Lp82/calpain 2 match provided the best fit compared with using other templates such as papain. No significant differences between the three-dimensional structure Lp82 and calpain 2 were observed when domains IIa and b, III, and IV from each calpain were compared against each other. Similar results were observed when homology models of each domain were independently compared (data not shown). However, the helical AX1 domain I of Lp82 (30.2 Å based on model) was longer than domain I of calpain 2 (21.6 Å based on crystal structure). Since the longer extension on domain I could influence association of Lp82 to regulatory proteins, we also constructed a model of the association between the traditional calpain regulatory subunit (calpain 4) and domain I in Lp82 (Fig. 6 A). We found that the longer N-terminal extension on domain I of Lp82 could interfere with the association of Lp82 with calpain 4. This was similar to the predicted lack of association between calpain 4 and calpain 3 (16Sorimachi H. Kinbara K. Kimura S. Takahashi M. Ishiura S. Sasagawa N. Sorimachi N. Shimada H. Tagawa K. Maruyama K. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31158-31162Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar), possibly because of long domain I (Fig. 6 B). In contrast, because of a short domain I, calpain 2 was able to interact well with the calpain 4 regulatory subunit (17Takano E., Ma, H. Yang H.Q. Maki M. Hatanaka M. FEBS Lett. 1995; 362: 93-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar) (Fig. 6 C). For more objective observations, VDW interaction energies were also calculated using MOE. The VDW interaction energy between Lp82 and calpain 4 was 44,079,557 kcal/mol, and VDW contacts showing potential clashes were observed between domain I of Lp82 and calpain 4 (Fig. 7 B). Even when the Lp82 model (Lp82*) was constructed taking into account surroundings with calpain 4, the VDW interaction energy was still high (132,181 kcal/mol), and clashes were observed between Lp82 and calpain 4 (Fig. 7 C). The VDW interaction energy was also high between calpain 3 and calpain 4 (12,897,436 kcal/mol), and the clashes were also observed (data not shown). This result was consistent with a previous report for calpain 3 (16Sorimachi H. Kinbara K. Kimura S. Takahashi M. Ishiura S. Sasagawa N. Sorimachi N. Shimada H. Tagawa K. Maruyama K. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31158-31162Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar). In contrast, the VDW interaction energy between calpain 2 and calpain 4 from the crystal data was only 36 kcal/mol, and no clash was observed (Fig. 7 A). These data suggested that the atoms in domain I of Lp82 and calpain 4 were too close together to allow association between Lp82 and calpain 4.Figure 6Docking of calpain 4 (magenta) to Lp82 (green) (A) or to calpain 3 (light blue) (B) and published co-crystal structure of human calpain 2 (red) with calpain 4 (magenta) (C) (14Strobl S. Fernandez-Catalan C. Braun M. Huber R. Masumoto H. Nakagawa K. Irie A. Sorimachi H. Bourenkow G. Bartunik H. Suzuki K. Bode W. Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 2000; 97: 588-592Crossref PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar). In the expanded region of calpain 4 (white square), the residues in domain I are shown in stick form without hydrogen (yellow).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The enormous energies (44,079,557 and 12,897,436 kcal/mol) were homology models built and minimized without considering calpain 4 as part of the environment. To obtain these energies, the model was left in the MOE window, the crystal structure for calpain 4 was opened, and there were many VDW clashes. When calpain 4 was considered part of the environment during the model building, the calpain 4 atoms were copied directly to the final model and included in the minimization. Thus, the VDW interaction for Lp82* was lower (132,181 kcal/mol), since the atoms of calpain 4 were considered present when the sequence was modeled and minimized. A major finding of the present report was the site for autolysis of Lp82. Our data showed that the major autolytic site was in the IS2 region. This is in contrast to the parent gene product, calpain 3, which autolyzed in the IS1 region (18Kinbara K. Ishiura S. Tomioka S. Sorimachi H. Jeong S.Y. Amano S. Kawasaki H. Kolmerer B. Kimura S. Labeit S. Suzuki K. Biochem. J. 1998; 335: 589-596Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar). The splice deletion of IS1 apparently eliminated this autolytic site in Lp82. This is probably the reason why Lp82 is so stable in rodent lens (12Ma H. Shih M. Hata I. Fukiage C. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1998; 67: 221-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 15Nakamura Y. Fukiage C., Ma, H. Shih M. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69: 155-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar) and why it retains activity for at least 18 h in vitro (19Ueda Y. McCormack A.L. Shearer T.R. David L.L. Exp. Eye Res. 2001; 73: 625-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar). Unexpectedly, we found that the N-terminal half retained activity as evidenced as the smear band on zymograms (15Nakamura Y. Fukiage C., Ma, H. Shih M. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69: 155-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar). Thus, the prolonged activity of Lp82 in vitro may be due to a combination of the intact and autolyzed active forms of Lp82. The present report also showed that Lp82 and calpain 2 were substrates for each other. This could function as a mechanism to down-regulate of their activities. However, in lens Lp82 may be escape from degradation by calpain 2, because Lp82 and calpain 2 are localized in different regions. Lp82 is concentrated in the nucleus, while calpain 2 is concentrated in the epithelium (20Shearer T.R., Ma, H. Shih M. Hata I. Fukiage C. Nakamura Y. Azuma M. Curr. Eye Res. 1998; 17: 1037-1043Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). Thus, Lp82 may provide prolonged activity in lens, even though Lp82 was a good substrate for calpain 2 in vitro. These results partially explain why Lp82 is the dominant calpain activity in selenite nuclear cataract (21Nakamura Y. Fukiage C. Shih M., Ma, H. David L.L. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000; 41: 1460-1466PubMed Google Scholar). The second finding of the present report was the discovery of the major difference between Lp82 and calpain 2 interactions with endogenous calpain inhibitor, CS. In the presence of calcium, calpain 2 was inhibited by CS. In contrast, Lp82 hydrolyzed CS, and thus Lp82 was not inhibited by CS. Our previous report also showed that CS domain I (137-amino acid peptide) exhibited poor inhibitory activity against native rat Lp82 (15Nakamura Y. Fukiage C., Ma, H. Shih M. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69: 155-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar). This would again favor Lp82 activity in the young rodent lens. A similar lack of inhibition by CS occurred against calpain 3 (16Sorimachi H. Kinbara K. Kimura S. Takahashi M. Ishiura S. Sasagawa N. Sorimachi N. Shimada H. Tagawa K. Maruyama K. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31158-31162Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (296) Google Scholar, 22Sorimachi H. Ishiura S. Suzuki K. Biochem. J. 1997; 328: 7217-7232Crossref Scopus (621) Google Scholar). Since Lp82 and calpain 3 are from the same gene, lack of CS inhibition could be due to similar mechanisms. CS contains four homologous inhibitory domains. Each domain contains three regions designated as A, B, and C (23Emori Y. Kawasaki H. Imajoh S. Minami Y. Suzuki K. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 2364-2370Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 24Maki M. Bagci H. Hamaguchi K. Ueda M. Murachi T. Hatanaka M. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 18866-18869Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Region B is essential for inhibition and binds near the catalytic site in calpains 1 and 2. Regions A and C potentiate inhibitory activity by binding to domain IV of calpains 1 and 2 and to domain VI of calpain 4 (17Takano E., Ma, H. Yang H.Q. Maki M. Hatanaka M. FEBS Lett. 1995; 362: 93-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). Our homology model suggested that the extra amino acids in the N terminus of domain I in calpain 3 extend into the pocket used for association of calpain 4 to calpain 2 (Fig. 6). This N-terminal extension may interfere with the association of calpain 4 to calpain 3. Likewise, Lp82 also has unique N-terminal sequence termed AX1, which also extends into calpain 4 binding pocket (Fig 6). This may also interfere with the association of calpain 4 to Lp82. This was also confirmed by calculation of the VDW interaction energies (Fig. 7). When the calpain 4 was included in the final minimization, the VDW interaction energy was calculated to be 132,181 kcal/mol. This shows that many of the VDW clashes can be alleviated in the course of the minimization; however, the interaction energy remains large. This suggests that even with energy minimization, there is not enough room to accommodate all of the atoms in the protein interface area without having some atoms violate the VDW radii of others. The lack of room is visually supported by the pictures of the interface in Fig. 6, which shows that the extension at the N terminus of both Lp82 and calpain 3 extends from the calpain 2 template into the region where calpain 4 would normally bind. Minimized homology models could not place the outgap residues such that their atoms do not clash with atoms of the calpain 4. This could explain the high VDW interaction energies observed when the outgap residues were placed. During the homology modeling procedure, when the outgap residues were being modeled, the scoring of the homology model incorporates a term that reflects the VDW interaction energy between atoms already placed and those that are currently being placed. When the outgap residues were not included, the interaction energy in the presence of calpain 4 was 287 kcal/mol (data not shown), which is in the order magnitude of the interaction energy between calpain 2 and calpain 4 from the crystal structure (36 kcal/mol). The increase in VDW interaction energy when the model includes the outgap residues (287 kcal/mol to 132,181 kcal/mol) again suggests that the presence of the additional atoms contributes to VDW clashes that cannot be resolved with minimization. The presence of these potential clashes near the protein interface suggests that the unique AX1 region of Lp82 is responsible for blocking the calpain 4 association. Thus, the minimization part of the homology modeling cannot relieve all of the VDW interactions, because not enough room is present to move the outgap residues around in the region occupied by calpain 4. All modeling can do is minimize the number of potential VDW clashes/contacts. These results from homology modeling are consistent with our previous result showing that Lp82 was only poorly inhibited by CS, even in the presence of calpain 4 (15Nakamura Y. Fukiage C., Ma, H. Shih M. Azuma M. Shearer T.R. Exp. Eye Res. 1999; 69: 155-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar). As described above, inhibition of calpain 2 is potentiated by binding of CS to calpain 4 (17Takano E., Ma, H. Yang H.Q. Maki M. Hatanaka M. FEBS Lett. 1995; 362: 93-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar). In fact, rcalpain 2 used in the present experiment contained calpain 4, since the chaperone-like effect of calpain 4 was used for producing recombinant calpain 2 (25Graham-Siegenthaler K. Gauthier S. Davies P.L. Elce J.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 30457-30460Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The lack of calpain 4 binding to Lp82 may explain why CS was not an effective inhibitor of Lp82, although the crystal structure of Lp82 will be needed to fully understand the inhibition mechanism. Lack of inhibition is important physiologically because it would allow Lp82 to be active in lens in the presence of CS. Furthermore, degradation of CS by Lp82 may help explain how calpain 2 escapes inhibition by CS to become active in lens. We also hypothesize that in young rodent cataracts, influx of calcium leads to Lp82 activation, since Lp82 has a lower calcium requirement for activation than calpain 2 (Fig. 8). 2Y. Ueda, C. Fukiage, M. Shih, T. R. Shearer, and L. L. David, unpublished data.Lp82 cleaves CS, which eliminates inhibition of calpain 2 by CS. Both active Lp82 and calpain 2 truncate crystallins, leading to insolubilization and precipitation of crystallins. Oxidation enhances precipitation of truncated crystallins (Fig. 8). Activated Lp82 may be the most active calpain in young rodent lenses. However, four deleted nucleotides in exon 1 produce a stop codon in the Lp82 transcripts in man. 3H. Ma, C. Fukiage, M. Azuma, and T. R. Shearer, unpublished data. However, an Lp82-like cleavage site was observed on human αA crystalline (26Takemoto L.J. Curr. Eye Res. 1995; 14: 837-841Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar). Thus, another p94 splice variant may assume the function of Lp82 in human lens. We gratefully thank Dr. Debra A. Brickey and Sean Nygaard (Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR) for help in expression of recombinant Lp82 and Dr. A. Raelene Lawrence for help in protein homology modeling using MOE (Application Scientist, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada).